β° INDEX
Abdomen-Abdomen_Arterial_Supply__Venous_Drainage_of_Thorax_and_Abdomen
Abdomen-Abdominal_Neurovascular_Bundles
Abdomen-Anatomy__Abdominal_Organs
Abdomen-Anatomy__Pancreas__Kidney__and_Ureter
Abdomen-Embryology_of_Abdominal_Organs
Abdomen-Inguinal_and_Femoral_Anatomy_and_Hernia__Abdominal_Wall_Layers__Peritoneal_Cavity
Abdomen-Previous_Year_Questions
Back_Region-Back_Region
Back_Region-Previous_Year_Questions
General_Embryology-Development_Period
General_Embryology-Gametogenesis_and_IVF
General_Embryology-General_Embryology
General_Embryology-Previous_Year_Questions
Head_and_Neck-Anatomy_of_Ear__Nose__and_Eyeball
Head_and_Neck-Cranial_Cavity-_Part_II
Head_and_Neck-Cranial_Nerves_and_Cervical_Plexus
Head_and_Neck-Pharyngeal_Arches__Pouches_and_Clefts
Head_and_Neck-Pharynx__Esophagus__and_Larynx
Head_and_Neck-Previous_Year_Questions
Head_and_Neck-Scalenus_Anterior__Head_and_Neck_Vasculature_and_Lymphatic_Drainage
Head_and_Neck-Scalp__Neck_Triangles_and_Parotid_Gland
Head_and_Neck-Skull_Bones_and_Cranial_Cavity-_Part_I
Histology-Previous_Year_Questions
Histology-Tissue_Histology-_I
Histology-Tissue_Histology-_II
Introduction-Previous_Year_Questions
Lower_Limb-Lower_Limb_Anatomy__Knee_and_Leg
Lower_Limb-Muscles_and_Nerve_Supply_of_the_Hip__Thigh__and_Gluteal_Region
Lower_Limb-Previous_Year_Questions
Lower_Limb-Vascular_Supply_of_Lower_Limb
Miscellaneous-Previous_Year_Questions
Neuro_Anatomy-Brainstem__Cranial_Nerves__and_Cerebellum
Neuro_Anatomy-Cerebrum_and_Associated_Structures
Neuro_Anatomy-Nervous_System_Development
Neuro_Anatomy-Neuroanatomy
Neuro_Anatomy-Previous_Year_Questions
Neuro_Anatomy-Ventricular_System__White_Matter__and_Neural_Columns
Osteology_and_Arthrology-Previous_Year_Questions
Pelvis_and_Perineum-Development_of_GUT__Pelvis___Perineum
Pelvis_and_Perineum-Neurovascular_Anatomy_of_Pelvis__Perineum__Rectum__and_Anal_Canal
Pelvis_and_Perineum-Perineal_Pouches_and_Ischiorectal_Fossa__Extravasation_of_Urine
Pelvis_and_Perineum-Previous_Year_Questions
Pelvis_and_Perineum-Prostate__Male_Urethra__and_Female_Reproductive_System
Systemic_Embryology-Previous_Year_Questions
Thorax-Development_of_the_Cardiovascular_System_and_Fetal_Circulation
Thorax-Heart_and_Thorax_Anatomy
Thorax-Previous_Year_Questions
Thorax-Thorax__Lungs__Joints__Respiratory_Movements
Upper_Limb-Bones_and_Muscles_of_Proximal_Region__Axilla__and_Scapula
Upper_Limb-Muscles_and_Bones_of_Forearm_and_Hand
Upper_Limb-Previous_Year_Questions
Upper_Limb-Upper_Limb_Embryology_and_Nerves
Upper_Limb-Upper_Limb__Arterial_supply__Venous_Drainage__Lymphatic_Drainage____Hand_Spaces
Upper_Limb-Upper_Limb__Nerve_Supply_and_their_Lesions
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Abdomen Arterial Supply Venous Drainage Of Thorax And Abdomen - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 17</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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Pulmonary veins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oTDJG4Le31eR6UqJZJ6S1738349625.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MyuM3vcbnFpUHJIH8Kk21740380866.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How many Houston's valves are typically present in the human rectum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pTSqt176tGXO5stYRoQw1740382322.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not involved in the formation of the Marginal Artery of Drummond?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ileocolic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right colic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left colic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior epigastric artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Inferior epigastric artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/t5U1FmGpt6LXSRTBGaPS1740382293.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Examine the image below showing a cross-section of the small intestine. Which part of the small intestine does this section belong to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Jejunum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ileum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cecum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Jejunum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/x6QPLHPlO1NawzGV4mEN1740382220.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YrQZgIE7q1yyWIqUTLqh1740382248.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PbsMNKzElhc14eBXdOKn1740382265.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jejunum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Walls</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thicker and more vascular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thinner and less vascular</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lumen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wider, often found empty</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Narrower, often found full</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Circular folds/plicae circulares</p>\n<p>(valves of Kerckring)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longer and closely set</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller and sparsely set</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Villi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More, larger, thicker, and leaf-like</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fewer, shorter, thinner, and finger-like</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aggregated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> follicles (Peyer's patches)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small, circular, and few in number, found only in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> part of the jejunum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large, oval, more in number, found throughout the ileum, maximum in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> part</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains less fat, becomes semitranslucent between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta, called peritoneal windows</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains more fat, no peritoneal windows between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arterial arcades</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One or two rows with long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Four or five rows with short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is the paraduodenal recess located, and which structure is found in its fold?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To the right of the duodenum, contains the superior mesenteric artery.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To the left of the fourth part of the duodenum, contains the inferior mesenteric vein.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "To the left of the fourth part of the duodenum, contains the superior mesenteric vein.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "In front of the pancreas, contains the splenic vein.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. To the left of the fourth part of the duodenum, contains the inferior mesenteric vein.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Yh8qJvZdSxaXSejtMY3Q1740382170.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the anatomical extent of the attached border of the following structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocecal junction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pylorus of the stomach to the transverse colon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Duodenojejunal flexure to the right iliac fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stomach to the appendix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocecal junction", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tEsd1us5l5WusPFrOfmL1740382082.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LvM9JjLnWaC0Ems08qW71740382132.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man with a history of chronic liver disease presents with increasing abdominal swelling, difficulty swallowing, and hematemesis. On examination, he has a distended abdomen, and upon palpation, his spleen is enlarged. Which anatomical feature is primarily responsible for his hematemesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Paraumbilical to epigastric vein connections", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left gastric to esophageal vein connections", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior to middle rectal vein connections", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Splenic to inferior mesenteric vein connections", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Left gastric to esophageal vein connections", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Veins forming portocaval anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical signs</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower third of the esophagus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> vein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ββ</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Esophageal veins draining into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e415033a51692777182914ea1a92e\">azygos</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esophageal varices</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Paraumbilical veins</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ββ</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Superficial veins of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caput medusae</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mid-anal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Superior rectal vein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ββ</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> rectal veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemorrhoids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In cases of a strangulated internal hernia into the lesser sac through the epiploic foramen, the surgical approach is often made through the greater omentum as the epiploic foramen cannot be safely widened. Which of the following structures around the epiploic foramen restricts its enlargement during surgery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Celiac trunk and splenic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Portal vein, duodenum, hepatic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior mesenteric artery, cystic duct, portal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6KimzfXZKqlwYXY99pPi1740381927.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2H39XDY6RTvldRvoKDNC1740382017.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following anatomical relationships is incorrect regarding portal venous circulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The portal vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The portal vein ends at the porta hepatis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The portal vein is located posterior to the Inferior vena cava", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The portal vein is located posterior to the Inferior vena cava", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TlMg1S2wGeRdD1x5C76h1740380914.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/d5gXAN0eY9OvIfqqRomZ1740380961.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Infraduodenal part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neck of pancreas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retroduodenal part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First part of duodenum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f1eca7eaa1692777188e4f8827ef9\">gastroduodenal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supraduodenal part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (free margin of the lesser omentum).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents with abdominal pain and constipation. A CT scan reveals a lesion affecting the distal third of the transverse colon and the descending colon. Which of the following arteries is most likely involved in the blood supply to this region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Celiac trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Common hepatic artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior mesenteric artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cNR7jPOSAfJcHWAl4J221740380196.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/f1djiRTqlsXez8CfR7SD1740380251.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Organs Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Celiac Trunk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T12 (Thoracic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, duodenum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Mesenteric Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L1 (Lumbar)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jejunum, ileum, cecum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> (ascending, transverse)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Mesenteric Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L3 (Lumbar)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> (distal), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> colon, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During abdominal surgery, the surgeon encounters a paired venous structure running vertically along the posterior abdominal wall continuing into the thoracic cavity, just lateral to the vertebral column as shown in the image below. What is this structure most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hemiazygos vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ascending lumbar vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ascending lumbar vein", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vgo2sMc13mkMsrZ9MEW11738349326.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/H7kBF4PmFJgCe8dtOgPq1740380725.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/KR9qCyt3qGjFmywnv1IO1746786939.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A surgeon must be careful with the inferior vena cava and its associated vessels during laparoscopic nephrectomy. Which of the following is true about IVC?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left gonadal vein drains directly into IVC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Common iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava at L3 vertebra level", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Three large hepatic veins drain the liver into inferior vena cava", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right and left 5th lumbar veins drain into IVC", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Three large hepatic veins drain the liver into inferior vena cava", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KkCiJEIWA4fE4wbORgUz1740380521.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tributaries of IVC</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left 3rd and 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It drains the posterior, lateral, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> walls into IVC.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right gonadal vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left gonadal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein, which drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein, which drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left suprarenal, or left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (7.5cm) is three times longer than right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (2.5cm)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Three large and many small veins open directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67544ba6ef16927771835d4641cc8f\">cava</span> just before it pierces the diaphragm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is/are NOT a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery? Superior vesical Obturator Middle rectal Iliolumbar Inferior gluteal", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2, and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2, 4, and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Only 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1, and 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Only 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/z0vIi4wlmXEq426NtcZw1738349000.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A medical student is reviewing the anatomy of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and its branches. Which of the following statements about the IMA is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The IMA arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3).", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The IMA supplies the proximal segments of the small intestine.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The IMA gives rise to the superior rectal artery, which supplies the rectum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "IMA provides collateral circulation if SMA is stenosed", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The IMA supplies the proximal segments of the small intestine.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/slhouAOK2qjOFSfrXHkM1740380433.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course &amp; Anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supplied Regions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Colic Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascends within left colic mesentery; forms part of the marginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> of Drummond</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Descend obliquely in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> mesocolon; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17ab6243c16927771818c4aa0460d\">anastomose</span> with left colic and superior rectal arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Rectal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crosses left common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> vessels; descends to rectum, divides into two branches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rectum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male presents with chronic postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. Imaging reveals compression of the third part of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Which of the following best explains the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesenteric Arterial Thrombosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aortic Aneurysm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Qve8sZsyimJKH2LsgvOu1740380395.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Head of pancreas, duodenum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jejunal and Ileal arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jejunum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb1eb1c704169277718933136caf06\">ileum</span> (via arcades and straight arteries)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileocolic artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ileum, cecum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b790a83bb41692777181cc3c0232af\">appendix</span> (gives rise to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fca0acb15e169277718455018184a1\">cecal</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00a7c7094b16927771811aa4aaf64b\">appendicular</span> arteries)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right colic artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascending colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle colic artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surgical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Key for procedures like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fc6b3ee501692777183061d4f55ff\">bypass</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f8aa8490916927771876a34458133\">embolectomy</span> in intestinal ischemia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> Syndrome</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compression of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> by the SMA due to weight loss, causing obstruction.</p>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2232\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Qve8sZsyimJKH2LsgvOu1740380395.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collateral Circulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SMA anastomoses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2b5c161b71692777184c75775751a\">celiac</span> trunk and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> for backup blood flow.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A surgical procedure is planned to remove a tumor from the head of the pancreas. Which of the following arterial arcades is primarily responsible for supplying the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Kirk's arcade", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Communicating artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rMuoYnpOrocBHBx9MUPN1740380335.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XZpjJKeq3nxLmQ7i6rtg1740380361.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:611px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Superior Pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f1eca7eaa1692777188e4f8827ef9\">gastroduodenal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Superior Pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f1eca7eaa1692777188e4f8827ef9\">gastroduodenal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4cc0511f21692777194e979ee90a7\">pancreaticoduodenal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4cc0511f21692777194e979ee90a7\">pancreaticoduodenal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arcade Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formed By</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4cc0511f21692777194e979ee90a7\">Pancreaticoduodenal</span> </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anastomosis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4cc0511f21692777194e979ee90a7\">pancreaticoduodenal</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior duodenum, head of pancreas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de89ce6b2616927772011395881cae\">uncinate</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Pancreaticoduodenal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anastomosis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4cc0511f21692777194e979ee90a7\">pancreaticoduodenal</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior head of pancreas, adjacent duodenum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with chronic upper abdominal pain and is diagnosed with compression of the celiac trunk by the median arcuate ligament. Which of the following arteries is not a direct branch of the celiac trunk?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left gastric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Splenic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Common hepatic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Inferior mesenteric artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Abdominal Neurovascular Bundles - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 8</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about the autonomic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the entire length of the gut.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The pelvic splanchnic nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the hindgut.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The greater splanchnic nerves provide sympathetic innervation primarily to the midgut.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The parasympathetic supply to the hindgut originates from the sacral spinal cord.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The parasympathetic supply to the hindgut originates from the sacral spinal cord.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:784px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Foregut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Midgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hindgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic (Preganglionic)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Preganglionic fibers arise from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord (T5βT9)- and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</strong>, which travel to the <strong>celiac ganglia</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Preganglionic fibers arise from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord (T10βT11) - and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</strong>, which travel to the <strong>superior mesenteric ganglion.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Preganglionic fibers arise from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord (L1βL2) - and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>lumbar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</strong>, which travel to the <strong>inferior mesenteric ganglion.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic (Postganglionic)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Postganglionic fibers from the <strong>celiac ganglion</strong> supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64a46d2cc169277720303d0143935\">foregut</span> organs.</li>\n<li>These fibers follow branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2b5c161b71692777184c75775751a\">celiac</span> trunk to reach the target organs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Postganglionic fibers from the <strong>superior mesenteric ganglion</strong> supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> organs.</li>\n<li>These fibers follow the superior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and its branches.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Postganglionic fibers from the <strong>inferior mesenteric ganglion</strong> supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c050271581692777189aa9b548c84\">hindgut</span> organs.</li>\n<li>These fibers follow the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and its branches.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Preganglionic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> fibers arise from the <strong>vagus nerve (CN X)</strong>.</li>\n<li>They pass through the <strong>celiac plexus</strong> and directly innervate the organs of the foregut.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Preganglionic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> fibers also arise from the <strong>vagus nerve (CN X)</strong>.</li>\n<li>They pass through the <strong>superior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> </strong>and innervate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> organs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Preganglionic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> fibers arise from the <strong>pelvic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (S2βS4)</strong>.</li>\n<li>These fibers pass through the <strong>inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3df9929201692777189f8ca429cf1\">hypogastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> </strong>and innervate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c050271581692777189aa9b548c84\">hindgut</span> organs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back. He reports that the pain worsens after eating and is associated with nausea. On examination, there is epigastric tenderness, but no rebound or guarding. The patient's past medical history is significant for chronic pancreatitis. You suspect autonomic involvement in his pain pattern. Which of the following nerves is most likely involved in transmitting the visceral pain signals from the pancreas?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Greater splanchnic nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesser splanchnic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pelvic splanchnic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Greater splanchnic nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EW2QWvLL5154zaTUYiji1740369415.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents with dull, poorly localized abdominal pain that began 12 hours ago. Over time, the pain becomes sharper and more localized in the right lower quadrant. The patient also reports nausea and loss of appetite. On physical examination, tenderness is noted at McBurney's point. Which of the following best explains the initial presentation of the patient's pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Irritation of the peritoneum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stimulation of visceral afferent fibers accompanying sympathetic nerves", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Direct irritation of somatic nerves in the abdominal wall", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Referred pain via the phrenic nerve (C3-C5)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Stimulation of visceral afferent fibers accompanying sympathetic nerves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/puteoQW3ezBEUUlli6AI1740369614.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fVsoAt8hYeP8of34MLqO1740369662.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:435px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Region </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Dermatome </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder tip</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C4</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nipples</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T4</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epigastrium (Foregut pain)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T7</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Periumbilical (Umbilical pain)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T10</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suprapubic region (Inguinal region)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1 </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Little toe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cbc1f41317169277719185421a8e5a\">lower limb</span> will begin in L1 and S1 region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta typically bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T12", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "L4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "L5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. L4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zUrw4IvLbnIrK4dWLBOf1740368947.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:722px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Vertebral Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Major Events and Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T12</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d39e7332f61692777189b4b278093d\">hiatus</span> in the diaphragm</li>\n<li>Beginning of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b42867b61169277718692205c2447\">diaphragm</span> for passage of the aorta</li>\n<li>Transition from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T12-L1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Celiac artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the foregut</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (SMA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (originate at the same level)</li>\n<li>At transpyloric plane</li>\n<li>Supplies midgut</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1-L2</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Renal arteries</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> arteries</li>\n<li>Gonadal arteries</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supply kidneys</li>\n<li>Gonadal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (Testicular or ovarian arteries)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (IMA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies hindgut</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bifurcation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aorta divides into right and left common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4-L5</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Further divide into internal and external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. CT angiography reveals thrombosis of a major vein draining the distal transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. Which of the following veins is most likely to be affected in this patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hepatic portal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior mesenteric vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior mesenteric vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Celiac vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior mesenteric vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/w6XNGRsYxvRXckTfpjBt1740369025.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:630px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Foregut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Midgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hindgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryological Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> gut tube</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from the middle part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> gut tube</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> gut tube</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Organs/Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and first and second parts of the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Second, third, and fourth parts of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> 2/3 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal 1/3 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Celiac trunk (Celiac artery)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior mesenteric artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Venous Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> via the splenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and its tributaries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> via the superior mesenteric vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatic Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Celiac <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sympathetic: Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (T5βT9);</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">Vagus</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sympathetic: Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</li>\n<li>(T10βT11); Parasympathetic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">Vagus</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sympathetic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">Lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (L1βL2);</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">Pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (S2βS4)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the innervation and vascular supply of the uterus and vagina is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The parasympathetic supply to the entire uterus and vagina comes from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The uterine artery is a branch of the external iliac artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The vaginal venous plexus drains primarily into the internal pudendal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The superior part of the vagina receives its arterial supply from the vaginal artery, while the inferior part is supplied by branches of the internal pudendal artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The superior part of the vagina receives its arterial supply from the vaginal artery, while the inferior part is supplied by branches of the internal pudendal artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iHEhFLpgwHkglRidnEqZ1740369082.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Arterial Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Venous Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sympathetic Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Parasympathetic Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (branch of internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> to internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T12-L2 via superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3df9929201692777189f8ca429cf1\">hypogastric</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (S2-S4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper 2/3 of Vagina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vaginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (branch of internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vaginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> to internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T12-L2 via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3df9929201692777189f8ca429cf1\">hypogastric</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves (S2-S4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower 1/3 of Vagina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches of internal pudendal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vaginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> to internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about pre-aortic and para-aortic lymph nodes is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pre-aortic nodes primarily drain lymph from the lower limbs", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Para-aortic nodes are located posterior to the abdominal aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Coeliac nodes are a subset of pre-aortic nodes", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral aortic nodes drain lymph from the stomach and pancreas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Coeliac nodes are a subset of pre-aortic nodes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uiYJIqOZLQUfPWHog7mJ1740369154.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LE5t8I1iDeSq2ZkJHTj31740369357.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lymph <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primary Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Subgroups</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pre-aortic nodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastrointestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93943f6ee2169277720298325fd255\">viscera</span> including pancreas, liver, spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coeliac, superior mesenteric, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Para-aortic nodes (Lateral aortic)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>On either side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep layers of body wall, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d0f37715816927771973ecda21336\">retroperitoneal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> viscera, gonads (testes and ovaries)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> (of the kidney), aortocaval, retrocaval, precaval groups</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 36-year-old male presents with pain in his right lower quadrant. Imaging reveals no abnormalities in the appendix, yet the patient experiences referred pain that radiates to the periumbilical region. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Convergence of somatic and visceral afferent fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Specific nerve injury affecting the parietal peritoneum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Direct stimulation of visceral pain fibers in the appendix", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Local irritation of the somatic sensory nerves in the abdominal wall", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Convergence of somatic and visceral afferent fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fhCSNlA0MuqZ6eSyi1Yn1740369740.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ References:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Anatomy Abdominal Organs - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 12</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 35-year-old man presents with abdominal pain and ascites. Imaging reveals obstruction of hepatic venous outflow consistent with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Which of the following statements best explains the preservation of the caudate lobe in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The caudate lobe has a separate arterial supply that protects it from hepatic venous obstruction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The caudate lobe drains directly into the inferior vena cava via emissary veins, bypassing the obstructed hepatic veins.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The caudate lobe is less affected by portal hypertension due to its anatomical position.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The caudate lobe undergoes necrosis less frequently than other liver segments in Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The caudate lobe drains directly into the inferior vena cava via emissary veins, bypassing the obstructed hepatic veins.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a surgical procedure involving the stomach, the surgeon needs to ensure adequate blood supply. Which artery should the surgeon be most concerned about when addressing the lesser curvature of the stomach?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left gastroepiploic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right gastric artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Short gastric arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right gastroepiploic artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Right gastric artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GkVzQzXH4Rz9m35v6DwC1740379431.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WZ7Yyso5dKRvYSChxQRS1740379460.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a cholecystectomy, a surgeon encounters a variation in the biliary anatomy where the cystic duct is unusually short and close to the hepatic duct. Which of the following structures must the surgeon identify to avoid injury and ensure proper bile drainage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Common bile duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sphincter of Oddi", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right hepatic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pancreatic duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Common bile duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iM6atn1azEslFC0qgHLX1740379718.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tmykzrGozRQwnEoPHzZs1740379741.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jkGFNthwqhaJqbqgrRNV1740379775.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is not a component of the sphincter of Oddi?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sphincter of the bile duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sphincter of the pancreatic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphincter of the ampulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphincter of Rosenmuller", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sphincter of Rosenmuller", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient is scheduled for a liver imaging study. The radiologist explains that dividing the liver into physiological lobes is important for understanding liver anatomy and function. Which of the following is primarily responsible for dividing the liver into physiological lobes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Falciform ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cantlie's line", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ligamentum teres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Porta hepatis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cantlie's line", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pU4Rrp2zjkcjjL1RuGMF1740379091.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SqgJM6cMcM57QmCi6W5k1740379118.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ILojPXRhddQkPZADm9eK1740379169.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following Sectors of the liver with their respective segments. 1. Right Posterior Sector a) Segments IV 2. Right Anterior Sector b) Segments III 3. Left Medial Sector c) Segment VII 4. Left Lateral Sector d) Segments V", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z9l5ZiCLF24EbKiGYhdR1740379243.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HVhTtXhQm8Wc86X6bhn21740379294.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:648px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fissure Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures it divides</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong><u>Major Fissures</u></strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> Fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver parenchyma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains the Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Divides the liver into right and left hemilivers.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> Fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver parenchyma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Divides the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11481e91f31692777188f683999624\">hemiliver</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> sectors</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> Fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver parenchyma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Divides the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11481e91f31692777188f683999624\">hemiliver</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> sectors</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong><u>Minor Fissures</u></strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical Fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surface of the liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Divides segments II and III from segment IV</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Venous Fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surface of the liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains the <strong>ligamentum venosum</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d14ed8c1216927771832ccea0c79f\">caudate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> from segment II.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fissure of Gans</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surface of the liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Found on the undersurface of the right lobe</li>\n<li>Surface landmark</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segments</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> Sector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segments VI and VII</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Sector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segments V and VIII</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> Sector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segment IV (and part of I)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Sector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segments II and III</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is undergoing imaging for liver evaluation. The radiologist describes a segment located posterior to the right hepatic vein and in the superior part of the right posterior sector. Which segment of the liver is being described?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Segment V", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Segment III", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Segment VII", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Segment II", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Segment VII", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LcBGQt2Y43p2j9cghTlE1740379346.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segments of the liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment VIII:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The superior part of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> sector.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Drains into the right and middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> veins.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment I (Caudate Lobe):</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior to segment IV, straddles the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Multiple small veins drain directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n<li>Bile Ducts: Related to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88204184f916927771840c8ffcea6b\">confluence</span> of the right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> ducts.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment II:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterolateral to the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> fissure.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein; rarely directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment VII:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The superior part of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> sector, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Primarily into the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein; occasionally directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/LcBGQt2Y43p2j9cghTlE1740379346.png\" width=\"4168\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment III:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> fissures.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Primarily into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein; alternative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> veins.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment VI:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior part of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> sector, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> fissure.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Usually into the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein; may drain directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment V:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior segment of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> sector.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Typically into the right and middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> veins; can drain directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment IV:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2af124a931692777203c9f8031b77\">fissure</span> and main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> fissure, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to segment I.</li>\n<li>Drainage: Usually into the middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein; can also drain into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> vein.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 y/o man presents with symptoms of gastric dysmotility and increased acid secretion. Which structures are primarily involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Greater splanchnic nerves and coeliac plexus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vagus nerves and their branches", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "T6 to T10 spinal segments", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lumbar sympathetic ganglia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vagus nerves and their branches", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PsN7MscTWGp4TubPLiL91740379507.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Sympathetic Innervation</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Parasympathetic Innervation</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Derived from <strong>T6 to T10</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> segments via <strong>greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</strong>.</li>\n<li>Fibers run along arteries via <strong>coeliac</strong> and <strong>hepatic plexuses</strong>.</li>\n<li>Functions:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Vasomotor</strong> (regulates blood flow).</li>\n<li><strong>Motor to pyloric sphincter</strong>.</li>\n<li>Inhibits the remaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> musculature.</li>\n<li><strong>Pathway for pain sensations</strong> from the stomach</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Derived from <strong>vagus nerves</strong>.</li>\n<li><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> trunk</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Hepatic branch</strong>: Supplies liver, gallbladder, and pyloric antrum.</li>\n<li><strong>Coeliac branch</strong>: Follows left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2b5c161b71692777184c75775751a\">celiac</span> plexus.</li>\n<li><strong>Gastric branch -Nerve of Latarjet: </strong>The largest branch, follows the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> to supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> surface down to the pylorus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> trunk</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Smaller <strong>gastric branches</strong>: For <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> fundus, body, and pyloric antrum.</li>\n<li>Larger <strong>coeliac branches</strong>: For <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5a3301c521692777184c2e69756d0\">coeliac</span> plexus.</li>\n<li><strong>The nerve of Grassi</strong>: One or more branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> trunk originate at the level of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f47bfb9a616927771887db45c89c7\">gastroesophageal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> and supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> fundus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Functions</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Motor and secretomotor</strong> to stomach.</li>\n<li>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of <strong>pepsin</strong> and <strong>HCl</strong>.</li>\n<li>Inhibits pyloric sphincter.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is not part of the stomach bed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diaphragm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right kidney", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right kidney", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/t5V7cpsyt25drC1Tmkue1740379552.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60 y/o woman presents with abdominal pain localized to the upper right quadrant. Imaging reveals a mass adjacent to the uncinate process of the pancreas. Which part of the duodenum is most likely in direct relation to this mass?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First (superior) part", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Second (descending) part", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Third (horizontal) part", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fourth (ascending) part", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Third (horizontal) part", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uLNOa6J2Wn6CketThDZj1740379591.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8zwXvQou0uvyUaYR4oSE1740379622.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth part</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66462e51db16927771966743ac224b\">Quadrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of liver, gallbladder.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f1eca7eaa1692777188e4f8827ef9\">gastroduodenal</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Epiploic foramen.</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly</strong>: Head and neck of the pancreas.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: Liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon, small intestine.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: Right kidney, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vessels, IVC, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major.</li>\n<li><strong>Medially</strong>: Head of the pancreas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct.</li>\n<li><strong>Laterally</strong>: Right colic flexure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: Superior mesenteric vessels, the root of the mesentery.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: IVC, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta, right ureter, gonadal vessels.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de89ce6b2616927772011395881cae\">uncinate</span> process.</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly</strong>: Coils of jejunum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> mesocolon, stomach.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major, left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> chain, left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> artery.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Body of pancreas.</li>\n<li><strong>To the left</strong>: Left kidney, left ureter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the ileum compared to the jejunum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thicker and more vascular wall", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fewer Peyerβs patches", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "More numerous straight arteries", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Larger and more prominent circular folds", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. More numerous straight arteries", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4Ow1oR8UuxOSlYlJMBLh1740379864.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jejunum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Larger (4 cm external, 3 cm internal)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller (3 cm external, 2.5 cm internal)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"facd67f6341692777200653d383689\">Thickness</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thicker, more vascular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thinner, less <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> <strong>(Option A) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Circular Folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deeper, more numerous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flatter, less numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46d2b728361692777186646f655c98\">distally</span> <strong>(Option D) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longer</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Larger, with 1-3 tiers of arcades</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller, with 2-6 tiers of arcades</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straight Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fewer, longer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More numerous, shorter <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphoid Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fewer Peyer's patches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More Peyerβs patches, especially in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> 25 cm <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Taller, more numerous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter, fewer towards the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> end</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 y/o male patient presents with abdominal pain and distension. A CT scan reveals multiple appendices epiploicae, particularly prominent in the sigmoid colon. Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the large intestine is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The caecum is typically 8-10 cm long and is a common site for appendices epiploicae.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The sigmoid colon, which is S-shaped, leads directly into the rectum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The total length of the large intestine in adults ranges from 1 to 1.5 meters.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Appendices epiploicae are more common in the distal colon.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The caecum is typically 8-10 cm long and is a common site for appendices epiploicae.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dJrUjMyKZlo4m3oXvuKV1740379903.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:630px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caecum </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blind <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> at the beginning of the large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and is approximately 6 cm long</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vermiform Appendix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Narrow tube, 6-10 cm long, attached to the caecum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending Colon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels upward from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"603036123f1692777183f87e582e3e\">caecum</span> (20-25cm long)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right Colic Flexure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bend between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Colon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac388c59831692777180f5a8e12913\">abdomen</span> horizontally</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Colic Flexure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bend between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending Colon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels downward from the left colic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13e47cfa68169277720299cd54beb4\">flexure</span> (10-15 cm long)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid Colon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S-shaped segment leading to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rectum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Final straight portion, ~15 cm above the anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small, fat-filled pouches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> on the colon's surface.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Few or absent on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"603036123f1692777183f87e582e3e\">caecum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> <strong> </strong><strong>(Option A).</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More common on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> colon<strong> (Option D ruled out).</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> colon; can enlarge with obesity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent on rectum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b2ca804611692777200cfc112a88b\">Taeniae</span> Coli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Free Taenia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387d6e04781692777181f08c20c77b\">antimesenteric</span> aspect, opposite the mesentery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Omental Taenia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positioned posterolaterally.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mesocolic Taenia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positioned posteromedially, between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d5a1dd882169277720314a43e34af\">free taenia</span> and the mesentery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Anatomy Pancreas Kidney And Ureter - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 10</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 10 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What structure crosses the ureter anteriorly on both sides during its abdominal course?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gonadal vessels", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Genitofemoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gonadal vessels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IJX95t8WoIhBPkOoIHmH1740370349.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Relations of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> part of the Ureter</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior Relation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Posterior Relation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right Ureter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The second part of the Duodenum</li>\n<li>Right Colic vessels</li>\n<li>Ileocolic vessels</li>\n<li>Right testicular and ovarian vessels</li>\n<li>Root of mesentery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">Psoas</span> Major</li>\n<li>Bifurcation of Right Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Ureter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Left Colic vessels</li>\n<li>Sigmoidal vessels</li>\n<li>Left testicular and ovarian vessels</li>\n<li>Sigmoid mesocolon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">Psoas</span> Major</li>\n<li>Bifurcation of Left Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vessels primarily supply the middle part of the ureter?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Renal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vesical vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Uterine vessels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Aorta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/x5SC8JHQa6gqnWjq5Qgd1740370578.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 9 y/o child presents with abdominal pain and hematuria. Imaging reveals that the left renal vein is compressed between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. What is a key anatomical feature contributing to this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The left renal vein passes behind the abdominal aorta.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The pancreas lies directly posterior to the superior mesenteric artery.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The left renal vein travels behind the pancreas before crossing the aorta.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The pancreas is situated inferior to the left renal vein.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The left renal vein travels behind the pancreas before crossing the aorta.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anatomical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fe753e1a91692777189b7bdb3e2e1\">hilum</span> of the left kidney.</p>\n<p>Travels behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> and splenic vein. <strong>(Option C) </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p>Crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> anteriorly below the superior mesenteric artery. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nutcracker Analogy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> is compressed between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and superior mesenteric artery, resembling a nutcracker.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can lead to left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> hypertension.</p>\n<p>Symptoms include <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"660645b0c91692777188bbdf3fedff\">hematuria</span> and varicocele, especially in children.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vein receives drainage from both the left gonadal and left adrenal veins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right renal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left renal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right adrenal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Left renal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CVmTNuNAUcvsORzJvQmH1740370057.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following layers immediately surrounds the kidney and adheres closely to its surface?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pararenal fat", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fibrous capsule", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Renal fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Perirenal fat", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fibrous capsule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tlYfMLakZHJNuaETTFJ81740370128.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Coverings of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> (From inside out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Renal Capsule</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A thin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> layer directly covering the kidney. Contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protection, shape maintenance, stem cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5577d95538169277719314fcd0c6c6\">niche</span> for repair</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Perirenal Fat</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adipose tissue surrounds the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> (also called <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419338f1b71692777195411fd0bfcd\">perinephric</span> fat).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cushions and insulates the kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Renal Fascia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connective tissue (Gerota's fascia) around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07eb540b841692777195078fd4c928\">perirenal</span> fat, anchoring the kidney.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secures <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> position and separates from adjacent organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pararenal Fat </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> layer beyond the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides additional cushioning and support</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which structure is in direct contact with the upper pole of the right kidney?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right lobe of the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right suprarenal gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right colic flexure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Right suprarenal gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Db98FUrLa9O1NkMeQn1C1740370213.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JdS8TdhxFj90Fnlo5BKM1740370235.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior Relations of Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Right Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Left Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the Liver</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> gland</li>\n<li>The second part of the duodenum</li>\n<li>Jejunum</li>\n<li>Hepatic (Right colic) flexure</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> gland</li>\n<li>Stomach</li>\n<li>Spleen</li>\n<li>Jejunum</li>\n<li>Left colic flexure</li>\n<li>Pancreas and splenic vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which rib is related to the posterior surface of the left kidney but not the right kidney?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "7th rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "8th rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "12th rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "11th rib", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 11th rib", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tC5KG9t6KcyNkXsllHZh1740370291.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Posterior Relations of Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Right Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Left Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Only 12th Rib</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>11th Rib</li>\n<li>12th Rib</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>( Common to both Right and Left Kidney)</p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Muscles</u>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b42867b61169277718692205c2447\">Diaphragm</span> and in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ad207273316927771927cdef8f83d\">mediolateral</span> order - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">Psoas</span> Major, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">Quadratus</span> Lumborum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\">Transversus</span> Abdominis</li>\n<li><u>Ligaments</u>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Arcuate</li>\n<li><u>Nerves</u>: Subcostal, Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal</li>\n<li><u>Vessels</u>: Subcostal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a typical site of ureteric constriction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Junction with the renal pelvis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Crossing by ductus deferens", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the pelvic outlet", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Opening at the trigone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. At the pelvic outlet", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5KK3LTVfjH20Fui90sJe1740370532.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><u>Ureteric constrictions</u></strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The ureters have several points of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> that are clinically significant, particularly for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> stone impaction. The typical sites of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> are:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">Junction</span> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> pelvis</strong>: This is where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> narrows as it transitions from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> pelvis. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/5KK3LTVfjH20Fui90sJe1740370532.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. At the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> terminalis</strong>: Near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> is kinked as it crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e7d00e7451692777183a41163f256\">brim</span> to enter the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> inlet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a2c3ec4ab1692777190af5b350865\">Intramural</span> segment</strong>: As the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> pierces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> wall, it runs obliquely through the wall, which is the <strong>narrowest part</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. Crossing by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a6864e97b169277718602072817ee\">ductus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8e17879f71692777185360caf5372\">deferens</span> or broad ligament: </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> crosses underneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a6864e97b169277718602072817ee\">ductus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8e17879f71692777185360caf5372\">deferens</span> in males and lies behind the broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> in females. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5. Opening at the trigone: </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> opens at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> angle of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d89806ebbe1692777200b7b677e616\">trigone</span> area within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> bladder. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the pancreas is covered by the peritoneum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Head of the pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Body of the pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tail of the pancreas", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Entire pancreas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tail of the pancreas", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with complaints of a progressively enlarged abdomen and discomfort on the left side. Imaging studies reveal splenomegaly. Which structure is primarily responsible for preventing the downward displacement of the spleen in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phrenicocolic Ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrosplenic Ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Splenorenal Ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diaphragm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phrenicocolic Ligament", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GcEnentsa7mX1q8yvDtE1740370674.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 20 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Embryology Of Abdominal Organs - 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An abdominal X-ray shows signs of bowel obstruction. Intraoperatively, the surgeon finds multiple fibrous bands with the cecum on the left side and the small intestine on the right side. What is the most likely underlying anomaly?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nonrotation of the midgut", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reversed rotation of the midgut", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Incomplete midgut rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Midgut volvulus with normal rotation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Nonrotation of the midgut", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZroSb0iYEFTalDXC3LDA1740457524.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/McSHGlHCZScSo18LN22P1740457539.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VWjPpJI2WG2eDn1gidUU1738670448.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:670px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Non-Rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Incomplete Rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reverse Rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Failure of normal 270Β° counterclockwise rotation.</li>\n<li>Only the first 90Β° <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> occurs.</li>\n<li>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> is on the right side and large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> on the left.</li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZroSb0iYEFTalDXC3LDA1740457524.png\" width=\"4167\"/><br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Incomplete rotation.</li>\n<li>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> passes behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and the superior mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (SMA).</li>\n<li>SMA compresses the duodenum.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/McSHGlHCZScSo18LN22P1740457539.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Intestines <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed17327223169277719753b0e5d6b4\">rotate</span> 90Β° clockwise instead of counterclockwise.</li>\n<li>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> returns earlier and lies behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and SMA.</li>\n<li>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> misplaced anteriorly.</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"219\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/VWjPpJI2WG2eDn1gidUU1738670448.png\" width=\"223\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abdominal distension</li>\n<li>Bilious <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"998fb41ebc1692777202e46891c4a7\">vomiting</span> (if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"061f9a880e1692777202e47dbb3d3f\">volvulus</span> occurs)</li>\n<li>Absent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e02c7dfea516927771894c64e8013a\">IC</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> in RIF</li>\n<li>IC <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> may be midline, below the pylorus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bilious vomiting</li>\n<li>Abdominal pain and distension</li>\n<li>Features of duodenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">obstruction</span> (due to SMA compression).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bilious vomiting</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive</li>\n<li>Symptoms of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> obstruction</li>\n<li>Possible shock if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"061f9a880e1692777202e47dbb3d3f\">volvulus</span> is present.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Volvulus</li>\n<li>Intestinal obstruction</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surgical Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laddβs procedure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with bilious vomiting shortly after birth. X-ray abdomen is taken and is shown below. Further evaluation reveals pancreatic tissue encircling and compressing the second part of the duodenum. Which embryological structure is primarily responsible for this congenital abnormality?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal pancreatic bud", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral pancreatic bud", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepatic diverticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitelline duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ventral pancreatic bud", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/V4arhqt2uiZAGjFF68dL1740456718.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ArI5VNjzIcO6FcFGGtl51740456815.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UuESCdT6e4hQG4I39okM1740456844.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UjlkWh48ri0fMTvpHuye1740456874.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Krsbu6S4KtXJcxXxRlEy1740456894.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:696px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd92bbb11169277719474e970be5d\">Pancreatic Buds</span> &amp; its derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dorsal Pancreatic Bud</strong>: located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> mesentery, forms the<strong> </strong><strong>upper part of the head, neck, body, and tail </strong>of the pancreas.</li>\n<li><strong>Ventral Pancreatic Bud</strong>: Arises near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbaff1edd216927771835557d40049\">bud</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> mesentery. Forms the<strong> lower part of the head and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de89ce6b2616927772011395881cae\">uncinate</span> process.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotation and Fusion</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rotation of the duodenal loop brings the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbaff1edd216927771835557d40049\">bud</span> to the right side of the duodenum, eventually fusing with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> bud.</li>\n<li><strong>Except for the tail, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> becomes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d0f37715816927771973ecda21336\">retroperitoneal</span> </strong>after the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> and rotation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duct System Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Main Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (wirsung)</strong>: Formed from the<strong> </strong>distal part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> duct.</li>\n<li><strong>Accessory Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (santorini) </strong>: Derived from the<strong> </strong>proximal portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> duct.</li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"BruceBlaus.\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"559\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/UuESCdT6e4hQG4I39okM1740456844.png\" width=\"696\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Papillae Openings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>main pancreatic duct</strong> opens into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> at the <strong>major duodenal papilla</strong> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct.</li>\n<li>The <strong>accessory duct</strong> opens at the <strong>minor duodenal papilla</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Exocrine and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">Endocrine</span> Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Exocrine Pancreas</strong>: Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a6ca57bb61692777187fa5f7bdbb0\">endodermal</span> cells that reorganize into acini.</li>\n<li><strong>Endocrine Pancreas</strong>: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f217cd04d16927771907ca848e7e4\">islets of Langerhans</span> develop from cells separating from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Developmental anomalies of Pancreas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96f5104d6816927771816ac8dfceeb\">Annular</span> pancreas:</strong></p>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/UjlkWh48ri0fMTvpHuye1740456874.png\" width=\"4167\"/>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>ventral pancreatic</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbaff1edd216927771835557d40049\">bud</span> consists of two components that typically <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bdb5481f1692777203cbadf50a71\">fuse</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed17327223169277719753b0e5d6b4\">rotate</span> around the duodenum, positioning below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> bud. <strong> (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Sometimes, the right part migrates normally while the left moves in the opposite direction, leading to malformations that can constrict the 2nd part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and cause obstruction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Pancreatic divisum:</strong></p>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Krsbu6S4KtXJcxXxRlEy1740456894.png\" width=\"4168\"/><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> </strong>of parts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd92bbb11169277719474e970be5d\">pancreatic buds</span> with each other.</li>\n<li>This leads to <strong>most pancreatic secretions draining through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (duct of Santorini)</strong> into the minor papilla, which is often smaller and can become obstructed.</li>\n<li>This incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> pancreatitis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accessory pancreatic tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accessory pancreatic tissue</strong> can be found in various locations, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stomach wall</li>\n<li><strong>Duodenum (most common)</strong></li>\n<li>Meckelβs diverticulum</li>\n<li>Greater omentum</li>\n<li>Hilum of the spleen</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>It appears as yellowish, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61f84221371692777191a8e70c449c\">lobulated</span> nodules, typically single and ranging from 1β6 mm in diameter. Approximately one-third of these nodules contain islets of Langerhans.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is correct regarding the peritoneal folds of abdomen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The greater omentum attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum, providing a barrier to infections in the peritoneal cavity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The lesser omentum connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the diaphragm and provides support to the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The greater omentum forms a fold between the liver and the diaphragm, providing structural support to the stomach.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The greater omentum is often used as a free flap in reconstructive surgeries based on gastro-omental vessels in gastrointestinal perforations.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The greater omentum is often used as a free flap in reconstructive surgeries based on gastro-omental vessels in gastrointestinal perforations.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vrOnc2l4rKpIywvwVGYP1740458560.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qNsTuLXwME3FJfU6vRs31738671509.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZscRaZrCn0JPz0wRJRSN1740458621.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:694px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Greater omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of stomach (and spleen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> vessels and fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrosplenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery, Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrophrenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Splenorenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Splenic artery, Tail of pancreas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lesser omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach (and duodenum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The right free margin-hepatic artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct,lymph nodes and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> vessels,hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> of nerve,all enclosed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a606b55b4316927771956c3cb0d383\">perivascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> sheath. Along the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach-left and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery,the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and lymphatics, branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatogastric ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatoduodenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> proper, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:720px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesentery proper</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> (jejunum and ileum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric artery, accompanying veins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerve plexuses, lymphatics, 100β200 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue with fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle colic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesoappendix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesentery of ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendix</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendicular artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:728px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Falciform ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a68186fa3d1692777194d7b1b06fdc\">paraumbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coronary ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ductus venosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ligamentum venosum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phrenicocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left colic flexure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left triangular ligament, right triangular ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urinary bladder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileocecal fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cecum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inguinal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Suspensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the ovary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovarian artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following with their corresponding dermatomal distribution: Thumb 1) L3 Umblicus 2) L5 Knee 3) C6 Dorsum of foot 4) T10", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xoG8hhGo2exXX686JFvq1740458471.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0FOsEIq8b85j6acIEryk1740458494.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Thumb</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1) C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Umblicus</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2) T10</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Knee</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3) L3</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Dorsum of foot</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4) L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:634px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatomal distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temple, Forehead, Occiput</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Entire Neck, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> Cheek, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">Temporal</span> Area, Prolongation forward under Mandible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder Area, Clavicular Area, Upper Scapular Area</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deltoid Area, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> aspect of entire arm to base of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior Arm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">Radial</span> side of hand to thumb and index finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral Arm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">Forearm</span> to index, long, and ring fingers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial Arm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> to long, ring, and little fingers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial side of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> to base of little finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial side of upper arm to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> elbow, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> and midscapular areas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T3-6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper Thorax</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T5-7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal Margin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T8-12</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abdomen and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">Lumbar</span> Region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Back, over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4bb41d0e016927772003539a49a35\">trochanter</span> and groin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Back, front of thigh to knee</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Back, upper buttock, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thigh and knee, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> lower leg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial buttock, latera thigh, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of foot, big toe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Buttock, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> thigh, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of foot, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> half of sole, first, second, and third toes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Buttock, Thigh, and Leg Posterior</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Same as S1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Groin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh to knee</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perineum, genitals, lower sacrum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male is involved in a high-speed motor vehicle accident and presents to the trauma unit with severe abdominal pain and hypotension. On examination, he has contusion on the left side of his abdomen. FAST reveals free fluid in the abdomen. CT scan shows a retroperitoneal hematoma and signs of injury to a retroperitoneal organ. Which of the following organs is most likely to be injured in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Small intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "D) Spleen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Left kidney", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RjrwQmf0eU7S0zwBVpnu1740458392.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following planes carries the origin of the hepatic portal vein and the termination of the spinal cord?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Subcostal plane", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Supracristal plane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intertubercular plane", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transpyloric plane", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Transpyloric plane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Usb7BYaEhrX1pfhP4icw1740457892.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/t4pgTi4iTvqJMf6QqKzE1740457934.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eRpaz4JbRMRZg7BJA3eS1740458262.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:428px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right hypochondrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li>Gallbladder</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epigastric region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stomach</li>\n<li>Pancreas</li>\n<li>Duodenum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left hypochondrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Spleen</li>\n<li>Left colic flexure</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Right kidney</li>\n<li>Right ureter</li>\n<li>Ascending colon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilical region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Loops of small intestine</li>\n<li>Aorta</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Left kidney</li>\n<li>Left ureter</li>\n<li>Descending colon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caecum</li>\n<li>Appendix</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypogastric region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Coils of small intestine</li>\n<li>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> (if distended)</li>\n<li>Uterus (if enlarged)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sigmoid colon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A triangular area formed in the bladder is called the trigone. Which of the following is the origin of the epithelium of the trigone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cranial vesicourethral canal", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mesonephric duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Splanchnic mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Allantois", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Mesonephric duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i4EVmHtlkAIa514q3iw11740457733.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hCCFUwJZzIK6pJXjGEnL1740457764.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fOe1zLYCzigWffUXZVmF1740457785.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hfxDcUopaAMPgrYfmXxK1740457805.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn baby was found to have hydronephrosis. Which of the following would be the cause of this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Obstruction by the umbilical arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Crossed ectopia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Malrotation of kidneys", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aberrant renal arteries", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Aberrant renal arteries", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BH62yzgXb7Wm5LDBuw8Z1740457679.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with a congenital urinary tract anomaly. During evaluation, the physician explains the stages of kidney development and associated structures. Which of the following statements is true regarding the formation of the definitive kidney in mammals?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pronephros is the functional kidney in humans and contributes to the urinary system.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mesonephros develops in the cervical region and contains excretory tubules.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Metanephros arises from the metanephric blastema and the ureteric bud.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral plate mesoderm forms the foundation of the urinary and genital systems.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Metanephros arises from the metanephric blastema and the ureteric bud.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b5s35u1OXEt0k4W2FJKd1740457616.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:681px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Agenesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absence of one or both kidneys</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoplasia/hyperplasia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Underdevelopment/overdevelopment of kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydronephrosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Swelling due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> obstruction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duplication</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Partial or complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a474651a3816927771869b71041ec1\">duplication</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> or ureter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Horseshoe kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fusion of the lower (or upper) poles of the kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancake kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fusion of both kidneys into a single mass</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lobulated kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Persistence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> lobulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malrotation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fe753e1a91692777189b7bdb3e2e1\">hilum</span> position due to incomplete rotation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ectopic kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney in an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> position due to incomplete ascent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polycystic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formation of cysts due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">tubule</span> development</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aberrant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Renal arteries originating from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> locations, potentially causing obstruction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. Imaging reveals malrotation of the midgut. The pediatric surgeon explains that during normal embryological development, the midgut should rotate around a specific arterial axis to reach its anatomical position. How many degrees does the midgut rotate, and what is the axis of this rotation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "180 degrees, Inferior Mesenteric Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "270 degrees, Superior Mesenteric Artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "90 degrees, Inferior Mesenteric Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "360 degrees, Superior Mesenteric Artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 270 degrees, Superior Mesenteric Artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i4tpL9zR8AplCZBtbMK31740457458.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 26-year-old woman with a history of recurrent abortion undergoes an ultrasound at 8 weeks of gestation and is found to have an abnormality in the fetus as shown below (arrow). The doctor reassures her that this condition typically resolves on its own. When should she schedule a follow-up ultrasound to monitor the resolution of the abnormality?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "12 weeks", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "14 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "16 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "18 weeks", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 12 weeks", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/20VUO5eGxUkGWpFPdJcK1740457005.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/F23WHfQgh5qSfox91k721740457041.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the ligament of Treitz is not true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It connects the duodenojejunal flexure to the right crus of the diaphragm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It contains striated muscle fibers in its upper part.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It primarily serves as a conduit for blood supply to the small intestine.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It acts as a landmark in the diagnosis of intestinal malrotation.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It primarily serves as a conduit for blood supply to the small intestine.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/u0dJQ4gNnAbZIkfvEQhA1740456944.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A healthcare provider is discussing the anatomy of the umbilical cord with a medical student. How many arteries and veins are typically present in a normal umbilical cord?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 artery and 1 vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 arteries and 1 vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2 arteries and 2 veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 artery and 2 veins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2 arteries and 1 vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HWmu7MQL3shVbpDZwqK91740454205.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GG7abUCUHECIzfAwGl151740454230.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/V9Z7ib0wAk7qltEhpUWK1740454342.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oKNTFOfBPNf157JTMLDi1740454474.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">Umbilical</span> Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Two arteries</strong> transport deoxygenated blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421fecf0e21692777202704942ac48\">fetus</span> to the placenta.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initially, two veins are present; The <strong>right one disappears.</strong></p>\n<p>The remaining <strong>left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> </strong>carries oxygenated blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5276da31d11692777195f0e82f5e1d\">placenta</span> to the fetus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wharton's Jelly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be6fe9c6c316927771889dbaaf2b89\">gelatinous</span> substance derived from the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14f3af3bf516927771939c1efb8726\">mucoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4f1758e2169277718697ae66f3dd\">degeneration</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> of the connecting stalk</strong> protects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> vessels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allantoic Diverticulum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral projection of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c050271581692777189aa9b548c84\">hindgut</span> into the connecting stalk.</p>\n<p>It is incorporated into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> proximally and forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb43e65f8d16927772010a28d74bb4\">urachus</span> distally.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitellointestinal Duct</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connection between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac; usually disappears but may leave remnants like cysts or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> cords.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intra and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">Extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3876204c81692777184b1147ecc70\">Coelom</span> Communication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exists at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> end around the vitellointestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> until week 10, allowing for a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf1b2a8bc16927771899480554f5a\">hernia</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> loop.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the development of the liver and gallbladder is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver develops from the mesodermal hepatic bud.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystic duct forms from the pars hepatica of the hepatic bud.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bile duct initially opens on the dorsal aspect of the developing duodenum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitelline and umbilical veins contribute to the formation of hepatic sinusoids.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitelline and umbilical veins contribute to the formation of hepatic sinusoids.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2GzHUC8sJW99PaYwG8XL1740455944.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A research study is conducted to understand the embryological development of gastrointestinal (GI) structures in an embryo. Which of the following statements about the normal embryological development of the GI tract is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Esophagus develops entirely from the foregut.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stomach initially forms as a fusiform dilation of the foregut.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Duodenum forms a C-shaped loop during stomach rotation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Midgut-derived parts of the duodenum are supplied by the celiac artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Midgut-derived parts of the duodenum are supplied by the celiac artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2eTinimVUg2QgzehTfNY1740455879.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5bBziauNqZM0SzUNKfn31740455896.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the development of mesentery is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal mesentery is derived from the septum transversum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral mesentery gives rise to the greater omentum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal mesentery extends from the lower esophagus to the rectum.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventral mesentery is continuous with the dorsal mesentery.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dorsal mesentery extends from the lower esophagus to the rectum.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4WIGG5Q7QfAtZ27pPMSk1740455769.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3o68Bc5yYzTYvIvjvOAS1740455788.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2vRIc5hKJupzHIZ5eeuh1740455807.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Won5MyNJHLP4T4M63rLj1740455838.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient on examination and radiological imaging was found to have an absent gallbladder. Which gut tube structure is associated with this defect, and what is the primitive artery that supplies it?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Midgut, superior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Foregut, celiac trunk", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Midgut, celiac trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hindgut, inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Foregut, celiac trunk", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sgEbZ2GL80n7nhhO97Se1740455612.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4ILynPkrmMp9mif2e7Qo1740455632.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foregut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Midgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hindgut</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends from: </strong>Oropharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> to the first part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> (distal to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends from:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> (after the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> entrance) to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> two-thirds of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends from</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> third of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> to the cloacal membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pharynx</li>\n<li>Esophagus</li>\n<li>Stomach</li>\n<li>Proximal half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> (up to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct)</li>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li>Gallbladder</li>\n<li>Pancreas</li>\n<li>Respiratory system</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal half of the duodenum</li>\n<li>Jejunum</li>\n<li>Ileum</li>\n<li>Cecum and appendix</li>\n<li>Ascending colon</li>\n<li>Proximal two-thirds of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal third of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon</li>\n<li>Descending colon</li>\n<li>Sigmoid colon</li>\n<li>Rectum</li>\n<li>Upper anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> (above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line)</li>\n<li>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> (urogenital sinus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial supply: </strong>Celiac trunk</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial supply:</strong> Superior mesenteric artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial supply:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> mesenteric artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-day-old infant is brought to the emergency department with severe respiratory distress. The physical examination reveals scaphoid abdomen, decreased breath sounds on the left side, and a chest X-ray shows a mediastinal shift to the right. Which type of hernia is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Morgagni hernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bochdalek hernia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hiatal hernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Umbilical hernia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bochdalek hernia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Iy6bDUgONUKSttsUkoJY1740455480.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WydeP7SuikCjPJXR0Hen1740455520.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VWygzU8brxEK70iJUdFJ1740455555.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bochdalek hernia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Morgagni hernia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06ff18f51216927771867fe1461a04\">diaphragmatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf1b2a8bc16927771899480554f5a\">hernia</span> (CDH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less common CDH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Often left sided</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Often right sided</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>M/c site: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a609961a016927771965ce486a6cd\">Postero</span> lateral</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>M/c side: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f90b38d04f16927771818db430bf86\">Anteromedial</span> (retrosternal)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen and intestines enter the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> cavity.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> cavity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intestine passes through the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f7c89df6e16927771951d19c26422\">pleuroperitoneal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and makes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7986628b2d169277719124b3cdb8f2\">left lung</span> small.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> passes through the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db0b2c70cb1692777197d6e5e33d95\">retrosternal</span> space (space of Morgagni) behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> but in front of the heart.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Zeeshan Ghias Khan\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://radiopaedia.org/cases/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-39\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Iy6bDUgONUKSttsUkoJY1740455480.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Mujtaba Mohamed, Alsadiq Al-Hillan, Jay Shah, Eugene Zurkovsky, Arif Asif &amp; Mohammad Hossain \" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"open access\" data-source=\"https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-019-2336-9\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WydeP7SuikCjPJXR0Hen1740455520.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What structures are transmitted through the marked opening of the diaphragm in the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oesophagus and gastric nerves", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aorta and thoracic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior vena cava and left phrenic nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hjeynqiObry2Oky2x42i1740455256.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/w9zZ55hPO3aintrK0jyr1740455304.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Jkaz573hDChTyIsWfrkW1740455348.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level of opening</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T10</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T12</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In the central tendon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653381031a1692777185f2d7287a66\">crus</span> of the diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures passing through the opening</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior<strong> v</strong>ena cava</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> nerve <strong>(Option C)</strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>O</strong>esophagus <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A</strong>orta <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Thoracic duct</li>\n<li>Azygous vein</li>\n<li>Hemiazygous vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are the derivatives of the structure labeled A in the image below, except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Falciform ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Coronary ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ligamentum teres", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesser omentum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ligamentum teres", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YLITfC9Vk4zQ83aXfQkH1740455132.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W5w9BOuwti5M7JpCDBru1740455194.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dVzwTts8RtJpM2vZT35w1740455207.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">Septum</span> Transversum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d892100f311692777184ca89c99e0c\">Central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> of Diaphragm</span> (Diaphragm)Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2.Portions of Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8103946c616927771920f96e0e14f\">Mesenchyme</span> (Liver):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Connective tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c077aecdcd1692777199503c836d9c\">stroma</span> of the liver including Glissonβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> (fibrous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> of the liver).</li>\n<li>Peritoneal coverings of liver</li>\n<li>Kupffer cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3675594f5716927771884b81759896\">Hemopoietic</span> cells, sinusoids, etc</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">Ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f51fc9a741692777192ec164a061f\">mesentery</span> of the foregut.<br/>\n\t\t\tDerivatives of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">Ventral</span> mesentery: <strong>Falciform ligament, Lesser omentum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> ligament.</strong><strong> (Options A, B and D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">Fibrous</span> pericardium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures contributes to the formation of the marked part of the diaphragm (inferior view)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Septum transversum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pleuro-peritoneal membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal mesentery of esophagus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mesoderm of body wall", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nWplYI4uhOBJH8LKv6YF1740454817.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nDx2SaMyPqUzFRQJ69881740454840.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VpwBr4JWeS1KSufV1Fwy1740454866.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:515px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of Diaphragm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source of Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> of Diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Septum transversum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pleuroperitoneal Membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0f500688016927771854a06750f2e\">Crura</span> of Diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f51fc9a741692777192ec164a061f\">Mesentery</span> of Esophagus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesoderm of Body Wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about gastroschisis as opposed to an omphalocele?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Has a covering of amnion around the herniated bowels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Is associated with chromosomal anomalies and cardiac anomalies", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Due to the failure of the gut tube back to return into the abdomen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The herniated bowel loops are damaged due to amniotic fluid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The herniated bowel loops are damaged due to amniotic fluid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8q5LQZWn69qNGLmlwLwk1740454742.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4BDmeIxcfpIjMblqGhPp1740454758.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:679px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastroschisis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Omphalocele</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall fails to close, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7133d43878169277718890fcb091d5\">herniation</span> of intestinal loops into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c0fb943ce16927771815ddeb9824d\">amniotic</span> cavity.</p>\n<p>M/c in premature/SGA babies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> body wall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> where portions of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> fail to return to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> herniation.<strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location of defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right paraumbilical</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Central</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sac</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> is exposed.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Present</strong><strong> </strong>(if not ruptured).</p>\n<p>Sac is made of amnion, Wharton's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88bc2baef31692777190f5b09925aa\">jelly</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Free intestinal loops.</strong></p>\n<p>(Liver is not usually herniated)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Firm mass including <strong>liver, intestine</strong> and/ other organs (like stomach, spleen)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjacent to the defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attached to the sac</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated anomalies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Associated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04f89c4775169277718128d3461838\">anatomic</span> defects are uncommon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Associated abnormalities are common and include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neural tube defect</li>\n<li><strong>Cardiac abnormalities</strong> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Chromosomal defect</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Detection </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identified through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> ultrasound.</li>\n<li>Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c0fb943ce16927771815ddeb9824d\">amniotic</span> fluid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c0fb943ce16927771815ddeb9824d\">amniotic</span> fluid, similar to gastroschisis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complication </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Affected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> loops may be damaged due to exposure to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16a98a214c16927771852d7f6c344e\">corrosive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c0fb943ce16927771815ddeb9824d\">amniotic</span> fluid</strong>.</li>\n<li>Risk of <strong>volvulus</strong>, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> twists around itself, compromising blood supply.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Feeding difficulties</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive</li>\n<li>Inguinal hernias</li>\n<li>Gastroesophageal reflux</li>\n<li>Occasionally esophagitis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prognosis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Favorable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <strong>mortality </strong>rates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Image </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open Acess\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gastroschisis-full.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"486\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/8q5LQZWn69qNGLmlwLwk1740454742.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open Acess\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Omphalocele-drawing.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"287\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/4BDmeIxcfpIjMblqGhPp1740454758.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β <strong> Β Fig:Β Omphalocele</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A neonate presents with dribbling of urine from the umbilicus. Which of the following statements is true regarding the affected structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Persistence of a small area of allantois", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The lumen of the upper part of the urachus persists", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Forms a cystic dilation due to secretions from the lining", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Persistence of intraembryonic part of allantois", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Persistence of intraembryonic part of allantois", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/L7xHKWz4Hu1Xage6GjfL1740454708.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:679px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meckelβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urachal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5922b669a169277719487f8bbabd3\">obliteration</span> of the vitellointestinal duct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5922b669a169277719487f8bbabd3\">obliteration</span> of the allantoic diverticulum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antimesenteric border of the ileum, ~2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32656dc8ba1692777202fc49f9ed13\">feet</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f7908953b1692777189fa3a1a9655\">ileocecal</span> junction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal connection between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal connection leading to fecal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> from the umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Likely presents as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> leakage from the umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryonic System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn is scheduled for surgery after presenting with fecal discharge from the umbilicus. An intraoperative image is shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Meckelβs diverticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitelline fistula", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitelline sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitelline cyst", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitelline fistula", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oRmVWMHUbxv9kc3tcVt01740454507.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VzH95ynifsvG0spjiEx81740454566.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rfhlqoCw02rsxCDYHAAw1740454608.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> anomalies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meckelβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d12c5027f91692777186803150d054\">diverticulum</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is the persistent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> part of the embryonic Vitello intestinal duct.</p>\n<p><strong>Key features:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>It occurs in about 2% of the population.</li>\n<li>Its length is around<strong> 2 inches</strong> (5 cm).</li>\n<li>It is located<strong> 2 feet</strong> (60 cm)<strong> proximal</strong> to the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f7908953b1692777189fa3a1a9655\">ileocecal</span> junction</strong>.</li>\n<li>It is more common in <strong>males</strong>.</li>\n<li>Its wall structure and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6e9d8c3431692777183d5cdb2aee8\">caliber</span> <strong>resemble</strong> that of the<strong> ileum</strong>. It is a<strong> true diverticulum</strong> containing all the layers of ileum.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> may be free or connected to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0c9f9bbda1692777201f1fd5464cb\">umbilicus</span> by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> band.</li>\n<li>It attaches to the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387d6e04781692777181f08c20c77b\">antimesenteric</span> border</strong> of the ileum.</li>\n<li>It can contain<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0decefe0901692777186f7f3f89b2a\">ectopic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> </strong>and <strong>pancreatic tissue</strong>.</li>\n<li>Generally asymptomatic, but it can cause:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Intestinal obstruction.</li>\n<li>Ulceration and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0decefe0901692777186f7f3f89b2a\">ectopic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> or pancreatic tissue is present, mimicking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> abdomen.</li>\n<li>Symptoms resembling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"641e78b4b416927771811108016ca6\">appendicitis</span> when inflamed.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"790\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/VzH95ynifsvG0spjiEx81740454566.png\" width=\"801\"/></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>If the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> remains patent, it creates a direct connection between the<strong> umbilicus</strong> and the <strong>intestinal tract</strong>.</li>\n<li>This condition is called an<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> fistula</strong> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> fistula.</li>\n<li>It can lead to fecal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> from the umbilicus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>If the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> segment of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> remains patent, it can lead to the development of an<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1405ad7b46169277718580acad7562\">cyst</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>When both ends of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> become <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> cords and the middle portion forms a large cyst, known as an <strong>enterocystoma</strong> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> cyst.</li>\n<li>Fibrous cords can cause intestinal obstruction, strangulation, or volvulus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 34 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Inguinal And Femoral Anatomy And Hernia Abdominal Wall Layers Peritoneal Cavity - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 14</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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An ultrasound confirms that it is an undescended testis, located just at the superficial inguinal ring Based on the normal developmental timeline of testicular descent, at which intrauterine period should the testis have normally reached the deep inguinal ring?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "8th week of gestation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "3rd month of gestation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5th month of gestation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "7th month of gestation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 5th month of gestation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/40mtp51fhl1EmaNdRETh1740371225.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jzznQLmfKZlve7RGYWU51740371249.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the peritoneal cavity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The abdominal cavity is divided into supracolic and infracolic compartments.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The supracolic compartment is further divided into subphrenic spaces.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The infracolic compartment is divided into right and left parts by the falciform ligament.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The right paracolic gutter lies along the lateral side of the ascending colon.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The infracolic compartment is divided into right and left parts by the falciform ligament.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 14-year-old girl presents with a mass in the right groin that is suspected to be an ovary. Imaging confirms that her ovary has been drawn into the inguinal canal. Which structure is most likely responsible for the abnormal descent of the ovary into the inguinal canal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Round ligament of the uterus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Suspensory ligament of the ovary", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Broad ligament of the uterus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Uterosacral ligament", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Round ligament of the uterus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4iCsiRants4cE0JBkDBp1740371298.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is NOT found in the spermatic cord?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vas deferens", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Testicular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epididymis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pampiniform plexus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Epididymis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/k0MXddXmAokWb1fOIBqo1740371357.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the correct order of the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Skin β Scarpa fascia β Internal oblique β External oblique β Transversalis fascia β Transversus abdominis β Peritoneum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skin β Transversalis fascia β Internal oblique β External oblique β Transversus abdominis β Scarpa fascia β Peritoneum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin β Scarpa fascia β External oblique β Internal oblique β Transversus abdominis β Transversalis fascia β Peritoneum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Skin β External oblique β Scarpa fascia β Internal oblique β Transversus abdominis β Transversalis fascia β Peritoneum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Skin β Scarpa fascia β External oblique β Internal oblique β Transversus abdominis β Transversalis fascia β Peritoneum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/n9e34a3tHB9TTgl0Dq1h1740371478.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ecpKl07orJeQPgh4rsAB1740371430.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:C) Skin β Scarpa &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\"&gt;fascia&lt;/span&gt; β &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\"&gt;External oblique&lt;/span&gt; β &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50a310ef2e16927771907de8547137\"&gt;Internal oblique&lt;/span&gt; β &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\"&gt;Transversus&lt;/span&gt; abdominis β &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c1c83a0da16927772000a37812afc\"&gt;Transversalis&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\"&gt;fascia&lt;/span&gt; β Peritoneu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which level does the rectus sheath become entirely posterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the level of the xiphoid process", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the level of umbilicus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the arcuate line", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. At the arcuate line", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vRJlDoKff1J8XINaNQIp1740371540.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the inguinal canal is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The posterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the transversalis fascia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The inguinal canal contains the ilioinguinal nerve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the roof of the inguinal canal.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "In males, the inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the roof of the inguinal canal.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/P29TXOuaM67WxDwF7Ja31740371593.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Azk3KtIgUF7Ljr4Wlctt1740371624.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:C) The &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52cb21596b1692777181aa72f1feb5\"&gt;aponeurosis&lt;/span&gt; of the &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\"&gt;external oblique&lt;/span&gt; muscle forms the roof of the inguinal canal.\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with a swelling in the right inguinal region that increases in size on coughing or standing. Upon examination, a diagnosis of indirect inguinal hernia is made, and surgical repair is planned. While preparing for the surgery, the anatomical relations of the inguinal canal are reviewed. Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical relations of the inguinal canal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The posterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the transversalis fascia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The inguinal canal contains the inferior epigastric vessels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The deep inguinal ring is located medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D) The floor of the inguinal canal is formed by the conjoint tendon", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The posterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the transversalis fascia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UuWSG34kTDtHGZthvR8Y1740371680.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Structure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Description</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Parietal peritoneum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> structure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Transversalis fascia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> called the deep inguinal ring, through which the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d0e8b461169277720097e2175a05\">testes</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> cord pass. Site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f73e160ba1692777190d65065c95b\">indirect</span> inguinal hernias. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> peritoneum. Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> in the whole extent. (Option A)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> fold</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> epigastric vessels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Median <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb43e65f8d16927772010a28d74bb4\">urachus</span> (from the allantois).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the obliterated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Pyramidalis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Small muscle attaching to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> bone. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">Rectus</span> abdominis lies above it. Covered by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> and supplied by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46ff8ef1ee16927771996bb1697129\">subcostal</span> nerve (T12).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Rectus abdominis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c572343621692777198867cf8d853\">segmental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> from T6βT12.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Transversus abdominis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal canal. Contributes to the roof and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> wall. Combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50a310ef2e16927771907de8547137\">internal oblique</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the conjoint tendon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Forms parts of the anterior, roof, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> walls of the inguinal canal. Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5003148c5116927771853277f6839a\">cremasteric</span> muscle and fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Aponeurosis forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> inguinal ring. Forms external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c1c83a0da16927772000a37812afc\">transversalis</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the femoral triangle is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The medial boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by the adductor longus muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The lateral boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by the iliacus and psoas major muscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The femoral nerve is one of the contents of the femoral triangle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The anterior boundary of the femoral ring is the inguinal ligament.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The lateral boundary of the femoral triangle is formed by the iliacus and psoas major muscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nZ6xkGaM9xYd1TLAr7s01740371760.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Femoral Triangle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lateral Boundary:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> margin of the sartorius muscle.</li>\n<li><strong>Medial Boundary:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> muscle.</li>\n<li><strong>Apex:</strong> The point where the sartorius overlaps the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> longus.</li>\n<li><strong>Floor:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Laterally: </strong>Iliacus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Medially:</strong> Pectineus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> muscles.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Roof:</strong> Formed by the overlying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The structures are arranged from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> in the following order (VAN):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Femoral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (most medial) and Its Tributaries</li>\n<li>Femoral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and Its Branches</li>\n<li>Femoral nerve (most lateral)</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Femoral Sheath</li>\n<li>Nerves:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Femoral Nerve</li>\n<li>Nerve to Pectineus</li>\n<li>Femoral Branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65280a763b1692777188eb28595e8b\">Genitofemoral</span> Nerve</li>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Nerve of the Thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Deep Inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">Lymph</span> Nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Femoral Ring- </strong>Base (upper end) of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">Femoral</span> Canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Anterior: </strong>Inguinal ligament</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior:</strong> Pectineus and its covering fascia</li>\n<li><strong>Medial: </strong>Concave margin of lacunar ligament</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">Femoral</span> vein</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Lymph <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> of Cloquet (RosenmΓΌller)</li>\n<li>Lymphatics</li>\n<li>Areolar tissue</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the marked structures is formed directly by the rotation of the stomach and duodenum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "both a and b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "both b and c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "b only", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "d only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. b only", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IdUdnkfsVRifWbm7S5Kw1740371867.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ou4tp1dXmorIkpR6FEqe1740371927.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male undergoes an emergency laparotomy for severe upper abdominal bleeding after blunt abdominal trauma. During the procedure, the surgeon performs the Pringle maneuver by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament to control hemorrhage. The clamp is applied to temporarily occlude the portal triad and assess the source of bleeding. Which structure forms the superior boundary of the anatomical space where the Pringle maneuver is performed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Caudate lobe of the liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "First part of the duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proper hepatic artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Caudate lobe of the liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lzYCoNMPfHyOquCB4d5n1740372052.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female presents with lower abdominal pain, high fever, and an elevated heart rate. She appears pale and diaphoretic on examination, with hypotension and a leukocytosis noted on laboratory tests. Imaging reveals a pelvic abscess. The surgeon suspects that pus has spread from an upper abdominal source. Which of the following sequences represents the correct flow of pus between important peritoneal spaces, leading to a pelvic abscess?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rectouterine pouch β Hepatorenal pouch β Paracolic gutter β Lesser sac β Pelvic abscess", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesser sac β Foramen of Winslow β Greater sac β Hepatorenal pouch β Paracolic gutter β Rectouterine pouch β Pelvic abscess", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater sac β Foramen of Winslow β Hepatorenal pouch β Paracolic gutter β Lesser sac β Pelvic abscess", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hepatorenal pouch β Paracolic gutter β Lesser sac β Foramen of Winslow β Pelvic abscess", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lesser sac β Foramen of Winslow β Greater sac β Hepatorenal pouch β Paracolic gutter β Rectouterine pouch β Pelvic abscess", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tlLjpFTNnfdJD829yYfY1740372108.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/LFQ1DE8Sbm8wfrk7Qhh21747141349.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle is primarily involved in a midline abdominal incision?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rectus Abdominis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "External Oblique", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal Oblique", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transverse Abdominis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rectus Abdominis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JH2T1y4ljfPKSPDZgICW1740372338.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the conjoint tendon is false ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The conjoint tendon is formed by the fusion of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The conjoint tendon contributes to the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The conjoint tendon is located in the anterior wall of the inguinal canal.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A weakness in the conjoint tendon can lead to a direct inguinal hernia.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The conjoint tendon is located in the anterior wall of the inguinal canal.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hWe4kr8TqahEJD9pM2sb1740372365.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 24 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Abdomen-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 46</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 46 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Testicular artery is a branch of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abdominal aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Common iliac artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "External iliac artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal iliac artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Abdominal aorta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cr6NxnkkZJAFXmTSkub81712654616.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The para-sagittal section of the abdomen is given below. What is the superior border of the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caudate lobe of liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesser omentum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior vena cava", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Caudate lobe of liver", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/XpLc5CmwMUFlF3f4rVHZ1747058286.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Ncze3oklfELnS4jJUmHk1745386783.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DMXWag4FXsOL37pereZP1745386809.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:533px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Communication between <strong>greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> and lesser sac</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatoduodenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (portal triad)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First part of duodenum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal hernias, Pringle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"220efc126c169277719138aa9a5537\">maneuver</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> trauma</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old man presented with a fever and massive splenomegaly. The spleen was 15 cm on palpation and directed obliquely when measured from the right iliac fossa. Which of the following structures prevent the vertical and downward descent of the spleen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lienorenal ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrosplenic ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phrenicocolic ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lienophrenic ligament", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Phrenicocolic ligament", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbe136d7de1692777195b3f4e371c6\"&gt;Phrenicocolic&lt;/span&gt; lig\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where are the Ito cells in the liver located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Space of disse", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Space of moll", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sinusoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bile canaliculi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Space of disse", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/f6JpzZraik5FMEJ1Kaxf1745842118.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 15-year-old boy underwent splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. During the procedure, the surgeon noticed bleeding while separating the spleen from the stomach. Which vessel is most likely implicated in this bleeding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left gastric vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Short gastric vessels", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastroepiploic vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Splenic vessels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Short gastric vessels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1zHkpRfDIKZbeuWS8nf51741768546.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arterial Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <strong>celiac trunk</strong>, supplies the lesser curvature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <strong>proper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> artery</strong>, supplies the lesser curvature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches of the <strong>splenic artery</strong>, supply the fundus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <strong>gastroduodenal artery</strong>, supplies the greater curvature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <strong>splenic artery</strong>, supplies the greater curvature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The patient exhibited an enlarged lymph node in the inguinal area. The primary cause that is most probable is", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Testicular cancer", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anal cancer", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sigmoid colon cancer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prostate cancer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anal cancer", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/I61u8ui2LMhz0YrtjEYI1745227528.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qFSXGXXKjZ2ElTVPA9DV1745227528.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B) Anal cancer</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatic Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper half of the rectum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior mesenteric nodes via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd17d69e761692777194318fd673aa\">pararectal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> &amp; upper anal canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> (below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ligation of common hepatic artery will impair blood supply in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right gastric and right gastroepiploic artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right gastric and left gastric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right gastroepiploic and short gastric vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right gastric and short gastric vessels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Right gastric and right gastroepiploic artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MjgiZkRwXPy4GhYXClqL1745227921.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A) Right &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\"&gt;gastric&lt;/span&gt; and right &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\"&gt;gastroepiploic&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A tumor of the uncinate process of the pancreas affects which of the following vessels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior mesenteric artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Portal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Common hepatic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superior mesenteric artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A) Superior mesenteric &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\"&gt;artery&lt;/span&gt; </p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fe753e1a91692777189b7bdb3e2e1\">hilum</span> of the left kidney.</p>\n<p>Travels behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> and splenic vein.</p>\n<p>Crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> anteriorly below the superior mesenteric artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nutcracker Analogy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> is compressed between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and superior mesenteric artery, resembling a nutcracker.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can lead to left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> hypertension.</p>\n<p>Symptoms include <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"660645b0c91692777188bbdf3fedff\">hematuria</span> and varicocele, especially in children.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Deep inguinal ring is a defect in", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "External oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fascia transversalis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rectus sheath", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fascia transversalis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KYN4pv287ojoCexdJnwU1746785201.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Parietal peritoneum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> structure.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Transversalis fascia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> called the deep inguinal ring, through which the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d0e8b461169277720097e2175a05\">testes</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> cord pass. Site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f73e160ba1692777190d65065c95b\">indirect</span> inguinal hernias. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> peritoneum. Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> in the whole extent.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> epigastric vessels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Median <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb43e65f8d16927772010a28d74bb4\">urachus</span> (from the allantois).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the obliterated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pyramidalis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Small muscle attaching to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> bone. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">Rectus</span> abdominis lies above it. Covered by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> and supplied by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46ff8ef1ee16927771996bb1697129\">subcostal</span> nerve (T12).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Rectus abdominis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c572343621692777198867cf8d853\">segmental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> from T6βT12.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Transversus abdominis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal canal. Contributes to the roof and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> wall. Combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50a310ef2e16927771907de8547137\">internal oblique</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the conjoint tendon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle (Option B) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Forms parts of the <strong>anterior, roof, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> walls of the inguinal canal.</strong> Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5003148c5116927771853277f6839a\">cremasteric</span> muscle and fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle (Option A) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Aponeurosis forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and the <strong>superficial inguinal ring</strong>. Forms external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c1c83a0da16927772000a37812afc\">transversalis</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stomach", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spleen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2 nd part of duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Stomach", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/imDyv05kKIH1pp7CpbfL1712655125.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following features differentiated the exocrine pancreas from the parotid gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Basal lamina lining the serous acini", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Absence of striated duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Presence of serous acini with acidophilic tip", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Presence of apical acinar villi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Absence of striated duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6CeAynhQ1egc9KLZX9ta1746611258.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Deep inguinal ring is formed in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "External oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transversus abdominis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transversalis fascia", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Transversalis fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Inguinal ligament is formed due to", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cremaster muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External oblique aponeurosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transversus abdominis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. External oblique aponeurosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ztduTihwdorRRhPtZGFw1712654723.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B.Β \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During embryological development, the midgut undergoes rotation. In a 6-month-old infant presenting with bilious emesis, it is discovered that the cecum is fixed in the right upper quadrant due to peritoneal bands, leading to a diagnosis of intestinal malrotation. Which of the following statements accurately describes the midgut rotation during embryological development?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "270-degree clockwise", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "270-degree anticlockwise", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "360-degree clockwise", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "360-degree anticlockwise", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 270-degree anticlockwise", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In relation to the anatomy of vasa brevia, a senior surgeon asks a first-year surgery resident a question that suggests vasa brevia is another term for which artery runs through the gastrosplenic ligament. This scenario is based on a research article published about the branches and course of vasa brevia.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Long gastric arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Short gastric arteries", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iliea vasa recta", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Jejunal vasa recta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Short gastric arteries", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked artery originating from celiac trunk territory?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Splenic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastroepiploic Artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastroduodenal Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left gastric artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastroepiploic Artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GK9KswjQrOSV42xqxlmO1694693293.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following ligaments is another name for the lienorenal ligament derived from the peritoneum, where the tail of the pancreas is located in a healthy adult female?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hapato-gastric", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepato-duodenal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastro-splenic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spleno-renal", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Spleno-renal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option D\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Developmental Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Week 4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formation of the pancreatic buds: Two pancreatic buds, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> pancreatic buds, arise from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64a46d2cc169277720303d0143935\">foregut</span> endoderm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Week 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rotation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the buds: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> rotates to the right, causing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbaff1edd216927771835557d40049\">bud</span> to move posteriorly and to the right. Eventually, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> buds <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bdb5481f1692777203cbadf50a71\">fuse</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> a single pancreas.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Week 6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Differentiation of the pancreatic tissue: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd92bbb11169277719474e970be5d\">pancreatic buds</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9001edbf216927771860f3475b44c\">differentiate</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> components of the pancreas. The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> tissue develops into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddae3800d31692777180746a2d0590\">acinar</span> cells and ductal cells, while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> tissue forms clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which will produce hormones.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Week 8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maturation and functional development: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> continues to develop and mature, with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> cells producing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> enzymes and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> cells producing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> and other hormones.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Week 10 onwards</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Further growth and refinement: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> continues to grow and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"428b0fa6f316927771970a5763c505\">refine</span> its structure and function throughout <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> development and into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba016f80c31692777196b151e95b8f\">postnatal</span> life.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure that divides the liver in Couinaudβs classification system is:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Portal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bile duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cystic duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Portal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Couinaud's Liver Segments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Anatomical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment I (Caudate Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located posteriorly, surrounding the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment II (Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located to the left of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment III (Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located to the left of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and between segments II and IV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment IV (Left Superior Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located to the left of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and between segments III and II</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment V (Right Superior Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located to the right of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> ligament, largest segment</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment VI (Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located to the right of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> ligament, below segment V</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment VII (Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located posteriorly and below segments VI and VIII</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Segment VIII (Posterior Superior Lobe)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Located posteriorly and above segments VI and VII</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about nerve supply of adrenal gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Release of catecholamines is not affected by nerve supply to adrenals", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Preganglionic fibres from lower thoracic and lumbar vertebra come via sympathetic chain to supply adrenals", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adrenal cortex doesn't have a direct nerve supply", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adrenal medulla doesnβt have nerve supply", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Preganglionic fibres from lower thoracic and lumbar vertebra come via sympathetic chain to supply adrenals", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement is incorrect regarding the Adrenal gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Yellow-colored structures", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The left adrenal gland is present below the spleen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The right adrenal gland is crescent in shape", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is located retroperitoneally", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The right adrenal gland is crescent in shape", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Most common site of Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Central tendon", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterolateral", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Crural", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterolateral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterolateral", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with fecal discharge from the umbilicus. What's the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urachal fistula", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ileal diverticulum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Omphalocele", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gastroschisis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ileal diverticulum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Ileal diverticulu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most common type of hernia in females?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Obturatorhernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Direct inguinalhernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Indirect inguinalhernia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Femoralhernia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Indirect inguinalhernia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f73e160ba1692777190d65065c95b\"&gt;Indirect&lt;/span&gt; inguinal h\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structure:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Splenogastric ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lienorenal ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater omentum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesser omentum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lienorenal ligament", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VVWO7GcZ6iRIKXBK8OrW1747373152.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/On4JDHFltQP6wdGV4PJc1747373163.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AzcTSaPuKFUDfwu1R1Hx1747373173.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:694px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Greater omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of stomach (and spleen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> vessels and fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrosplenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery, Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrophrenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Splenorenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Splenic artery, Tail of pancreas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lesser omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach (and duodenum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The right free margin-hepatic artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct,lymph nodes and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> vessels,hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> of nerve,all enclosed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a606b55b4316927771956c3cb0d383\">perivascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> sheath. Along the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach-left and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery,the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and lymphatics, branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatogastric ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatoduodenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> proper, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:720px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesentery proper</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> (jejunum and ileum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric artery, accompanying veins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerve plexuses, lymphatics, 100β200 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue with fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle colic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesoappendix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesentery of ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendix</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendicular artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:728px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Falciform ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a68186fa3d1692777194d7b1b06fdc\">paraumbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coronary ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ductus venosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ligamentum venosum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phrenicocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left colic flexure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left triangular ligament, right triangular ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urinary bladder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileocecal fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cecum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inguinal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Suspensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the ovary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovarian artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis contribute to which wall of the inguinal canal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Roof", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Floor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Roof", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xeO2sE4ngq9JbeUcLiMM1744897552.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qRVkHoBD1qLpX0hoIA2g1744897576.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which anatomical plane contains the neurovascular structures supplying the abdominal wall, located below the rectus abdominis muscle and above the transversalis fascia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Between the internal oblique and external oblique", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deep to transversus abdominis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Between the internal oblique and rectus abdominis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">Abdominal</span> Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Present</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Between skin and external oblique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial fascia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerves.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\">external oblique</span> and internal oblique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d100eb4ed81692777193b7f47b5cba\">neurovascular</span> structures.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50a310ef2e16927771907de8547137\">internal oblique</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\">transversus</span> abdominis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurovascular plane (intercostal nerves, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46ff8ef1ee16927771996bb1697129\">subcostal</span> nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> branches, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c572343621692777198867cf8d853\">segmental</span> arteries).</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\">transversus</span> abdominis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transversalis fascia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f0a3237f21692777187669004cf0a\">extraperitoneal</span> fat, peritoneum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following drains into the IVC?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left gonadal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left adrenal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left renal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right ascending lumbar", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Left renal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QOtcCFCw0PuM9nbD32V51745906049.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tributaries of IVC</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left 3rd and 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It drains the posterior, lateral, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> walls into IVC.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right gonadal vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left gonadal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein, which drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein, which drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into the left suprarenal, or left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (7.5cm) is three times longer than right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (2.5cm)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Three large and many small veins open directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67544ba6ef16927771835d4641cc8f\">cava</span> just before it pierces the diaphragm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All are anterior to the third part of the duodenum except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Root of mesentery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Jejunum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fundus of gallbladder", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fundus of gallbladder", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uckaENkd70BfVtyr2fFr1745212813.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth part</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66462e51db16927771966743ac224b\">Quadrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of liver, gallbladder.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f1eca7eaa1692777188e4f8827ef9\">gastroduodenal</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Epiploic foramen.</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly</strong>: Head and neck of the pancreas.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: Liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> colon, small intestine.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: Right kidney, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> vessels, IVC, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major.</li>\n<li><strong>Medially</strong>: Head of the pancreas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct.</li>\n<li><strong>Laterally</strong>: Right colic flexure.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: Superior mesenteric vessels, the root of the mesentery.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: IVC, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> aorta, right ureter, gonadal vessels.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de89ce6b2616927772011395881cae\">uncinate</span> process.</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly</strong>: Coils of jejunum.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> colon, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> mesocolon, stomach.</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ca45620ed1692777196a47f648338\">psoas</span> major, left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> chain, left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> artery.</li>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Body of pancreas.</li>\n<li><strong>To the left</strong>: Left kidney, left ureter.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the term used to describe the vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior sections?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Coronal plane", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transverse plane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Axial plane", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median plane", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Coronal plane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YuwPynQSE9rNoxcMKB7k1747900710.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Division</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coronal (Frontal) Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertical plane passing side to side</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior and Posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used in chest X-rays and CT scans</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sagittal (Median) Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertical plane passing front to back</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left and Right</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MRI brain imaging, midline structures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse (Axial) Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Horizontal plane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior and Inferior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used in CT and MRI scans</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oblique Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diagonal plane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used in specialized imaging</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Please identify the position of the appendix in the image provided .", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-Retrocecal; B-Preileal, C- Postileal, D-Pelvic; E- Subcecal", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Retrocecal; B- Postileal; C Preileal; D-Pelvic: E-Paracecal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Retrocecal; B- Postileal; C- Preileal; D - Subcecal; E - Pelvic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A- Retrocecal; B- Postileal; C- Preileal; D-Pelvic; E- Subcecal", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A- Retrocecal; B- Postileal; C- Preileal; D-Pelvic; E- Subcecal", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FmvroHHj3laFUVhtxRBx1745933545.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ERdNLFNh83ent7ESE1Pj1745933562.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:621px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presentation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retrocecal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May present with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"316968b3e116927772021379938005\">flank</span> or back pain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subcecal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efaf9e0192169277719278711f7f74\">mimic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f4c63c3316927771885c7b34313e\">gynecological</span> disorders or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> infection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pre-ileal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May cause small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">obstruction</span> symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Post-ileal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May cause small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">obstruction</span> symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Paracecal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can present with typical right lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a757d7c1216927771968223be411d\">quadrant</span> pain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subhepatic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can be mistaken for cholecystitis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efaf9e0192169277719278711f7f74\">mimic</span> symptoms of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d21dd5d3116927771907405b181bc\">inflammatory</span> disease or ovarian pathology</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A defect in which of the following forms the structure marked below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal oblique B) External oblique C) Parietal peritoneum D) Fascia transversalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External oblique", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parietal peritoneum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fascia transversalis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fascia transversalis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/rh6Yn390aRyxYSZGz7NL1745904766.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lQjz9mXjECzzAtDQCKbF1745904828.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Parietal peritoneum</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> structure.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Transversalis fascia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> called the deep inguinal ring, through which the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d0e8b461169277720097e2175a05\">testes</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> cord pass. Site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f73e160ba1692777190d65065c95b\">indirect</span> inguinal hernias. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> peritoneum. Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> in the whole extent.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> epigastric vessels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Median <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb43e65f8d16927772010a28d74bb4\">urachus</span> (from the allantois).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Remnant of the obliterated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Pyramidalis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Small muscle attaching to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> bone. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">Rectus</span> abdominis lies above it. Covered by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> and supplied by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46ff8ef1ee16927771996bb1697129\">subcostal</span> nerve (T12).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Rectus abdominis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c572343621692777198867cf8d853\">segmental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> from T6βT12.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Transversus abdominis muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal canal. Contributes to the roof and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> wall. Combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50a310ef2e16927771907de8547137\">internal oblique</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the conjoint tendon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Forms parts of the <strong>anterior, roof, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> walls of the inguinal canal.</strong> Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5003148c5116927771853277f6839a\">cremasteric</span> muscle and fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Aponeurosis forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and the <strong>superficial inguinal ring</strong>. Forms external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85e718f46f1692777198c656f33992\">spermatic</span> fascia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c1c83a0da16927772000a37812afc\">transversalis</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a medical history of liver cirrhosis now presents with abdominal pain, jaundice, and portal hypertension. Anastomosis between which of the following veins will be seen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left colic vein and middle colic veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Esophageal veins and left gastric veins", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior and phrenic veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sigmoid and superior rectal veins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Esophageal veins and left gastric veins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Veins forming portocaval anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical signs</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower third of the esophagus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> vein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">β β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Esophageal veins draining into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e415033a51692777182914ea1a92e\">azygos</span> vein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esophageal varices</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Paraumbilical veins</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ββ</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Superficial veins of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caput medusae</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mid-anal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Superior rectal vein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ββ</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> rectal veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemorrhoids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false about thoracolumbar fascia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They contain nociceptive nerve endings", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "In the lumbar region, it is in 4 layers", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "In the thoracic region, it is attached medially to the vertebrae", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The anterior, posterior and middle join to form the aponeurotic origin of transversus abdominis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. In the lumbar region, it is in 4 layers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Layers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Single layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medially to vertebrae, laterally to ribs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> back muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Three layers (anterior, middle, posterior)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encloses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> lumborum and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ac45bd32a169277718722c633169f\">erector</span> spinae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> spine, transmits forces</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the examination of a patient with a hernia, a surgeon forcefully pushes the hernial sac back into the abdominal cavity without directly pushing back the contents first. What type of hernia has occurred as a result of this, which is depicted in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Strangulated hernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduction en masse", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sliding hernia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maydl's hernia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Reduction en masse", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zbkj6GOrHyqB83wQpyai1745933709.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "To what level of vertebrae does the marked structure correspond?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the junction of L1 &amp;amp; L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the junction of L2 &amp;amp; L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the junction of T12 &amp;amp; L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the junction of L3 &amp;amp; L4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. At the junction of L3 &amp; L4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lzCII0Fr2h7Ak0GsZXg21747377710.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is not derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectineal ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inguinal ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lacunar ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Linea semilunaris", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Linea semilunaris", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\"&gt;Linea&lt;/span&gt; semilu\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52cb21596b1692777181aa72f1feb5\">aponeurosis</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\">external oblique</span> muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inguinal ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pectineal ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lacunar ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Linea alba</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Linea semilunaris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> sheath</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A condition requires the surgery depicted in the image shown below. All the following are usually seen associated with this condition except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Absent kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatic artery anomalies", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Malrotation of gut", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Polysplenia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Absent kidney", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/llKQPf0eHhdt801jYl0y1713856234.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A8XvhB7Aq2E3PrLywBZV1713856257.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β Absent k\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "To what level of vertebrae does the given structure correspond?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the junction of L1 &amp;amp; L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the junction of L2 &amp;amp; L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the junction of T12 &amp;amp; L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the junction of L3 &amp;amp; L4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. At the junction of L3 &amp; L4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/L7xA9Aafm01RpFzlmteO1712646742.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the vertebral level of the abdominal plane labelled 2?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower border of L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Upper border of L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper border of L3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lower border of L4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Upper border of L3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KHqS3WmZkhloFQ22UKYb1684996551.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qAXyYcumji7JwnJIoWHF1716464395.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C:Β Upper border of L3\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient underwent an endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract due to recurrent abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits. Identify the a rrow-marked structure in the given image .", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bruner gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intestinal cells of kajal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Crypts of lieberkuhn", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peyer's patch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Bruner gland", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bNKO4DOKsc0jdfvAjHLz1715076310.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β Brunner's G\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about the iliopubic tract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a thickening of the lumbar fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It lies anterior to the Poupartβs ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It inserts into t he pubic tubercle in front of the conjoint tendon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Its fibers fan out with fascia iliaca laterally", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Its fibers fan out with fascia iliaca laterally", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D:Β Its fibers fan out with &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\"&gt;fascia&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following was separated by the cholecysto-vena caval line?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gallbladder and inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Porta hepatis and inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Caudate lobe and quadrangular lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right and left lobe of liver", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right and left lobe of liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Area marked in the given image supplied by dermatome number?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T8", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T9", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T10", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "T11", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. T10", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OatUlLUFE0C53z5y6n5O1694676314.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatome Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Area of Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper abdomen, just below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2a43b79f416927772020606ce40fb\">xiphoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper abdomen, just below T7 dermatome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T9</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 9</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper abdomen, just above the level of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0c9f9bbda1692777201f1fd5464cb\">umbilicus</span> (belly button)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T10</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 10</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Area around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0c9f9bbda1692777201f1fd5464cb\">umbilicus</span> (belly button)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T11</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 11</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower abdomen, just below the T10 dermatome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve 12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower abdomen, just above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures does not form the boundaries of the Calot triangle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Common hepatic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gall bladder", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Gall bladder", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the basis for the formation of omphaloceles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Excessive length of the intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Physiological hernia failing to go back", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Herniation of liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Herniation of umbilicus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Physiological hernia failing to go back", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which vertebral level can the celiac vessel be observed in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T9", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T10", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T12", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "L2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. T12", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rJo9JolzQE8w5ij37h9S1716552043.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C:T12\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 56 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Back Region-Back Region - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 17</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following muscles contributes to forming both Petitβs triangle and the triangle of auscultation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Latissimus dorsi", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal oblique", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rhomboid major", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Latissimus dorsi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WqYdkHJI3hNazZhRItD21740465109.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aCKC9AROrRe6n3nXeqCy1740465147.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BOw3cZpFDerCSgXYWuyj1740465324.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:713px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Triangle of auscultation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Petitβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2f0dbabe516927771821b0ec5ba85\">auscultation</span> is a small gap in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76c542bf481692777193e617467333\">musculature</span> on the back of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30e8f90f0e16927772006cb55500e7\">thorax</span> present near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> angle of the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Also known as the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> triangle</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Borders and contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superiorly by <strong>trapezius muscle </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Inferiorly by <strong>latissimus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5125f3ab2b16927771860f1acf2bad\">dorsi</span> </strong></li>\n<li>Laterally by the <strong>medial border of scapula</strong></li>\n<li>The floor has the <strong>6th </strong>and <strong>7th ribs </strong>and the <strong>sixth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space</strong></li>\n<li>Part of the <strong>rhomboid major muscle</strong> is exposed in the triangle<strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posteriorly by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12ad4210e4169277719111f356b7ba\">latissimus</span> dorsi</li>\n<li>Anteriorly by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> border of the external oblique</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> inferiorly forms the base</li>\n<li>Floor has <strong>internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t\tΒ </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>apex of the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the lung is found deep to it.</strong> When the scapulae move anteriorly (arms folded and trunk flexed), the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> expands, allowing clear auscultation</li>\n<li>On the left side, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1aca482e7e169277719443d10dbe5f\">orifice</span> of the stomach lies deep, previously used to detect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> tumors by auscultating swallowed liquids.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A collection of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4626b4cea16927771968e59732fef\">pus</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac388c59831692777180f5a8e12913\">abdomen</span> may show up here.</li>\n<li><strong>Site of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> hernia.</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t\tM/c site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> hernia: Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> (Grynfeltt) &gt; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> (Petit)</li>\n<li>Detaching the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> enables<strong> access to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d0f37715816927771973ecda21336\">retroperitoneal</span> space.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1999\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WqYdkHJI3hNazZhRItD21740465109.png\" width=\"1999\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1999\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/aCKC9AROrRe6n3nXeqCy1740465147.png\" width=\"1999\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following statements about the atlantooccipital joint is/are true except: 1. Allows for flexion and extension of the head 2. It is a synovial condyloid joint 3. Primarily responsible for lateral bending of the head 4. Formed by the articulation between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of the atlas 5. It facilitates rotational movement of the head", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2, and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 and 5", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "3, 4, and 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 3 and 5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vE70C0A0i2kCLgRkhIBA1740464784.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BvM76j3GtuRu9GjOZbPq1740464879.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/W8s1pDXDWkumbA5zeTxr1740464838.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bGYJblNEtZB1JPlJkwCJ1740464916.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Atlanto-Occipital Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Atlanto-Axial Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between C1 (atlas) and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synovial joint</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synovial joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Joint Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Condyloid joint</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pivot (trochoid) joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion/Extension (Nodding \"yes\")</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotation </strong>(Shaking \"no\")</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> facets of atlas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dens of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> fitting into atlas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stabilizing Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows head tilt and nodding movements</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates rotational movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-month-old infant with suspected meningitis is scheduled for a lumbar puncture. Which of the following statements about lumbar puncture in infants is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Procedure is typically done at the L3-L4 intervertebral space.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Procedure is preferably performed under ultrasound guidance.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supracristal plane corresponds to the L4-L5 vertebral level.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Depth to the subarachnoid space is approximately 1.4 cm in neonates.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Supracristal plane corresponds to the L4-L5 vertebral level.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kOLjprvs4dmoCXAxFw2f1740463691.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1pkzGW1ZSqDTEx7GWAOX1740463716.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/o3udgbM0gDF8VPpSbCxD1740463728.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/J9XLDZMWbtCPhMZcDejK1740463863.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ig22MejjKGFy8tZMcCM21740463890.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:697px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Adults </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Neonates and infants </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinal Cord <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">Termination</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Terminates at the level of L1-L2.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Terminates between L1 and L3 in neonates.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conus Medullaris Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Around the L1 and L2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89cd4b5bf716927772010247b57941\">vertebra</span> and can sometimes be lower.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Commonly at the lower third of L1 vertebral body (range: lower third of T12 to L2/L3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> disc).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supracristal Plane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A line between the highest points of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crests intersects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> around L4 or the L4/L5 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> disc; this may vary from the L2/L3 to L5/S1 level.</li>\n<li>In most adults, the plane intersects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intersects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> at L3-L4 level in children. It may vary from L2/L3 to L5/S1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ecfea7a9d416927771908bfc754ecd\">interspinous</span> space. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ultrasound Guidance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not routinely used.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May be <strong>preferable </strong>to avoid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea564f2f5e1692777194df1391fd69\">overlap</span> between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40836f2b9d1692777199be7a526e7a\">supracristal plane</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Positioning</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Patients can be seated or lying on their side (lateral decubitus) on a firm, flat surface.</li>\n<li>Flex the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> spine to separate the vertebral spines maximally and expose the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d5162a2816927771918bfaa5d7ec\">ligamentum</span> flavum.</li>\n</ul>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"BruceBlaus\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0617_LumbarPuncture.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"512\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/kOLjprvs4dmoCXAxFw2f1740463691.png\" width=\"1014\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Infants should be positioned to maximize <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00ab88c6091692777185ea2685fa40\">convex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> spine, either lying or sitting.</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Indiran Govender, Carien Steyn, G Maricowitz, C C Clark,M C Tjale\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY\" data-source=\"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lumbar-puncture-positions-for-a-child_fig1_335694580\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1314\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/1pkzGW1ZSqDTEx7GWAOX1740463716.png\" width=\"1048\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Needle Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insert the needle between the spines of L3 and L4 or L4 and L5, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9422ef606516927771816870c7d0dd\">anesthetize</span> the skin and soft tissues.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Performed between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ecc9fc8e416927771993c575ccc1e\">spinous</span> processes of <strong>either L3 and L4 or L4 and L5,</strong><strong> </strong>using a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"926ccfdbd8169277720055492d19e0\">trocar</span> needle and into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space below the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">conus</span> medullaris. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Depth to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">Subarachnoid</span> Space: Approximately 1.4 cm in neonates, increasing with age. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Needle Puncturing </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/anatomy/lumbar-puncture-procedure\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"512\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/o3udgbM0gDF8VPpSbCxD1740463728.png\" width=\"745\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Needle Path</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"3784\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/J9XLDZMWbtCPhMZcDejK1740463863.png\" width=\"1884\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Technique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lumbar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9af4bb5919169277719688aaf3f8e7\">puncture</span> needle inserted in the midline or just to one side.</li>\n<li>Angle the needle in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> planes to pierce the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d5162a2816927771918bfaa5d7ec\">ligamentum</span> flavum in or near the midline.</li>\n<li>Slight loss of resistance as the needle enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6de01005f61692777187a3003970c7\">epidural</span> space.</li>\n<li>Careful <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b03362a9691692777180a2605bdfbf\">advancement</span> to pierce the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> to release CSF.</li>\n</ul>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/anatomy/lumbar-puncture-procedure\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"512\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ig22MejjKGFy8tZMcCM21740463890.png\" width=\"751\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Based on the image, which of the following structures is primarily responsible for facilitating the described movement of the head?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dens (Odontoid process) of C2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transverse ligament of C1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Atlanto-occipital joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior Articular Facet of C1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dens (Odontoid process) of C2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DJLIKMqNF1MdCEhXWnRq1740464279.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DkwYiR4FRtJxHKwJJmIr1743852412.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bliCk3yGnkgusqCTvDqx1740464344.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OI2MMWD8x2xNOKI2zM8N1740464369.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HzJG1kfUYjQnmWTmk8ix1740464522.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:776px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>C1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89cd4b5bf716927772010247b57941\">Vertebra</span> (Atlas)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>C2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89cd4b5bf716927772010247b57941\">Vertebra</span> (Axis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"ANA083 C1 Vertebra\" data-author=\"Prepladder\" data-hash=\"7678\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/anatomy/cranio-vertebral-joints\" data-tags=\"April2025\" height=\"316\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DkwYiR4FRtJxHKwJJmIr1743852412.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Prepladder\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/anatomy/cranio-vertebral-joints\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"512\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/bliCk3yGnkgusqCTvDqx1740464344.png\" width=\"500\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Body</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lacks a traditional vertebral body.</strong></li>\n<li>Consists of an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arch.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prominent body with a unique projection called the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f62a9fb1d16927771946540aa18df\">odontoid</span> process (dens).</p>\n<p><strong>Odontoid process:</strong> Bony projection that fits into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"305201d7261692777182bd15a8d297\">atlas</span> ring, allowing<strong> for rotational movement </strong>of the head and neck.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lacks spine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The spine is massive with a<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"343a68152416927771839d51d6aebd\">bifid</span> tip</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">Articular</span> Facets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Articulate with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> condyles of the skull <strong>(atlantooccipital joint)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Articulate with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> facets of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"305201d7261692777182bd15a8d297\">atlas</span> <strong>(atlantoaxial joint)</strong>; oriented to permit head rotation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">Articular</span> Facets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Articulates with C2 <strong>(atlantoaxial joint)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Articulates with C3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> process.</li>\n<li>Has <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> tubercles for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and muscle attachments.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> processes.</li>\n<li>Lacks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> tubercle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Foramen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> for the passage of the vertebral artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role and Movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supports the skull; allows nodding movements (flexion and extension) of the head.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Prepladder\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/anatomy/cranio-vertebral-joints\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"305\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/OI2MMWD8x2xNOKI2zM8N1740464369.png\" width=\"500\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Yes movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crucial for head rotation; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ab18718db1692777185596ddcfd90\">dens</span> serves as the central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20e5c798981692777195a599eb19c8\">pivot</span> point.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/HzJG1kfUYjQnmWTmk8ix1740464522.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>No movement </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Note</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distinct for lacking a vertebral body and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ecc9fc8e416927771993c575ccc1e\">spinous</span> process.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides stability and acts as the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20e5c798981692777195a599eb19c8\">pivot</span> for head rotation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Assertion (A): There are 8 cervical spinal nerves despite there being only 7 cervical vertebrae. Reason (R): The first cervical nerve exits above the first cervical vertebra, and the remaining nerves exit below their corresponding vertebrae.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and the Reason is the correct explanation for the Assertion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but the Reason is not the correct explanation for the Assertion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Assertion is incorrect, but the Reason is correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and the Reason is the correct explanation for the Assertion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:472px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Regions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Number of Vertebrae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Spinal Nerves (Pairs)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cervical</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sacral</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coccygeal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 (varies)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>33 vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>31 pairs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An anatomy professor presents an image of the back region and asks to identify the nerve innervation of muscle marked in green?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal scapular nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Suprascapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "From the dorsal rami of C1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subscapular nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dorsal scapular nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/PacAgMnjqILBAJBx0qaF1746553081.PNG"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MXZZZU7wGZItpellQPyC1746553144.PNG"], "explanation": "<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle connecting</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trapezius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spines of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 1/3 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> +</p>\n<p>acromion and spine of scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rotation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> overhead.</p>\n<p>It is made up of 3 fibers:</p>\n<p>1- Middle fibres: Retract scapula</p>\n<p>2- Upper fibres: Elevate the scapula.</p>\n<p>3- Lower fibres: Depress scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accessory nerve</p>\n<p>(11th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rhomboid</p>\n<p>major &amp; minor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic spines</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retract scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Levator scapulae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cervical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> processes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevates scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Latissimus dorsi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral column to</p>\n<p>Humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spines of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bicipital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> of the humerus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of humerus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracodorsal nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "By the end of fetal development, at which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower border of L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lower border of L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper border of L3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lower border of L3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Upper border of L3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gtljaM7NA0FAc6hrbHvs1740462839.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 54-year-old female is a known case of rheumatoid arthritis, underwent MRI which showed tectorial membrane thickening. This structure is derived from which of the following ligaments?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior atlanto occipital membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior atlanto occipital membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior longitudinal ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior longitudinal ligament", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Posterior longitudinal ligament", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vpuuTZwsBGmgrmnAgeZY1738347390.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/m3oaEHM6wzmKHVdZn3141738347456.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BNSPsUCPO1OVScc5Zwmb1738347483.jpg"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the right options. a Spine of scapula i T2 b Highest point of iliac crest ii T3 c Superior angle of scapula iii T7 d Inferior angle of scapula iv L4", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-iv, b-ii, c-iii, d-i", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Gt95uDlKWY0uzAnPmgPG1740464979.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XZn8UvDBdVfChQMApQnP1740464989.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:406px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Parts of scapula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Corresponding vertebrae</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T3 (spinous process)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior angle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior angle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T7</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other important landmarks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest point of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior-superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about cauda equina?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is comprised of the terminal end of the spinal cord", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ends at L1-L2 vertebra in adults", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Surrounded by CSF in the subarachnoid space", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The filum terminale begins from the apex of cauda equina", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Surrounded by CSF in the subarachnoid space", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OKosREiEiwa1Yfb4JxS11740464195.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Cauda Equina Conus Medullaris</li><li>β³ Cauda Equina</li><li>β³ Cauda Equina</li><li>β³ Cauda Equina</li><li>β³ Conus Medullaris</li><li>β³ Conus Medullaris</li><li>β³ Conus Medullaris</li><li>β³ Definition A bundle of spinal nerve roots resembling a horse's tail (Option A) The tapered end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Definition</li><li>β³ Definition</li><li>β³ Definition</li><li>β³ A bundle of spinal nerve roots resembling a horse's tail (Option A)</li><li>β³ A bundle of spinal nerve roots resembling a horse's tail (Option A)</li><li>β³ (Option A)</li><li>β³ The tapered end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ The tapered end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Location Below the conus medullaris, in the vertebral canal At the lower end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Location</li><li>β³ Location</li><li>β³ Location</li><li>β³ Below the conus medullaris, in the vertebral canal</li><li>β³ Below the conus medullaris, in the vertebral canal</li><li>β³ At the lower end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ At the lower end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Structure Composed of dorsal and ventral nerve roots from L2 to S5 and Co1 Comprised of the terminal end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Structure</li><li>β³ Structure</li><li>β³ Structure</li><li>β³ Composed of dorsal and ventral nerve roots from L2 to S5 and Co1</li><li>β³ Composed of dorsal and ventral nerve roots from L2 to S5 and Co1</li><li>β³ Comprised of the terminal end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Comprised of the terminal end of the spinal cord</li><li>β³ Number of Nerve Roots 40 nerve roots (16 lumbar, 20 sacral, 4 coccygeal) None; terminates without forming new roots</li><li>β³ Number of Nerve Roots</li><li>β³ Number of Nerve Roots</li><li>β³ Number of Nerve Roots</li><li>β³ 40 nerve roots (16 lumbar, 20 sacral, 4 coccygeal)</li><li>β³ 40 nerve roots (16 lumbar, 20 sacral, 4 coccygeal)</li><li>β³ None; terminates without forming new roots</li><li>β³ None; terminates without forming new roots</li><li>β³ Formation of Spinal Nerves Dorsal and ventral roots join at intervertebral foramina Does not contribute to new spinal nerves</li><li>β³ Formation of Spinal Nerves</li><li>β³ Formation of Spinal Nerves</li><li>β³ Formation of Spinal Nerves</li><li>β³ Dorsal and ventral roots join at intervertebral foramina</li><li>β³ Dorsal and ventral roots join at intervertebral foramina</li><li>β³ Does not contribute to new spinal nerves</li><li>β³ Does not contribute to new spinal nerves</li><li>β³ Filum Terminale Surrounds cauda equina Attached to the apex of conus medullaris (Option D)</li><li>β³ Filum Terminale</li><li>β³ Filum Terminale</li><li>β³ Filum Terminale</li><li>β³ Surrounds cauda equina</li><li>β³ Surrounds cauda equina</li><li>β³ Surrounds cauda equina</li><li>β³ Attached to the apex of conus medullaris (Option D)</li><li>β³ Attached to the apex of conus medullaris (Option D)</li><li>β³ conus medullaris</li><li>β³ (Option D)</li><li>β³ Clinical Relevance Site for lumbar puncture; potential for cauda equina syndrome Indicates termination of spinal cord; important for anatomical reference</li><li>β³ Clinical Relevance</li><li>β³ Clinical Relevance</li><li>β³ Clinical Relevance</li><li>β³ Site for lumbar puncture; potential for cauda equina syndrome</li><li>β³ Site for lumbar puncture; potential for cauda equina syndrome</li><li>β³ Indicates termination of spinal cord; important for anatomical reference</li><li>β³ Indicates termination of spinal cord; important for anatomical reference</li><li>β³ Length Extends to the sacral region, around 15-20 cm (Option B) Generally ends at L1-L2 vertebrae in adults</li><li>β³ Length</li><li>β³ Length</li><li>β³ Length</li><li>β³ Extends to the sacral region, around 15-20 cm (Option B)</li><li>β³ Extends to the sacral region, around 15-20 cm (Option B)</li><li>β³ (Option B)</li><li>β³ Generally ends at L1-L2 vertebrae in adults</li><li>β³ Generally ends at L1-L2 vertebrae in adults</li><li>β³ Surrounding Structures Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space Encased by pia mater; continuous with filum terminale</li><li>β³ Surrounding Structures</li><li>β³ Surrounding Structures</li><li>β³ Surrounding Structures</li><li>β³ Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space</li><li>β³ Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space</li><li>β³ Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space</li><li>β³ Encased by pia mater; continuous with filum terminale</li><li>β³ Encased by pia mater; continuous with filum terminale</li><li>β³ Anatomical Changes with Age Remains relatively constant Position shifts upward in younger individuals</li><li>β³ Anatomical Changes with Age</li><li>β³ Anatomical Changes with Age</li><li>β³ Anatomical Changes with Age</li><li>β³ Remains relatively constant</li><li>β³ Remains relatively constant</li><li>β³ Position shifts upward in younger individuals</li><li>β³ Position shifts upward in younger individuals</li></ul>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cauda Equina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conus Medullaris</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> resembling a horse's tail <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The tapered end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">conus</span> medullaris, in the vertebral canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>At the lower end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> from L2 to S5 and Co1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Comprised of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Number of Nerve Roots</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> (16 lumbar, 20 sacral, 4 coccygeal)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None; terminates without forming new roots</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> roots join at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> foramina</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Does not contribute to new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Filum Terminale</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surrounds <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"657533bf1d16927771839f7875a8eb\">cauda</span> equina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of <strong>conus medullaris </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> puncture; potential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"657533bf1d16927771839f7875a8eb\">cauda</span> equina syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord; important for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"116f86834a1692777181a914379270\">anatomical</span> reference</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Length</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends to the sacral region, around 15-20 cm<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Generally ends at L1-L2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c0b99fa0816927772010e947b4ef6\">vertebrae</span> in adults</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surrounding Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surrounded by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99a9bf133e1692777184ec4b1011fe\">cerebrospinal</span> fluid in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encased by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"556589a02516927771951f9bf061aa\">pia</span> mater; continuous with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a72789849169277720279b08237d9\">filum</span> terminale</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Changes with Age</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Remains relatively constant</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Position shifts upward in younger individuals</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/OKosREiEiwa1Yfb4JxS11740464195.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:720px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cauda equina syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conus medullaris syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location of Injury</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cauda equina (nerve roots below L1/L2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2βS4 segments of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type of Paralysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> signs (flaccid paralysis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> signs (spasticity)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory Symptoms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Root pain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss in the lower limbs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anesthesia in the perineum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bladder and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">Bowel</span> Involvement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Late involvement (due to damage to nerve roots)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early involvement (due to sacral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> nerves)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sexual Function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can be affected (if involved <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> are damaged)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Affected (due to involvement of S2βS4 nerves)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reflexes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent reflexes (due to lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> damage)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> reflexes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Onset of Symptoms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gradual onset</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sudden onset</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 42-year-old male presents with complaints of lower back pain radiating down his left leg, associated with numbness over the top of his foot and difficulty in dorsiflexing his big toe. On examination, he has weakness in the extension of the great toe and decreased sensation along the dorsum of the foot. Reflexes are normal. Based on the symptoms, which vertebral level is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L3-L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L4-L5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L5-S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T12-L1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. L4-L5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3VBkisZmfeNCfahRkgSI1740464077.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SWX7OOTEdwbJznBBMb491740464110.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lwR0PezdtZtIcxs5oDp31740464121.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2Hi7b3omH27NpiSDFb1F1740464131.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Herniated Disc Between</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Compressed Nerve Root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Symptoms (Upper Limb)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C4 and C5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder pain, weakness in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5 and C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain in biceps, weakness in wrist extension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6 and C7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triceps weakness, difficulty extending the elbow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C7 and T1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hand weakness, difficulty with finger movements</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:669px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Herniated Disc Between</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Compressed Nerve Root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Symptoms (Lower Limb)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L3 and L4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9025b2cfe9169277719002ab4a9a5e\">in knee</span> extension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> patellar reflex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4 and L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness in foot dorsiflexion, difficulty walking</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L5 and S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain down the back of the leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> Achilles reflex, foot drop</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-year-old child is brought in for a routine check-up. The parents have noticed a pronounced lumbar curvature since the child began walking. Which of the following best describes this lumbar curvature?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary curvature", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondary curvature", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Compensatory curve from sacral kyphosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Curvature related to increased abdominal weight", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Secondary curvature", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ynSFmDKoztwzx9Cyl3A41740463992.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:640px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primary Curvature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Secondary Curvature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Developmental.</li>\n<li><strong>Thoracic and sacral kyphosis</strong> (both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5c0ed1601692777184e597f453c9\">concave</span> anteriorly) are primary curvatures. <strong>(Option A &amp; C)</strong></li>\n<li>Develop during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> period in response to the flexed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> position.</li>\n<li>Are in the same direction as the main curvatures of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> vertebral column.</li>\n<li><strong>Retained throughout life</strong> due to differences in height between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> parts of the vertebrae.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acquired in relation to the erect human posture.</li>\n<li><strong>Cervical and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> lordosis</strong> (both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5c0ed1601692777184e597f453c9\">concave</span> posteriorly) are secondary curvatures.</li>\n<li>Result from extension from the flexed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> position.</li>\n<li>Begin to appear during the <strong>late <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> period</strong> but do not become obvious until <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"663d16ec8e169277719095f74c9816\">infancy</span> (roughly, 1st year).</li>\n<li>Secondary curvatures are primarily maintained by differences in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"facd67f6341692777200653d383689\">thickness</span> between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> (IV) discs.</li>\n<li><strong>Cervical lordosis</strong> becomes evident when an infant begins to raise (extend) the head while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> and to hold the head up while sitting.</li>\n<li><strong>Lumbar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45114cc1d5169277719137b6fba061\">lordosis</span> </strong>appears when toddlers (children learning to walk) begin to assume upright posture, standing and walking. It is more pronounced in females. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has restricted spinal rotation and lateral flexion. Which vertebral structure primarily functions as a lever for these movements?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinous process", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior articular process", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior articular process", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transverse process", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Transverse process", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eH9sRRqZQJZJEK2kwg6D1740463632.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Typical Vertebra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> body, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> with processes, and a vertebral foramen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Image </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Jmarchn\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:718_Vertebra-en.svg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2075\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/eH9sRRqZQJZJEK2kwg6D1740463632.png\" width=\"4167\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vertebral Body</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adjacent vertebral bodies are connected by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50747b27421692777202260a27b878\">fibrocartilage</span> discs.</li>\n<li>Form a flexible, weight-supporting central axis.</li>\n<li>Transmits even greater forces generated from attached muscles.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">Arch</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Consists of pedicles and a broader laminae.</li>\n<li>Transverse, superior, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> processes project from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af0f51214e16927771952526edf6bc\">pedicle</span> and lamina.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vertebral Foramina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed by the vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> and body.</li>\n<li>Contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f171f7433d1692777192c344425c41\">meninges</span> and their vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intervertebral Foramina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located between adjoining vertebrae, near junctions of vertebral bodies and arches.</li>\n<li>Transmit mixed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves, small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> nerves, and blood and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinous Processes</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Project dorsally from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the lamina.</li>\n<li>Act as levers for muscles that control <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and <strong>active movements (flexion/extension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> and rotation) </strong>of the vertebral column.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Processes </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Project laterally from the pediculolaminar junctions.</li>\n<li>Serve as levers for muscles and ligaments, mainly concerned with <strong>rotation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> flexion.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Articular Processes </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B &amp; C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> processes </strong>project cranially with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> facets; <strong>inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> processes </strong>project caudally with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> facets.</li>\n<li>They <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> zygapophysial or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d29169e3169277720246b37b93ef\">facet</span> joints and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> boundaries of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> foramina, permitting only <strong>limited vertebral movement.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trabecular Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vertebrae are internally composed of trabecular bone with an outer shell of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b985e4811692777184848b0cab5d\">compact</span> bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eabd01cba8169277719581b5b4420b\">perforated</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> foramina.</li>\n<li>Trabecular interior contains red <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b9831f3aa169277718395d7361df6\">bone marrow</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dbf1cecfa169277718279e78f76b8\">basivertebral</span> veins.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An anatomy professor presents an image of a vertebra in class and asks the students to identify its type. Which type of vertebra is depicted in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cervical vertebrae", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thoracic vertebrae", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lumbar vertebrae", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sacral vertebrae", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lumbar vertebrae", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tMHKnidWd4zpwbhfDX4B1740463396.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zK3IYBM2HoEZpDpDhfAP1740463477.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PFBlrj8bCuqYPoRtcuBb1740463536.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GAv3oFFNL6MsE47cybbV1740463560.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hnl11w2V8DJAXeq2NQXg1740463568.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rcGxn9KjJUUNeNhXOBSY1740463587.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:688px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cervical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c0b99fa0816927772010e947b4ef6\">Vertebrae</span> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c0b99fa0816927772010e947b4ef6\">Vertebrae</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lumbar Vertebrae</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Image </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"debivort\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cervical_vertebra_english.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"998\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/zK3IYBM2HoEZpDpDhfAP1740463477.png\" width=\"1495\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/PFBlrj8bCuqYPoRtcuBb1740463536.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Size </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small size</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate-size</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large size</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Body</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small</strong>, broad with a <strong>convex </strong>anterior surface.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/GAv3oFFNL6MsE47cybbV1740463560.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Waisted cylinder</strong>; nearly equal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"603878db1116927771812fecb63aec\">AP</span> dimensions.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/hnl11w2V8DJAXeq2NQXg1740463568.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wider </strong>transversely</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/rcGxn9KjJUUNeNhXOBSY1740463587.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vertebral Canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triangular<strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small </strong>and <strong>circular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triangular</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pedicles and Laminae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pedicles: Attach midway between the discal surface of the vertebral body.</p>\n<p>Lamina: <strong>Thin</strong>, <strong>slightly curved</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pedicles: Do not diverge as the vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> is <strong>small </strong>and <strong>circular</strong></p>\n<p>Lamina: <strong>Short</strong>, <strong>thick</strong>, and <strong>broad.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pedicles: <strong>Short </strong></p>\n<p>Laminae: <strong>Broad </strong>and <strong>short</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinous Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Short</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"343a68152416927771839d51d6aebd\">bifid</span> with two unequal tubercles.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slants downward.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Almost horizontal, quadrangular, and thickened along its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> borders.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Composite structure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large, club-like.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long, thin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">Articular</span> Facets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flat and ovoid, directed <strong>superoposteriorly</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Directed <strong>posteriorly </strong>and slightly <strong>superolaterally</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bear vertical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5c0ed1601692777184e597f453c9\">concave</span> facets <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4e40f33721692777202dd7486f4f4\">facing</span> <strong>posteromedially</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">Articular</span> Facets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Directed mainly <strong>anteriorly</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Directed forwards and slightly <strong>superomedially</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Have vertical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00ab88c6091692777185ea2685fa40\">convex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> facets <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4e40f33721692777202dd7486f4f4\">facing</span> anterolaterally.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Transversarium: </strong>Transmits the vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein, and a branch from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f140a27e12169277718407f79367c2\">cervicothoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> (vertebral nerve) except in the <strong>seventh <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> vertebra.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Have <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> facets and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> process facets for <strong>rib articulation.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal facets and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9856b87c216927772038555ec4258\">foramina</span> are absent.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient undergoes spinal surgery. Postoperatively, he develops a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Which space is most likely compromised?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. C", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SEnRsy6irk730j8bmWBP1740463299.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qPTTyug8EdwbSoP6BkXH1740463343.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7qC2mhwJRbklZmERL8lb1740463353.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Epidural Space</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Subdural Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Subarachnoid Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> and the periosteum.</li>\n<li>Contains:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Loose areolar tissue</li>\n<li>Semiliquid fat</li>\n<li>Spinal arteries supplying deeper structures</li>\n<li>Internal vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> plexus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Epidural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e24b7bd55d16927771818aaa6ad0ed\">anesthesia</span> is given here</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Potential space between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> mater. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Contains a thin layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> fluid.</li>\n<li>Allows movement of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> over the arachnoid.</li>\n<li>Extends onto <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves and connects with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wide space between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"556589a02516927771951f9bf061aa\">pia</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> mater.</li>\n<li>Filled with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99a9bf133e1692777184ec4b1011fe\">cerebrospinal</span> fluid <strong>(CSF)</strong>. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Cushions the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</li>\n<li>Wider in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> region, especially below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord where it encloses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"657533bf1d16927771839f7875a8eb\">cauda</span> equina.</li>\n<li>Lumbar punctures are typically performed between L3 &amp; L4 vertebrae.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient undergoes a procedure affecting a delicate, thread-like structure extending from the conus medullaris to the coccyx as marked in the figure. Which of the following statements regarding this structure is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is composed mainly of dura mater and contains no nerve fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Distal part of it is called the coccygeal ligament.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It does not extend beyond the sacral hiatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It measures about 50 cm in length", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Distal part of it is called the coccygeal ligament.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5dAQ8dvmEvkk7aR09wxd1740463043.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5F2aQAhTV9kvOsyDUiEf1740463092.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fo401gBtkNoRJ40RGZwe1740463171.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following spinal segments is located between the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T9 to L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C5 to T1", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L2 to S3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C3 to T1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. C5 to T1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QkAbBiYc5zlWfs2maBJ51740462872.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:633px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cervical Enlargement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lumbar Enlargement</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C5 to T1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> segments <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L2 to S3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> segments <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gives rise to the <strong>brachial plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corresponding vertebral level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C3 to T1 vertebrae. <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T9 to L1 vertebrae. <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Back Region-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 8</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following nerves supplies the muscle that is involved in the moment given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinal accessory nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Long thoracic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal branch of axillary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Spinal accessory nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1bLVTEFHwHdUIS6MWQc01747374011.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the action of the muscle shown in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retracts the scapula", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adduction of the shoulder", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extension of the shoulder", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medial rotation of the shoulder", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Retracts the scapula", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ugHaXHOvtPJyhnCuA46c1746167174.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iGzg8vE2ZkUf0apamEIT1746185180.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Muscle connecting</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Trapezius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Spines of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>lateral 1/3β of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce5726fb0169277718072972038ca\">acromion</span> and spine of scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Rotation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> above horizontal. It is made up of 3 fibers:</p>\n<p>1- Middle fibers: retract scapula</p>\n<p>2- Upper fibers: elevate scapula.</p>\n<p>3- Lower fibers: depress scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Accessory nerve (11th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Rhomboid major &amp; minor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Thoracic spines</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Medial border of scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Retract scapula.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Levator scapulae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Vertebral column to scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Cervical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> processes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Medial border of scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Elevates scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Latissimus dorsi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Vertebral column to Humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Spines of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Bicipital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Extension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Thoracodorsal nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following: Muscle Action a. Pectoralis major 1. Extension at shoulder b. Supraspinatus 2. Flexion at shoulder c. Infraspinatus 3. Lateral rotation of shoulder d. Latissimus dorsi 4. Abduction at shoulder", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vPd1FBDpvfVHDem0X0Bi1745993400.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j8295G0z6wzbcAMCqD221745993409.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:584px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>a. Pectoralis major</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>2. Flexion at shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>b. Supraspinatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">Abduction</span> at shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>c. Infraspinatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>d. Latissimus dorsi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>1. Extension at shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:805px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Axioappendicular Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pectoralis Major</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> two-thirds of the clavicle</li>\n<li>Front of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f52cf1a7f1692777191d49738d6b9\">manubrium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> up to the 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilages</li>\n<li>Second to sixth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilages and sternal end of the 6th rib</li>\n<li>Aponeurosis of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\">external oblique</span> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral lip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52b488edaa1692777183ab570a7885\">bicipital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2dcf8e6c61692777183a477d140bc\">bilaminar</span> tendon)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adducts and medially rotates the arm</li>\n<li>Flexes the arm (clavicular part)</li>\n<li>Extends the flexed arm against resistance (sternocostal part)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pectoralis Minor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfa9e996381692777185cdc8709772\">costochondral</span> junction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border and upper surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">coracoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Protracts the scapula</li>\n<li>Lowers the point of the shoulder</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subclavius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First rib at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfa9e996381692777185cdc8709772\">costochondral</span> junction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> on the middle third of the clavicle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to subclavius (from upper trunk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> during shoulder movements</li>\n<li>Protects axillary vessels and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serratus Anterior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eight digitations from the upper 8 ribs and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Protracts scapula</li>\n<li>Rotates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> upward for arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> beyond 90 degrees</li>\n<li>Stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during weight-bearing activities</li>\n<li>Assists in forced inspiration</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:801px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> Axioappendicular Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trapezius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial one-third of the superior nuchal line of the skull</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> protuberance</li>\n<li>Ligamentum nuchae</li>\n<li>Spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae</li>\n<li>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8202a376b11692777199029f89afab\">supraspinous</span> ligaments</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> one-third of the clavicle</li>\n<li>Middle fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce5726fb0169277718072972038ca\">acromion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74788e0671692777201de802ad69f\">upper lip</span> of the spine of the scapula</li>\n<li>Lower fibers: Apex of a triangular area at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> end of the spine of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> (intervening bursa)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve (CN XI) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd38f5515716927771969b9fb17e95\">proprioceptive</span> fibers from C3 and C4.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper fibers: Elevate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> (shoulder shrugging), extend the neck (bilaterally)</li>\n<li>Middle fibers: Retract the scapula</li>\n<li>Lower fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed17327223169277719753b0e5d6b4\">Rotate</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> upward, aiding arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> beyond 90 degrees</li>\n<li>Trapezius with rhomboids: Retract <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> and tilt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7649bd0f191692777188dcdf91af69\">glenoid</span> inferiorly.</li>\n<li>Trapezius with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\">serratus</span> anterior: Overhead <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and tilt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7649bd0f191692777188dcdf91af69\">glenoid</span> superiorly.</li>\n<li>All fibers together: Stabilize the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during arm movements</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Latissimus Dorsi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior one-third of the outer lip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crest</li>\n<li>Posterior layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (connecting to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> and sacral spines)</li>\n<li>Spinous processes of T7 to T12</li>\n<li>Lower four ribs</li>\n<li>Inferior angle of the scapula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers twist to insert into the floor of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2349e5c871692777190bf4d1a6ff8\">intertubercular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> of the humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea3751d7316927772024f04f8dc99\">wrapping</span> around the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> major.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm (e.g., swimming, climbing)</li>\n<li>Assists in forceful <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cbabc42d21692777187c451566867\">expiration</span> (e.g., coughing, sneezing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Levator Scapulae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse processes of C1 to C4 vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior angle and upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) and branches from C3 and C4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevates and stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during arm movements.</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rhomboid Minor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d5162a2816927771918bfaa5d7ec\">ligamentum</span> nuchae and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ecc9fc8e416927771993c575ccc1e\">spinous</span> processes of C7 and T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> at the base of the triangular area at the root of the spine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rhomboid Major</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinous processes of T2 to T5 and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8202a376b11692777199029f89afab\">supraspinous</span> ligaments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the scapula, below the root of the spine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The movements at the _______ joint permit a person to look to the right and left", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Atlanto-occipital", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Atlanto -axial", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C2-C3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C3-C4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Atlanto -axial", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Retraction of the scapula is primarily done by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subscapularis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Supraspinatus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Trapezius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trapezius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scapular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eab06f1a1692777197e0b50983e5\">retraction</span> (pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> backward)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sternocleidomastoid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes the neck, rotates and tilts the head</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pectoralis major</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deltoid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abducts the arm (raises the arm away from the body)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serratus anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protracts the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> (pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> forward)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rhomboids (major and minor)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scapular retraction, downward <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of scapular winging?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Latissimus dorsi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pectroralis major", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Serratus anterior", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ligamentum flavum has high levels of:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reticular fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Elastin fibres", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Elastin fibres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is normally seen in lumbar spine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scoliosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kyphosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lordosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Recurvatum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lordosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">General Embryology-Development Period - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 10</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 10 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which day during Week 1 of embryonic development matches with the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Day 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Day 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Day 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Day 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Day 4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tguMlwFVmiPjJpgqtXtA1740160540.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8oYl7aeP772MmPKiRnFt1740160586.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>DAY</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>EVENT</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fertilization: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> fertilizes the egg in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efc83dab2c1692777202b5d1d06c4f\">fallopian</span> tube, forming a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0052ecdccc1692777202bad37cc0f1\">zygote</span> (single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d06e3e001692777186400050f388\">diploid</span> cell)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two cell stage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Four cell stage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Twelve cell stage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Morula Formation:</strong> The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0052ecdccc1692777202bad37cc0f1\">zygote</span> becomes a solid ball of <strong>16-32 cells.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blastocyst Formation:</strong> The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b02677c64d1692777192214107ce39\">morula</span> continues to divide and develops a fluid-filled <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> (blastocoel), which consists of the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b307523a5616927772006c03caff44\">trophoblast</span> (future placenta) and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c53ef2f424169277719061a7a3fc0f\">inner cell mass</span> (future embryo).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 6&amp;7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Implantation begins: </strong>Blastocyst attaches to the endometrial lining of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c847ca20416927772011b3397c2fd\">uterus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b307523a5616927772006c03caff44\">trophoblast</span> begins to invade the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> wall to start implantation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How many cells are typically present in the morula stage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4-8 cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "16-32 cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "64-128 cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 16-32 cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sYvczB0cvi9bBPiZQBpX1740160656.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the function of cortical reaction in fertilization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facilitate the entry of additional sperm into the oocyte.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prevent polyspermy by modifying the egg's outer membrane.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Help the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Release digestive enzymes that help break down the oocyte's nucleus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Prevent polyspermy by modifying the egg's outer membrane.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pfnFklAskolY7ZxrDfnK1740160716.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Purpose</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acrosome Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec6eb9530f1692777180b95630d366\">acrosome</span> (cap-like structure on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> head) releases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"310799d8981692777189d3a272674d\">hydrolytic</span> enzymes (e.g., hyaluronidase, acrosin).</li>\n<li>These enzymes <strong>digest the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida</strong>, allowing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> to penetrate and reach the oocyteβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> to penetrate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"433f5e330616927772028848bfcc7d\">fertilize</span> the oocyte.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortical Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> with the egg <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> triggers the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> granules (vesicles) into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de347e297a1692777195bd2e8b4054\">perivitelline</span> space.</li>\n<li>The contents of these granules alter the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida and egg membrane, preventing additional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> from binding and penetrating.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb3813240a16927771963b168e4a06\">polyspermy</span> </strong>(entry of more than one sperm), ensuring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"915ca56f53169277720296a38e3e8e\">viable</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> development.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs due to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> reaction.</li>\n<li>The enzymes released modify the structure of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida, making it impenetrable to other sperm.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents further <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> from binding or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55b31d659b16927771958a15837b10\">penetrating</span> the oocyte, ensuring only one fertilizes it.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During which phase of the menstrual cycle does implantation typically occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Menstrual phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Follicular phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ovulatory phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Luteal phase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Luteal phase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pf40KR111N2nfhSu5Amk1740160803.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which substance helps in the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L-selectin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Integrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "E-cadherin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibronectin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L-selectin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lNhZ4fvk001HRzjmwJ0E1740160883.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most characteristic event of the 3rd week of development?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Formation of blastocyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrulation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Implantation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Formation of morula", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastrulation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5AeQmmH2DT1yHXfX0NTy1740160961.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2nd to 3rd week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Appearance of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> streak(14 th -15th day)</li>\n<li>Embryo begins to bend (20th -21st day)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4th week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Heart tube begins to fold (22nd -23rd day)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4th to 5th week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper limb buds appear (26th to 27th day)</li>\n<li>Lower limb buds appear (28th - 30th day)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What structure forms at the surface of the epiblast to initiate gastrulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dxzxwqlEzKrUJiyrRQy01740161087.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Asgn5wJoA6LvrOLTMw1A1740161308.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gastrulation, occurring in the third week of gestation, establishes the three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures and migration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of the <strong>primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast</strong>. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Initially vague, it becomes a distinct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> by days 15-16.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> forms at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b78d9438716927771841c88afb16c\">cephalic</span> end of epiblast, slightly elevated with a small surrounding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> pit.</li>\n<li>Epiblast cells migrate towards the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> streak, become flask-shaped, detach, and move inward (invagination).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) regulates cell migration</li>\n<li>Mesoderm specification by downregulating E-cadherin and affecting BRACHYURY (T) expression.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">Germ</span> Layers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Invaginated cells displace the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"969b1df8761692777189b5b1997d1b\">hypoblast</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the endoderm, some lie between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183f8342f616927771878f722a68ee\">endoderm</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> mesoderm, and remaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> ectoderm.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prechordal Plate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2526bc3aa1692777193815af16a7b\">notochord</span> tip and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1a011ab5416927771949dde193e3a\">oropharyngeal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> from the first migrating cells, crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b45f45fc1692777203eceaf9f4d3\">forebrain</span> induction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oropharyngeal Membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>At the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> end, it is a region of tightly adhered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f139512f501692777186662f1b44ee\">ectoderm</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183f8342f616927771878f722a68ee\">endoderm</span> cells that will become the oral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> opening.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A stillborn baby was noted to have the following findings. The above pathology is derived from which among the following structure shown in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/r2HZ9WlOUVtTZdHrx6m01740161387.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jwti2IclJMLgMlP2wvkT1740161442.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hrkbZGac4Yxz1GLLR7wX1740161507.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4QtNCr3b7Dalfc362q2o1740161569.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Origin and Migration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6bf3684a11692777196d1db55af2f\">Primordial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">Germ</span> Cells (PGC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2nd week: </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PGC originate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> and migrate through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> streak.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3rd week:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>They are located among <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183f8342f616927771878f722a68ee\">endoderm</span> cells in the wall of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac, close to the allantois.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4th week:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The PGC migrate by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c10304ab71692777181f60fd63c7c\">ameboid</span> movement along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f51fc9a741692777192ec164a061f\">mesentery</span> of the hindgut.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5th week:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>They arrive at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> gonads.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6th week:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Invade the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> ridges.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Gonads</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Shortly before and during the arrival of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6bf3684a11692777196d1db55af2f\">primordial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> cells, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> ridge starts to proliferate.</li>\n<li>Epithelial cells penetrate the underlying mesenchyme, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> sex cords, which are irregularly shaped.</li>\n<li>In both male and female embryos, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0de8718ac16927771986b76c2ca7d\">sex cords</span> are connected to the surface epithelium.</li>\n<li>At this stage, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14b49b0e2716927771885d61eaaa0b\">gonad</span> is called the indifferent gonad, as there is no distinction between male and female gonads yet.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pathologies associated: due to failure of migration of PGC</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Teratoma (oropharyngeal/sacrococcygeal)</li>\n<li>Non development of gonads</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a history of 6 weeks of amenorrhea and a positive urinary pregnancy test underwent an ultrasonography, which showed the following The marked structure in the image communicates via a duct with which of the following parts of the gastrointestinal system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Foregut", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Midgut", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hindgut", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cloacal membrane", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Midgut", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1BS8stAk0qhCu7SbwjuU1740161656.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PQgpoCqkcFRmVs9I29Xh1740161963.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g7RSz4xYdctAqRYYPEax1740162272.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:604px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A small membranous structure outside the embryo.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> connects to the developing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> at <strong>midgut via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> duct. </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> is lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"969b1df8761692777189b5b1997d1b\">Hypoblast</span> cells, which is derived from <strong>Endoderm (forms the first lining).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb774c3cec1692777188327b4bc737\">hematopoiesis</span> </strong></li>\n<li>Germ cell production.</li>\n<li>Nutritive role (before blood vessels form)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Development </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> forms from proliferating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"969b1df8761692777189b5b1997d1b\">hypoblast</span> cells</strong> after implantation, while the <strong>epiblast forms the amnion</strong>.</li>\n<li>Both structures develop between days 8-14 of embryogenesis.</li>\n<li>Hypoblast cells are continuous with the exocoelomic membrane.</li>\n<li>By the end of the second week, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> fills the space between the trophoblast, amnion, and exocoelomic membrane.</li>\n<li>As vacuoles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> within this tissue, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3876204c81692777184b1147ecc70\">coelom</span> or chorionic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> develops. The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> lining the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03a334f35e1692777185356e060797\">cytotrophoblast</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ee4211a6b1692777181c058986d73\">amnion</span> is called <strong>extraembryonic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> mesoderm</strong>, while the lining around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> is the <strong>extraembryonic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> mesoderm</strong>.</li>\n<li>The primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> enlarges, part of it regresses, and the remaining portion forms the secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac.</li>\n<li>Portions of the secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> not taken up inside the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22e8a6f65016927772003e97740ab2\">tertiary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Visualization Timeline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Although the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> forms in the second week, it is visible on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df077f2c3d16927772019f8223e58f\">ultrasound</span> by 5 weeks post-fertilization (or 7 gestational weeks).</li>\n<li>Growth is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d02067c4b51692777191b8eec8b062\">linear</span> between 5-10 weeks post-fertilization.</li>\n<li>Not visible after the first trimester.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by which among the following cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trophoblast cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endodermal cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ectodermal cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mesodermal cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ectodermal cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RrMlSGn8AifWTFnBrOTF1740162792.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 20 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">General Embryology-Gametogenesis And Ivf - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 15</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S phase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "G1 phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "G2 phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "M phase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. S phase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WIMyG3lAfelvEZfHrAYt1740141435.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mizYrbvX00hsgXh8aHdF1740141460.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is wrongly paired?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitosis - no crossing over", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meiosis - 4 daughter cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mitosis - 1 division", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Meiosis - daughter cells are diploid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Meiosis - daughter cells are diploid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aNLHw5VuWqoKq6wQi6OD1740141522.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:743px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Mitosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Meiosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purpose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Growth, repair, and replacement of cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Production of gametes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Number of Divisions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two successive divisions (first and second meiotic division)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stages </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Prophase</li>\n<li>Metaphase</li>\n<li>Anaphase</li>\n<li>Telophase</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>First meiotic division and second meiotic division have- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase</li>\n<li>Prophase of the first meiotic division- Prophase-1 is subdivided into further stages:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Leptotene</li>\n<li>Zygotene</li>\n<li>Pachytene</li>\n<li>Diplotene</li>\n<li>Diakinesis</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interphase </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> occurs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"162831408a16927771901de4b30b98\">interphase</span> between 2 mitotic divisions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e700e82d9d169277718624870016ae\">DNA replication</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"162831408a16927771901de4b30b98\">interphase</span> between the first and second meiotic division</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resulting Daughter Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two daughter cells, genetically identical to the parent cell</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Four daughter cells, genetically diverse and <strong>haploid</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chromosome Number</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d06e3e001692777186400050f388\">diploid</span> number (46 chromosomes)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> number from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d06e3e001692777186400050f388\">diploid</span> (46) to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ad40ee0016927771884fcfa3c583\">haploid</span> (23)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chromosome Behavior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chromatids separate during anaphase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Homologous chromosomes separate in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60850972891692777181c96d320e43\">anaphase</span> I</li>\n<li>Chromatids separate in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60850972891692777181c96d320e43\">anaphase</span> II</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Crossing Over</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Does not occur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87852c72d81692777196c88b1afc36\">prophase</span> I (pachytene), leading to genetic variation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "23 bivalents are formed in which stage of prophase 1?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leptotene", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zygotene", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pachytene", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diplotene", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Zygotene", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zwvpl9QMbFFlISFT9caI1740141597.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pq3liFxEyVYXtC7FX0M81740141623.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h4FcM58BlROON6NRVX7b1740141665.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JjVAzfqnhTZJ1MhCv1pR1740141690.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KT7L0cMSYUXAcfDT83Yt1740141718.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following stages of the first meiotic division do the chromosomes get attached to the spindle fibers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prophase 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Metaphase 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anaphase 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Telophase 1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Metaphase 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AZ7jfcUBE1tJRFaKJyGN1740141764.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements on Anaphase 1 is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Centromere divides into 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Each chromatid becomes a chromosome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA replicates", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Each chromosome from the pair migrates to opposite poles of the spindle", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Each chromosome from the pair migrates to opposite poles of the spindle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RWQKlTv9psANeOsO6fbA1740141836.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following events occurs during telophase of meiosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chromatids condense into chromosomes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nuclear envelope disintegrates.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chromatids are pulled towards the spindle poles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. None of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ysvorrpGI26sY6AqIe0Z1740141949.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the stage at which the primary oocyte is arrested during oogenesis before puberty?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Metaphase of meiosis I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prophase of meiosis II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anaphase of meiosis I", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prophase of meiosis I", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Prophase of meiosis I", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UIKAKNWbg2kX4z4e6nx11740142142.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Before Birth: </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Oogonia peak at 7 million β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4f1758e2169277718697ae66f3dd\">Degeneration</span> β Remaining oocytes enter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87852c72d81692777196c88b1afc36\">prophase</span> I</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>At Birth: </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Oocyte <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> (OMI) causes arrest in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87852c72d81692777196c88b1afc36\">prophase</span> I (diplotene stage)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Puberty</strong>:</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Pool of growing follicles established β 15β20 follicles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> monthly</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Formation of antral (vesicular) follicles with fluid-filled spaces β Primary Follicle</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Follicular Development: </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Follicular cells β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">Cuboidal</span> (granulosa cells) β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">Secrete</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Theca <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b9104388d16927772036b2121df2a\">folliculi</span> forms β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ae158b0bc1692777200039e41de96\">Theca</span> interna and externa layers around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac2dfd97cd16927771888be9de7ded\">granulosa</span> cells</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Antrum enlarges, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ceed38bab1692777188296d57a750\">Graafian</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0c3f6b8901692777203d0446fe1f4\">Follicle</span> (25 mm)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ovulation:</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">LH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c06581813e16927771990d334d4f72\">surge</span> induces completion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">meiosis</span> I</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Formation of secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6c40c102d1692777194a23b2674c4\">oocyte</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a274393046169277719601ea5a6864\">polar</span> body</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6c40c102d1692777194a23b2674c4\">oocyte</span> arrests in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"972e3c28581692777192034f4e95ce\">metaphase</span> II</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fertilization</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Yes: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> II completed</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">No: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6c40c102d1692777194a23b2674c4\">Oocyte</span> degenerates 24 hours post-ovulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the role of Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They induce spermatogonial stem cells to initiate spermatogenesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "They stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "They secrete androgen-binding proteins and support germ cells.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "They transform type A spermatogonia into spermatids.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. They secrete androgen-binding proteins and support germ cells.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/g6DwxFZIYoul0ezJOD2O1740142217.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Primordial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> cells (PGCs) arrive in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14b49b0e2716927771885d61eaaa0b\">gonad</span> of a genetic male around the end of the fifth week of development.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>At Birth</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Germ cells in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0de8718ac16927771986b76c2ca7d\">sex cords</span> (Surrounded by supporting cells-Sertoli cells)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Puberty</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Sex cords β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">Seminiferous</span> tubules</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">PGCs β Spermatogonial stem cells</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Type A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3fa45f87169277719914e0dbaf14\">spermatogonia</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> β Undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac20ea03da16927771927ed3648056\">mitosis</span> β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dddac147b1692777201460ab59600\">Type B</span> spermatogonia</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Meiosis I</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Type B <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3fa45f87169277719914e0dbaf14\">spermatogonia</span> β Primary spermatocytes</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Primary spermatocytes β Prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87852c72d81692777196c88b1afc36\">prophase</span> I (22 days) β Completion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">meiosis</span> I β Secondary spermatocytes</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Meiosis II</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Secondary spermatocytes β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> II β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ad40ee0016927771884fcfa3c583\">Haploid</span> spermatids</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cytoplasmic Bridges</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Successive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> cells connected by cytoplasmic bridges</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Spermatogonia and spermatids remain embedded in Sertoli cells</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hormonal Regulation</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">LH β Leydig cells β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e54a6646c1169277720031d162bd75\">Testosterone</span> β Sertoli cells β Promotes spermatogenesis</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">FSH β Sertoli cells β Testicular fluid and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"426898277b1692777181c2186c29da\">androgen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> protein synthesis</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Spermiogenesis</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Spermatids β Spermatozoa</p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Acrosome formation</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Nuclear condensation</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Formation of neck, middle piece, and tail</li>\n<li style=\"text-align:center\">Cytoplasm shedding (phagocytized by Sertoli cells)</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">β</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Final Maturation</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Spermatozoa β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">Lumen</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">seminiferous</span> tubules β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"755b023ad31692777187f4c9bd10fb\">Epididymis</span> (gain full motility)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the relationship between the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and ovulation? A) The LH surge typically begins 24 hours before ovulation. B) The LH surge stimulates the release of the second polar body from the oocyte. C) The LH surge is initiated by a rise in progesterone levels from the corpus luteum. D) The peak of the LH surge occurs approximately 10-12 hours before ovulation. E) A smaller follicle size is always associated with a higher LH peak.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "D only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only E", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both D and E", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. D only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/th6OvIixXKF4WzLXrCEx1740142309.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is most accurate regarding in vitro fertilization (IVF) for women with bilateral tubal blockage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "IVF is ineffective for women with bilateral tubal blockage.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bilateral salpingectomy is always required before IVF in cases of tubal blockage.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ICSI is used to fertilize the egg in all IVF cases, regardless of sperm quality.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is necessary for women of advanced maternal age.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is necessary for women of advanced maternal age.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the correct sequence of stem cell potency based on their ability to differentiate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pluripotent &amp;gt; Totipotent &amp;gt; Multipotent &amp;gt; Oligopotent &amp;gt; Unipotent", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Totipotent &amp;gt; Pluripotent &amp;gt; Multipotent &amp;gt; Oligopotent &amp;gt; Unipotent", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Totipotent &amp;gt; Pluripotent &amp;gt; Oligopotent &amp;gt; Multipotent &amp;gt; Unipotent", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Totipotent &amp;gt; Pluripotent &amp;gt; Oligopotent &amp;gt; Multipotent &amp;gt; Unipotent", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Totipotent &gt; Pluripotent &gt; Multipotent &gt; Oligopotent &gt; Unipotent", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2s2U3696KLLaGmt3sPx31740149505.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which stage of spermatogenesis is characterised by an independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spermatogonia to primary spermatocyte", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spermatid to spermatozoa", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/twSd3jVls9ilCaTCkxZP1740149870.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the part of the embryo that exerts morphogenetic stimulus on its adjacent part called?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Differentiator", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Organiser", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stem cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inducer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Organiser", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During fertilisation , all of the following barriers in the ovum are penetrated by the sperm except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corona radiata", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zona pellucida", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oocyte cell membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nuclear membrane", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Nuclear membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/tqByWK6SAjyWqe03pES71743851802.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not an acrosomal enzymes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acrosin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyaluronidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acid phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alkaline phosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Alkaline phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/61zkZdB9Om7jXwMbYDnC1740150191.jpg"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">General Embryology-General Embryology - 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Which of the following is directly involved in the formation of these structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Neural crest cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Surface ectoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Neuroectoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Epiblast cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Neuroectoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Surface ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Neuroectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Neural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> cell</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epidermis of the skin</li>\n<li>Hair</li>\n<li>Nails</li>\n<li>Sweat &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">Sebaceous</span> glands</li>\n<li>Mammary glands</li>\n<li>Enamel of the teeth</li>\n<li>Lens of eye</li>\n<li>Epithelium of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> organs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b8deb0fe1692777190df5ce46525\">inner ear</span> &amp; nose</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Central nervous system (Brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord)</li>\n<li>Peripheral nervous system</li>\n<li>Retina</li>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d34d065dda1692777187d1aca78b88\">epithelia</span> of nose &amp; ear</li>\n<li>Pineal gland</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves( <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglia)</li>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Autonomic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f171f7433d1692777192c344425c41\">Meninges</span> (Pia <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">Arachnoid</span> mater) of the brain &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</li>\n<li>Schwann cells</li>\n<li>Melanoblasts of the skin</li>\n<li>Suprarenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> (chromaffin cells)</li>\n<li>Several skeletal &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> components in the head (derived from pharyngeal arches)</li>\n<li>Parafollicular C cells</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Embryonic tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Eye tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Neuroectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Retina</li>\n<li>Pigmented <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of iris</li>\n<li>Retinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>Dilator &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> muscles of iris</li>\n<li>Optic nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Neural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> cell</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c077aecdcd1692777199503c836d9c\">stroma</span> &amp; endothelium</li>\n<li>Trabecular meshwork</li>\n<li>Ciliary muscles</li>\n<li>Melanocytes</li>\n<li>Schwann cells</li>\n<li>Meningeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Vitreous</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Surface Ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Conjunctiva</li>\n<li>Surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of cornea</li>\n<li>Lens</li>\n<li>Lacrimal gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mesoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Eye muscles(EOM)</li>\n<li>Endothelium of all eye structures</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-week-old infant shows signs of a developmental abnormality involving the formation of tongue muscles. Which group of somites is responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cervical somites", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Occipital somites", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Preoccipital somites", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoracic somites", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Occipital somites", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ca2Jsd9MWLJZZ44MYFew1740213037.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WWY5cjheJWzXyndPku5R1740213070.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WJBUw98WjcOCVQPx7YbX1740213101.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Somites</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Number of Pairs </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Skeletal Elements</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Musculature </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Preoccipital </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Base of skull</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Extraocular muscles of eyeball</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Occipital </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>4 - 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Tongue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76c542bf481692777193e617467333\">musculature</span> except palatoglossus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cervical </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Vertebra</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Striated muscles of trunk, diaphragm, limbs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Vertebra and ribs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Lumbar </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Vertebra</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Sacral </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Coccygeal </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>8 - 10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the development of the endoderm is negatively affected and fails to normally differentiate, which of the following glands would not be affected by this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Follicular cells of thyroid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parenchyma of parathyroid glands", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior pituitary", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior pituitary", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ectoderm </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Endoderm </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural ectoderm:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior pituitary</li>\n<li>Connective tissue of thymus</li>\n<li>Connective tissue of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> and parathyroids</li>\n<li>Adrenal medulla</li>\n<li>Connective tissue of lacrimal, nasal, labial, palatine, oral, and salivary glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thymus glands (parenchyma)</li>\n<li><strong>Parathyroid glands (parenchyma) </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li><strong>Pancreas </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Follicular cells of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>C cells of thyroid</li>\n<li>Prostate</li>\n<li>Urethral glands</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surface ectoderm:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rathkeβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> gives rise to the <strong>anterior pituitary</strong><strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Sweat glands and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">sebaceous</span> glands</li>\n<li>Parotid, sublingual, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> salivary glands</li>\n<li>Mammary glands</li>\n<li>Lacrimal glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about yolk sac development is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary yolk sac is lined by cuboidal cells.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondary yolk sac is lined by flattened cells.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primary yolk sac forms by the end of the first week", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tertiary yolk sac connects to the midgut via the vitellointestinal duct.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Tertiary yolk sac connects to the midgut via the vitellointestinal duct.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AEebehC5O4wboP0jOxe71740241880.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pgdCkCmW3NhDhYsLvsTC1740241928.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yubj2OH9eQpJk79T84vn1740241967.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the lamina terminalis is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It gives rise to the septum pellucidum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The lamina terminalis is located at the caudal end of the prosencephalon.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The first commissural fibers to develop pass through the lamina terminalis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The lamina terminalis is located at the caudal end of the prosencephalon.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OYOBw56Vh2MOwdZakTDn1740287537.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The cecal bed arises from which part of the embryonic gut?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Post-arterial segment of Midgut", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pre-arterial segment of Midgut", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pre-allantoic part of Hindgut", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Post-allantoic part of Hindgut", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Post-arterial segment of Midgut", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The stomatodeum is derived from which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ectoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neural crest cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ectoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AxR9GCzSHJ9kjcHXHT101740287463.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the correct sequence of events in the maturation of the lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Canalicular phase β Pseudoglandular phase β Alveolar phase β Saccular phase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pseudoglandular phase β Canalicular phase β Saccular phase β Alveolar phase.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Saccular phase β Alveolar phase β Pseudoglandular phase β Canalicular phase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alveolar phase β Canalicular phase β Saccular phase β Pseudoglandular phase.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pseudoglandular phase β Canalicular phase β Saccular phase β Alveolar phase.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gERaWyt0mtNLn85myKP21740287416.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is derived from the endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cartilaginous framework of the trachea", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alveolar epithelial cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscular components of the respiratory tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parietal pleura covering the lungs", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Alveolar epithelial cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the first sign of respiratory development?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Formation of primary bronchi", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Appearance of the lung bud", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Development of type I alveolar cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Formation of the tracheoesophageal septum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Appearance of the lung bud", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following embryological structures contributes to the development of the post-renal segment of the inferior vena cava?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right vitelline vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right subcardinal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right supracardinal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right posterior cardinal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Right supracardinal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b9vUT8oPvL2ZQhb2Y73V1740287036.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S7WZPuh6sgNycsd3od8E1740287054.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male is found to have a persistent left-sided superior vena cava (SVC) during routine imaging. What is the most likely cause of this anomaly?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Failure of right-sided SVC to develop", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abnormal development of the left anterior cardinal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Persistence of the left umbilical vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abnormal development of the right posterior cardinal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Abnormal development of the left anterior cardinal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KKPsObHgVpYx4ID6CazP1740286907.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure βbβ fuses with structure βcβ during the 3rd month of pregnancy. Identify the structure βcβ.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decidua capsularis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decidua basalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Myometrium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decidua parietalis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Decidua parietalis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qWUMYVhbAHtEA65ImgK71740242786.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RpjUUg8tACNBGwrvZ6b41740242826.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EyaT3kvwdpBjkxgZWKHw1740242853.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:686px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Decidua basalis/Serotina </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Decidua capsularis/Reflexa </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Decidua parietalis/Vera </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>This forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> component of the placenta</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b34a9891d16927771998a84595013\">spiral</span> arteries grow and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e9bc153d616927771866a8608d1a5\">dilate</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> sinusoids with blood</li>\n<li>Contains large decidual cells rich in lipids and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> (may be a source of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05bef24e711692777193a154b462b4\">nutrition</span> for the embryo)</li>\n<li>Firmly attached to the chorion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> cavity</li>\n<li>Covers the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> like a capsule</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lines the rest of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> cavity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>With the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c305b384216927771969ca4166493\">progression</span> of the pregnancy, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"573209500f1692777185f4138071ef\">decidua</span> capsularis grows with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421fecf0e21692777202704942ac48\">fetus</span> and finally fuses with the parietalis during the 3rd month and obliterates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> cavity.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"573209500f1692777185f4138071ef\">decidua</span> is eventually shed off with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5276da31d11692777195f0e82f5e1d\">placenta</span> and membranes after delivery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about villi?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The secondary villi have a central core of cytotrophoblast", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The uteroplacental circulation begins only after the formation of tertiary villi", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The tertiary villi have a mesoderm core that carries the fetal blood", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The primary villi have a core of extraembryonic mesoderm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The tertiary villi have a mesoderm core that carries the fetal blood", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/COnRI2xvhrS7GKxoyHpA1740242620.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/b5MTR3cKwOp3i5UpF68k1740242657.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cMngWvBKiEJydRcvMxZ91740242687.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rt9hc83cVGKxicPGJKjI1740242707.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:663px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primary villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Secondary villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Tertiary villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A<strong> central core of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03a334f35e1692777185356e060797\">cytotrophoblast</span> </strong> <strong>(Option D) </strong>covered by a layer of syncytiotrophoblast.</li>\n<li>Intervillous space separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bb7d5b6716927772028625a93e1e\">villus</span> from each other.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Has 3 layers:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Outer syncytiotrophoblast</li>\n<li>Intermediate cytotrophoblast</li>\n<li><strong>Inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> mesoderm</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar to secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbea63556f1692777202e8abdd66a4\">villi</span> but<strong> have <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> blood capillaries in the mesoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A woman who is Rh-negative is pregnant with a Rh-positive baby and is advised to take anti-D immunoglobulin for safe future pregnancies. Which of the following disappears from the placental membrane, thus thinning it out later in the pregnancy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Syncytiotrophoblast", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endothelium of fetal capillaries", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The basement membrane of fetal capillaries", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cytotrophoblasts", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cytotrophoblasts", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7Mo59uysL2PGXMU9Oqe61740242544.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the structure marked βCβ formed of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trophoblast + Somatopleuric EEM", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trophoblast+ Splanchnopleuric EEM", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ectoderm + EEM", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Amniogenic cells + Somatopleuric EEM", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Trophoblast + Somatopleuric EEM", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vov2CLeQ2OuSqHRlN0bk1740242297.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OWvKCBr0yjPuUJASMnry1740242349.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2AkYXnqrJnNWq9TYloRD1740242390.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the third week of gestation, the formation of the primitive streak signifies the start of gastrulation. Which statement about the primitive streak accurately describes this process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It forms from hypoblast cells and establishes the embryonic central axis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It appears dorsally, becoming linear and marking the transition to a trilaminar disc.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It develops into the prechordal plate, defining the head-tail axis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It originates from trophoblast cells, contributing to the amniotic cavity and yolk sac formation.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It appears dorsally, becoming linear and marking the transition to a trilaminar disc.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During embryonic development, different structures are derived from the lateral plate mesoderm. Which of the following structures are not derived from the lateral plate mesoderm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Shoulder and hip girdle bones", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Smooth muscle layers of the gut", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Smooth muscle of the iris", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Costal cartilages and limb muscles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Smooth muscle of the iris", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AXwRtrx5IwX4HmsbU3T41740241659.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:687px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Somatopleuric (Parietal) Layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Splanchnopleuric (Visceral) Layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In contact with the<strong> ectoderm.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In contact with the <strong>endoderm.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous with the <strong>somatopleuric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> </strong>over the amnion.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous with the <strong>splanchnopleuric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> </strong>covering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"521e76df7d1692777186faf836b3f8\">dermis</span> of the skin in the body wall and limbs.</li>\n<li>Contributes to bones and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues of the limbs and sternum.</li>\n<li>Sclerotome and muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> cells that migrate into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> plate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>costal cartilages</strong>, l<strong>imb muscles</strong>, and most of the body wall muscles. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Gives rise to <strong>shoulder and hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1d37a92d41692777188e12a817797\">girdle</span> bones.</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Forms a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> layer around peritoneal, pleural, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85bd8b2ec816927771958f9ebe3568\">pericardial</span> cavities.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue and <strong>smooth muscle layers of the gut</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3739d892c1692777184b2e134615c\">circulatory</span> system. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Form a visceral layer around peritoneal, pleural, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85bd8b2ec816927771958f9ebe3568\">pericardial</span> cavities.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn is diagnosed with congenital abnormalities of both the kidneys and reproductive organs, including hypoplasia of the kidneys and abnormal development of the gonads. Which embryological structure is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Paraxial mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intermediate mesoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral plate mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extraembryonic mesoderm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intermediate mesoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Md3jWSqxV5UGcRQMlM6n1740213210.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E5o7tOP8DQRxzEhkFudo1740213271.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An embryo is observed to have 12 pairs of somites on ultrasound. Based on this, what is the most likely developmental age of the embryo?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "21 days", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "23 days", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "26 days", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "30 days", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 23 days", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:260px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Number of Somites Correlated to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3c62587931692777181dabdaa512d\">Approximate</span> Age in Days</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Approximate Age (days)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Number of Somites</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1 - 4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>21 <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 - 7</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>22</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7 - 10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>23 <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10 - 13</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>24</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>13 - 17</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>25</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17 - 20</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>26 <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>20 - 23</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>27</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>23 - 26</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>28</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>26 - 29</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30 <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>34 - 35</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with scoliosis and underdeveloped axial muscles. Imaging reveals defects in the vertebral column. Which embryological structure is primarily responsible for the development of these affected tissues?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Paraxial mesoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral plate mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intermediate mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extraembryonic mesoderm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Paraxial mesoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xqpFBi89QoQ2y4EEj4NC1740212911.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DhKi8pNJVQ58aXSlsNtH1740212947.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C3yAawocDJlxEIP1MDjd1740212983.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e9e45d5f116927771943474ef6d10\">Paraxial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">Mesoderm</span> </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Plate Mesoderm</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">Intermediate</span> Mesoderm</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located on either side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2526bc3aa1692777193815af16a7b\">notochord</span> and becomes thick.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms a thinner layer located laterally.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> strip found between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e9e45d5f116927771943474ef6d10\">paraxial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> plate mesoderm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Somitomeres:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> and muscles of the head and jaw.</li>\n<li><strong>Somites: </strong>Form <strong>midline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> skeleton, skeletal muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"521e76df7d1692777186faf836b3f8\">dermis</span> of back.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Somatopleuric (parietal) layer:</strong><strong> </strong>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue of the body wall and limbs, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00a7c7094b16927771811aa4aaf64b\">appendicular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70f596ae8f16927771983211d9e56f\">skeleton</span> bones , muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"521e76df7d1692777186faf836b3f8\">dermis</span> of periphery.</li>\n<li><strong>Splanchnopleuric (visceral) layers:</strong><strong> </strong>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue and smooth muscle layers of the gut, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3739d892c1692777184b2e134615c\">circulatory</span> system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urinary and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> systems.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a correct pairing of a structure and its corresponding embryological origin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sweat glands β Neural crest cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sebaceous glands β Mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parotid gland β Surface ectoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lens β Mesoderm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Parotid gland β Surface ectoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelium &amp; Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin epithelium</li>\n<li><strong>Sweat glands (Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Sebaceous glandsΒ (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Myoepithelioctyes of skin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Eyes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Conjunctiva</li>\n<li>Surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of cornea</li>\n<li><strong>LensΒ (Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Salivary Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Parotid glandΒ (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Submandibular gland</li>\n<li>Sublingual gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Opening Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oral opening</li>\n<li>Stomodeum</li>\n<li>Proctodeum</li>\n<li>Rathke <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> (Anterior pituitary)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following components is responsible for the formation of sensory ganglia during embryonic development in the given figure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UCMym0xZN9cRwije5KhR1740212759.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MoYl0FFhegQIFQ2PS39m1740212792.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iutTRjkSPQqpxv3vdamd1740212817.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:647px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Surface Ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Neuroectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epidermis of the skin</li>\n<li>Hair</li>\n<li>Nails</li>\n<li>Sweat &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">Sebaceous</span> glands</li>\n<li>Mammary glands</li>\n<li>Enamel of the teeth</li>\n<li>Lens of eye</li>\n<li>Epithelium of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> organs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b8deb0fe1692777190df5ce46525\">inner ear</span> &amp; nose</li>\n<li>Nasolacrimal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (NLD)</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Central nervous system (Brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord)</li>\n<li>Peripheral nervous system</li>\n<li>Retina</li>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d34d065dda1692777187d1aca78b88\">epithelia</span> of nose &amp; ear</li>\n<li>Pineal gland</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the prechordal plate is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Derived from hypoblast cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Formed before primitive streak formation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Forms the cephalocaudal axis of the embryo", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gives rise to the notochord", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Derived from hypoblast cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aApaHpgA0IyBdICXx4fv1740212697.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events during gastrulation in the third week of gestation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epiblast cells form the primitive streak, leading to the formation of the three germ layers.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The primitive streak forms at the cephalic end, initiating neural tube, gut, and cardiovascular development.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The prechordal plate forms after the notochord, and epiblast cells migrate to create the three germ layers.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Endoderm forms from mesodermal cells, with ectoderm and mesoderm forming later.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Epiblast cells form the primitive streak, leading to the formation of the three germ layers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6JWXKIGTK6xtGl7LbVQC1740212630.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Start of Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of the <strong>primitive streak </strong>on the surface of the epiblast.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primitive Streak</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initially indistinct, it becomes a narrow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> with bulging regions by days 15-16.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primitive Node</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b78d9438716927771841c88afb16c\">cephalic</span> end of the streak, a slightly raised area surrounding a small pit.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cell Migration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Epiblast cells</strong> migrate toward the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> streak and undergo invagination.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Invagination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cells transform into flask-shaped forms, detach from the epiblast, and move beneath it.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fibroblast growth factor 8 </strong>(FGF8) regulates cell movement and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> formation.</li>\n<li>FGF8 decreases E-cadherin levels, which helps in migration</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cell Spread</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Invaginated cells replace the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"969b1df8761692777189b5b1997d1b\">hypoblast</span> and spread laterally and cranially.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Contact with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">Extraembryonic</span> Mesoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cells establish contact with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b266b12d916927771875d47756588\">extraembryonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> covering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> and amnion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Prechordal Plate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2526bc3aa1692777193815af16a7b\">notochord</span> tip and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1a011ab5416927771949dde193e3a\">oropharyngeal</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>Important for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b45f45fc1692777203eceaf9f4d3\">forebrain</span> induction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Oropharyngeal Membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of tightly joined <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f139512f501692777186662f1b44ee\">ectoderm</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183f8342f616927771878f722a68ee\">endoderm</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Will become the future oral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> opening.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">Germ</span> Layers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Endoderm</strong>: Displaces the hypoblast.</li>\n<li><strong>Mesoderm</strong>: Forms between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> and endoderm.</li>\n<li><strong>Ectoderm</strong>: Develops from the Remains of the epiblast.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Outcome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The<strong> epiblast</strong> gives rise to all embryonic tissues and organs through the process of<strong> gastrulation.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">General Embryology-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 25</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 25 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is not a derivative of neural crest cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ciliary muscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ciliary ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Melanocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Retinal pigment epithelium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:471px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Neural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">Crest</span> Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ciliary muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ciliary ganglion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Melanocytes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (RPE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Failure of closure of rostral neuropore at 25th day leads to", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Craniorachischisis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spina Bifida", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anencephaly", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydranencephaly", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anencephaly", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Anenceph\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following arises from 6th pharyngeal arch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial pterygoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral pterygoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ductus arteriosus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tensor veli palatini", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ductus arteriosus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of arch</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A, B, and D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary (Sensory) and mandibular (Motor and sensory) branches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Meckel's cartilage</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Malleus</strong></li>\n<li>Incus</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of malleus</li>\n<li>Sphenomandibular ligament</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Mandible</li>\n<li>Maxilla</li>\n<li>Zygomatic</li>\n<li>Palatine</li>\n<li>Temporal (part)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masseter</li>\n<li>Temporalis</li>\n<li>Medial pterygoid</li>\n<li>Lateral pterygoids</li>\n<li>Mylohyoid</li>\n<li>Anterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Tensor tympani, and</li>\n<li>Tensor palati</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>All are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ee3e4a7a81692777192f6d4d042a9\">migratory</span> except T. tympani<strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hyoid artery</li>\n<li>Stapedial artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> of the second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (Reichertβs) forms the</p>\n<p>Following:<strong> </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stapes</li>\n<li>Styloid process</li>\n<li>Stylohyoid ligament</li>\n<li>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24f587bae816927771855c97872891\">cornu</span> of hyoid</li>\n<li>Upper half of body of hyoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stapedius</li>\n<li>Stylohyoid</li>\n<li>Posterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Epicranius</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oculi</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oris</li>\n<li>Zygomaticus</li>\n<li>Buccinator</li>\n<li>Nasal muscles</li>\n<li>Platysma</li>\n<li>Levator labii superioris, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> labii inferioris</li>\n<li>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3a4dc0d2d16927771811c069bbe7d\">anguli</span> oris</li>\n<li>Auricular muscles</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>All are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ee3e4a7a81692777192f6d4d042a9\">migratory</span> except stapedius, stylohyoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24f587bae816927771855c97872891\">cornu</span> of hyoid</li>\n<li>Lower half of body of hyoid</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stylopharyngeus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior laryngeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> (left side)</li>\n<li>Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroid</li>\n<li>Cricoid</li>\n<li>Corniculate</li>\n<li>Cuneiform</li>\n<li>Arytenoid</li>\n<li>Thyrohyoid ligament</li>\n<li>Epiglottisβfrom mesodermal core of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3169c09a116927771893e69784932\">hypobranchial</span> eminence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>LarynxβCricothyroid</li>\n<li>Muscles of pharynx</li>\n<li>Intrinsic muscles of soft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0f278b4b416927771943c92485603\">palate</span> except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> palati</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sixth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Recurrent laryngeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ductus arteriosus (left side)</li>\n<li>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> except cricothyroid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following develops from the dorsal mesogastrium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Falciform ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spleen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesser omentum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liver", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Falciform ligament", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pUW4BJDuABExFxrIG2Zy1746785576.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lMdxQZdeI51gbrXDMlIs1746785603.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer A- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\"&gt;Falciform&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\"&gt;ligament&lt;/span&gt; </p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Greater omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of stomach (and spleen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> vessels and fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrosplenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery, Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrophrenic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2f01d90816927771883e2bc0844f\">gastroepiploic</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Splenorenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Splenic artery, Tail of pancreas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lesser omentum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach (and duodenum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The right free margin-hepatic artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct,lymph nodes and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> vessels,hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> of nerve,all enclosed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a606b55b4316927771956c3cb0d383\">perivascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> sheath. Along the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bd67d54f016927771850c953dadbc\">curvature</span> of the stomach-left and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery,the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and lymphatics, branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatogastric ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatoduodenal ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> proper, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> duct, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal mesentery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesentery proper</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> (jejunum and ileum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior mesenteric artery, accompanying veins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nerve plexuses, lymphatics, 100β200 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue with fat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle colic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid mesocolon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid colon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesoappendix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesentery of ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendix</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appendicular artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Falciform ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a68186fa3d1692777194d7b1b06fdc\">paraumbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coronary ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ductus venosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ligamentum venosum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phrenicocolic ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left colic flexure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic diaphragm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left triangular ligament, right triangular ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urinary bladder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileocecal fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cecum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inguinal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Suspensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the ovary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ovarian artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Meiosis occurs in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adrenal", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adult ovary", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prepubertal testis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypothalamus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Adult ovary", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/HFoSlWGZUO6qQmfo2Qz91746603631.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3hATNGJXiVIFgaKleA3x1746516116.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked in the diagram showing the development of ovarian follicles.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary follicle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Antral follicle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primordial follicle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Corpus luteum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Antral follicle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/POVfpvdAQxVvnkR9vYXX1747900880.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primordial follicle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of <strong>flattened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac2dfd97cd16927771888be9de7ded\">granulosa</span> cells</strong>. Dormant until puberty.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary follicle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Granulosa cells become cuboidal</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida begins forming around the oocyte. No antrum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary follicle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Multiple layers of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac2dfd97cd16927771888be9de7ded\">granulosa</span> cells</strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ae158b0bc1692777200039e41de96\">theca</span> cells form. Early <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"031a38f17a16927772036476ede2ae\">follicular</span> development but <strong>no antrum</strong> yet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antral follicle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fluid-filled <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96976bc5fc1692777181dc8403015a\">antrum</span> appears</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac2dfd97cd16927771888be9de7ded\">granulosa</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ae158b0bc1692777200039e41de96\">theca</span> cells differentiate. Prepares for ovulation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Graafian follicle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fully matured, <strong>large antrum</strong>, ready for ovulation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corpus luteum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed after ovulation, secretes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> to support pregnancy. If there is no fertilization, it degenerates.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the derivatives of the marked cells? 1. Odontoblasts 2. Sympathetic chain 3. Melanocytes 4. Nephrogenic cord 5. Bulbus cordis 6. Conotruncal septum", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,3,5,6", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,3,4,6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2,3,6", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,2,3,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1,2,3,6", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/OQv9LdYAkzgwWCG2t1Nf1746697794.jpg"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect related to the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Benign tumor of coccyx", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Presence of teeth and hair", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Result from the aberrant migration of primordial germ cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prechordal plate anomaly", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Prechordal plate anomaly", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GOtOML8gVZdrX4BqWqer1745995348.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HUUwsW9rFMTSrtlzutV11745995383.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2kDoepgLdHB40AOINWm31745995383.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "On what is the SRY gene located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Y chromosome short arm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Y chromosome long arm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X chromosome short arm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X chromosome long arm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Y chromosome short arm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Absence or mutation of SRY gene results in ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Agenesis of testis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Undescended testis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hydrocele testis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Agenesis of testis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures develop from the 6th pharyngeal arch artery on the left side?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arch of Aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ductus arteriosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carotid arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subclavian artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Subclavian artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/f2VbjCIyqJF65mXmxXgf1747374074.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6ZIxTBun4VOSlv6mpoJH1747373452.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Artery of Arch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maxillary artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyoid artery</strong>, Stapedial artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, <strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> </strong>(left side), Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sixth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ductus arteriosus (left side), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Implantation occurs on which day post fertilization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "8", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "15", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EVbaIaSewJwDTRwszUXh1747647055.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Day (Post-Fertilization)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fertilization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sperm fertilizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6c40c102d1692777194a23b2674c4\">oocyte</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c1c3aa8b91692777181989b80fab8\">ampulla</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efc83dab2c1692777202b5d1d06c4f\">fallopian</span> tube</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zygote Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single-cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0052ecdccc1692777202bad37cc0f1\">zygote</span> undergoes cleavage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Morula Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 3-4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>16-cell stage compacted into a solid ball</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blastocyst Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluid-filled <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> forms; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac9837c0c31692777183c690a5f233\">blastocyst</span> <strong>reaches the uterus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Implantation Begins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 5-6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trophoblast Invasion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 6-8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Syncytiotrophoblast formation, hCG <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> begins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complete Implantation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Day 9-10</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blastocyst is fully embedded in the endometrial lining</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Post ovulation the oocyte is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary oocyte arrested in prophase- 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Primary oocyte arrested in prophase- 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Secondary oocyte arrested in prophase- 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase- 2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase- 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Secondary &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6c40c102d1692777194a23b2674c4\"&gt;oocyte&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f944eef95e1692777182d5f819783f\"&gt;arrested&lt;/span&gt; in metaphase-2\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The covering of an omphalocele is derived from which layer?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amnion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chorion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endoderm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Amnion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following prevents polyspermy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acrosome reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cortical reaction", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Zona reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Capacitation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cortical reaction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\"&gt;Cortical&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structure:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primitive streak", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Notochord", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Neural groove", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary neural plate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Primitive streak", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4jVQjBkCYATasJMvxzj21741767228.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cNoZsYnom0xEdcqpSZyH1741773909.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appears on <strong>day 15 of development</strong> as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d02067c4b51692777191b8eec8b062\">linear</span> thickening in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2dcf8e6c61692777183a477d140bc\">bilaminar</span> disc.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as a site for <strong>epiblast cell migration</strong>, which forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> and endoderm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regression</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>By the <strong>end of the 4th week</strong>, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> streak regresses, leaving behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2526bc3aa1692777193815af16a7b\">notochord</span> and mesoderm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>If it <strong>fails to regress</strong>, it may lead to <strong>sacrococcygeal teratoma</strong> (tumor with all three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> layers).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the 1st to be formed by the migration of the epiblast along the primitive streak?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Endoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiac mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epidermis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neural groove", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Endoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/C59fCnCbPGvEN5KT8gKa1741773846.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primitive Streak Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms along the midline of the epiblast, marking the site of cell migration.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Endoderm Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <strong>first wave of migrating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> cells</strong> replaces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"969b1df8761692777189b5b1997d1b\">hypoblast</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>definitive endoderm</strong>, which later gives rise to the gut and associated organs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesoderm Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subsequent migration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cef2f2cb301692777187ad4aa0924f\">epiblast</span> cells forms the mesoderm, which differentiates into structures like the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> and notochord.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ectoderm Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epiblast cells that do not migrate remain as ectoderm, which later forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4c62a77731692777187b9c7ded25d\">epidermis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> structures.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn had hypoplasia of the mandibles and zygomatic bones, malformed external ears, and slanted palpebral fissures. Abnormality in the development of which of the following pharyngeal arches will most likely lead to the given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pharyngeal arch 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pharyngeal arch 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pharyngeal arch 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pharyngeal arch 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pharyngeal arch 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is false about skin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dermis is derived from ectoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skin accounts for 15% of total body weight", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epidermis is derived from ectoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dermis is made up of type 1 and type 3 collagen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dermis is derived from ectoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "1 st pharyngeal arch gives rise to all except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial pterygoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Levator veli palatin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral pterygoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tensor veli palatini", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Levator veli palatin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct OptionΒ B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\"&gt;Levator&lt;/span&gt; v\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Structures Derived</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>1st Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maxillary process, Mandibular process, Meckel's cartilage, Muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7beec9567a1692777191ec123e0989\">mastication</span> (Temporalis, Masseter, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> pterygoids), Mylohyoid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> belly of digastric, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">Tensor</span> tympani, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">Tensor</span> veli palatini</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2nd Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Reichert's cartilage, Stapes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">Styloid</span> process, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb74018f561692777199b9f8cea159\">Stylohyoid</span> ligament, Muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> expression, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> belly of digastric, Stapedius</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>3rd Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Hyoid bone, Greater horn, Lower part of body, Stylopharyngeus muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4th Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Thyroid cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">Cricoid</span> cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">Levator</span> veli palatini, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebe088dd1e1692777185885b701072\">Cricothyroid</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>6th Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Laryngeal cartilages (except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> and cricoid), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">Intrinsic</span> muscles of the larynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ureteric bud develops from:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mesonephric duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Metanephros", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pronephros", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Genital sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mesonephric duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β Mesonephric du\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Developmental Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function/Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ureteric bud</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesonephric duct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the mesonephric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (Wolffian duct)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gives rise to the ureter, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> pelvis,calyces, and collecting ducts</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metanephric mesenchyme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metanephric mesenchyme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Interacts with the ureteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbaff1edd216927771835557d40049\">bud</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronephros</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronephric mesoderm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regresses early in development and does not</p>\n<p>contribute to the formation of the ureteric bud</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genital sinus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endodermal tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in the development of the urogenital</p>\n<p>system, including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and urethra</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During which developmental week does the heartbeat initiate in the cardiac region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2 nd week", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4 th week", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "6 th week", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "10 th week", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 4 th week", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β 4\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Developmental Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Heartbeat</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>3rd week of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55b88ac71d169277718832be1a82c7\">gestation</span> (21-22 days)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Begins as a simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> structure and initiates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f71e485d131692777199151d1076d2\">spontaneous</span> contractions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>4th week of gestation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Heart tube undergoes looping, and the heart starts beating rhythmically</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>5th week of gestation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Heart chambers begin to form, and the heart rate increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>8th week of gestation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Four-chambered heart is well-formed, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf4c28aebb1692777188074f2facbb\">heartbeat</span> can be detected using ultrasound</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>9th-10th week of gestation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Heartbeat becomes more regular and coordinated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>End of 12th week of gestation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Fetal heart rate can be heard using a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb476e70a316927771861ad68beaae\">Doppler</span> device</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Type I collagen is not seen in β", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Elastic cartilage", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Elastic cartilage", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:432px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collagen Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin, bone, tendons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides tensile strength and structural support</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cartilage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support and resilience</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood vessels, skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supports the structure of blood vessels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basement membranes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b3f925af5169277719851b2eb8fc4\">scaffold</span> for cells and filtration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connective tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulates the assembly of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">type I</span> collagen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epidermis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anchors the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4c62a77731692777187b9c7ded25d\">epidermis</span> to the dermis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type XI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> discs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support and organization</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Meissner corpuscles are present in:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Papillary dermis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reticular dermis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Basal epidermis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stratum lucidum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Papillary dermis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure marked with the asterisk in the electron micrograph indicates", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Golgi bodies", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pre synaptic Secretory vesicles", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ribosomes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pre synaptic Secretory vesicles", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DNGLjiXpSiBZs45uz3px1712562171.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Organelle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Appearance on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">Electron</span> Microscopy</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dense spherical structure with a double <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and dark-stained <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77399c6ee0169277718492fb8fd58f\">chromatin</span> inside.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oval or rod-shaped structures with a double <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and internal cristae.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A network of interconnected membranous tubules and flattened sacs, often appearing as sheets or cisternae.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi apparatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stack of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) with small vesicles nearby.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lysosomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spherical vesicles with a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> containing various enzymes. They may contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3012715fa81692777187f57c5a2b0e\">electron-dense</span> materials inside.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribosomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tiny <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> structures scattered throughout the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoskeleton</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A network of protein filaments (microfilaments, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> filaments, and microtubules) extending throughout the cell.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vesicles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small membranous sacs involved in transporting substances within the cell or to the cell membrane.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Anatomy Of Ear Nose And Eyeball - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 11</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 5-year-old child presents with conductive hearing loss. Imaging reveals a congenital anomaly involving the stapes footplate. Which embryological structure is primarily responsible for the development of the stapes footplate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Second pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Otic placode", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Otic capsule", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Otic capsule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/j2LiVTfDH5kKI0a3RkW81740633467.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bFuGK8gs4qwzJBENXeUP1740633543.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the structure marked?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Great auricular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesser occipital nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Auricular branch of the vagus nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Auriculotemporal nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9hM986S0GRuzCjr2S7Ma1740635953.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LK5kv2OqFP7XKOo30Xz41740636038.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MKcIXsgERxpRmtQH6i8n1740636113.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vwU7oVTz5uFiRm4mRu2D1740636192.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Auricle (Pinna)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">Auditory</span> Meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic cartilage, except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633bbec0f916927771913a073bbea5\">lobule</span> (fibrofatty tissue)</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cartilaginous part (Outer 1/3)</strong> with hair and ceruminous glands</li>\n<li><strong>Bony part (Inner 2/3),</strong> with thin skin continuous with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane, lacks hair and glands.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concha </strong>(Depression leading to the external meatus)</li>\n<li><strong>Helix</strong> (Prominent rim with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> limbs)</li>\n<li><strong>Antihelix (</strong>Parallel ridge to the helix)</li>\n<li><strong>Tragus &amp; Antitragus</strong> (Separated by inter-tragic notch)</li>\n<li><strong>Cymba Conchae</strong> (Above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653381031a1692777185f2d7287a66\">crus</span> of helix)</li>\n<li><strong>Lobule</strong> (Soft, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"384d0cc3641692777202e927a4d222\">fleshy</span> part below antitragus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Surface</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower third: <strong>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve (C2, C3)</strong></li>\n<li>Upper two-thirds:<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2c10e783c1692777182a1d84457f9\">Auriculotemporal</span> nerve (CN V3)</strong></li>\n<li>Concha:<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">Auricular</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> (CN X) (Aldermanβs Nerve)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Medial Surface</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower third: <strong>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve</strong></li>\n<li>Upper two-thirds:<strong> Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> nerve (C2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Roof &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Wall: </strong>Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)</li>\n<li><strong>Floor &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> Wall: </strong>Auricular branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> (CN X)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>McEwenβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> (Cymba Conchae)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> landmark on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone to locate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> antrum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Furuncles (cartilaginous part) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> to infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following structures with their respective locations in the middle ear A. Tympanic Plexus 1. Epitympanum B. Head of malleus 2. Lateral wall C. Stapedius muscle 3. Promontory of cochlea D. Tympanic membrane 4. Mesotympanum", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aZDhhXHXrm3kfg4Agdlb1740636420.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boundaries of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">Middle ear</span> cavity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Tegmental Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by the <strong>Tegmen tympani</strong>, separating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> from the middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Jugular Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A thin bony plate</strong> that separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> from the Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">Jugular</span> Vein.</li>\n<li><strong>Tympanic canaliculus</strong> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Wall (Carotid Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">Middle ear</span> from the Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">Carotid</span> Artery</li>\n<li>Upper part - <strong>Tensor Tympani canal</strong>.</li>\n<li>Middle part - <strong>Auditory tube opening.</strong></li>\n<li>Inferior part - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eabd01cba8169277719581b5b4420b\">Perforated</span> by <strong>Sympathetic nerves</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Wall (Mastoid Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aditus ad antrum</strong>: Opening to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> antrum.</li>\n<li><strong>Fossa incudis</strong>: Lodges the short process of the incus.</li>\n<li><strong>Pyramid:</strong> Contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"392f0cadaf1692777199b8172a5962\">stapedius</span> muscle.</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior canaliculus</strong> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2085e5a8be169277718425bdd931cb\">chorda</span> tympani nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Wall (Membranous Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane</strong>, with contributions from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Wall (Labyrinthine Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">Tympanic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> from the internal ear</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Promontory:</strong> Projection from the cochlea.</li>\n<li><strong>Oval Window:</strong> Opening for the stapes.</li>\n<li><strong>Round Window:</strong> Covered by the secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane.</li>\n<li><strong>Prominence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Semicircular Canal</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Tympanic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">Plexus</span> </strong>formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">Glossopharyngeal</span> nerve, is present on the promontory.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old patient presents with dizziness and balance issues. The physician suspects a problem in the vestibular system. Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for detecting horizontal linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Saccule", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Utricle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Semicircular canals", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Organ of Corti", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Utricle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JbvGPsOlGfaKnbdn1jmM1740636487.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5IqAkVn624XvFllB1eCS1740636544.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following labelled parts of the nasal septum: 1 a. Septal Cartilage 2 b. Vomer 3 c. Palatine crest 4 d. Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/E2dvXt6Ztd11GVCyYrV01740636701.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WKi27SI8WrL1CF0yJWvV1740636767.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Bony Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cartilaginous Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid</strong>: Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18ea7646491692777196c2509104c9\">posterosuperior</span> part of the septum.</li>\n<li><strong>Vomer</strong>: Makes up the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e94373611692777196d1b5f8d703\">posteroinferior</span> part.</li>\n<li>Nasal spine of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> bone.</li>\n<li>Crest formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> bones.</li>\n<li>Sphenoidal crest.</li>\n<li>Nasal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> processes of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f96e45e9951692777192e7a11aecad\">maxillae</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> plates of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> bones.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Septal Cartilage</strong>: Constitutes the <strong>major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the septum</strong>, fitting into the angle between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86b1863a9316927772023be2ef6a91\">vomer</span> and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.</li>\n<li><strong>Septal Processes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"465de815bb169277718175b199ae39\">Alar</span> Cartilages</strong>: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0f500688016927771854a06750f2e\">crura</span> of the two major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"465de815bb169277718175b199ae39\">alar</span> cartilages unite at the midline, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e03b2f95ab1692777184437bf8f3c5\">columella</span> (or columellar septum).</li>\n<li>Below the columella, a small portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> comprises a double layer of skin without bony or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">cartilaginous</span> support, known as the <strong>membranous septum</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old female presents to the ENT clinic with persistent nasal congestion, facial pain, and reduced sense of smell. After minimal relief from medications, a nasal endoscopy is planned. Which of the following openings is not present in the structure labelled βXβ in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Frontal air sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maxillary air sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior ethmoidal air sinuses", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior ethmoidal air sinuses", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Posterior ethmoidal air sinuses", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LRezUj2O23PGBsUaLell1740636835.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6UAQShzdV5LXZPN4nUCF1740637212.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/q3osRw8AANy16hETIx0b1740637281.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:752px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Site </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Openings </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphenoethmoidal recess</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triangular depression located above and behind the superior concha</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphenoidal air sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lies below the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d132cd1b021692777184bb399da7e4\">concha</span> <strong>(Smallest)</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c73ef522416927771878a2a17e9bc\">ethmoidal</span> air sinuses <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lies underneath the middle concha.</li>\n<li>Has the following parts:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Ethmoidal bulla</strong> /bulla ethmoidalis (round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">elevation</span> produced by the underlying middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c73ef522416927771878a2a17e9bc\">ethmoidal</span> sinuses).</li>\n<li><strong>Hiatus semilunaris </strong>(semicircular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b221c6ceef16927771838d836a5d3b\">bulla</span> ethmoidalis).</li>\n<li><strong>Infundibulum </strong>(passage at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> end of middle meatus).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bulla ethmoidalis: </strong>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c73ef522416927771878a2a17e9bc\">ethmoidal</span> air sinuses</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Hiatus semilunaris:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Frontal air <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c73ef522416927771878a2a17e9bc\">ethmoidal</span> air sinuses <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Maxillary air <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lies underneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d132cd1b021692777184bb399da7e4\">concha</span> <strong>(Largest</strong>).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nasolacrimal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> meatus)</p>\n<p><strong>Hasnerβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> </strong>guards the opening of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae0be0842169277719364f6d75e91\">nasolacrimal</span> duct.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-month-old child is experiencing excessive tearing in both eyes. The doctor recommends that the parents perform a massage along the nasolacrimal duct (NLD). How should the parents be instructed to carry out this procedure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Downward, backward and lateral", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Upward, backward and medial", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Downward, backward and medial", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Upward, backward and lateral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Downward, backward and lateral", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W5Y2WprJ7oeNz6RDMepo1740637422.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nasolacrimal duct</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Length </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>18 mm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extent </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> and opens <strong>anteriorly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6da3f0528c1692777192e9b608d735\">meatus</span> of the nose.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Orientation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Runs downwards, backwards and laterally </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Valve </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hasnerβs valve: </strong>An incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> fold at the lower end of the duct, preventing air from entering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> and blowing into the eye when one blows their nose to clear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> secretions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epiphora: </strong>Excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> fluid overflowing on the cheeks.</p>\n<p>It may occur due to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hyperlacrimation: </strong>Excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1717bdb5d21692777200d45e31ceed\">tears</span> (intake of spicy food or emotional outbreak)</li>\n<li>Obstruction in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> passages (lacrimal punctum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> canaliculi, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae0be0842169277719364f6d75e91\">nasolacrimal</span> duct)</li>\n<li>Ectropion (eversion of lower eyelid).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Patency evaluation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jones <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8a3764ab516927771863f3212fc41\">dye</span> test 1 &amp; 2 </strong>are procedures to assess the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c660f0c321692777194046901e354\">patency</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae0be0842169277719364f6d75e91\">nasolacrimal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> and identify problems related to tear drainage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During retinoscopy, the ophthalmologist inquired of the intern about the development of the eyeball. Could you identify what will develop from the structure labeled \"X\" in the diagram below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Optic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lens", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Light-sensitive neural layer", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Light-sensitive neural layer", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AZei1Za7Uuirr3fuTi1l1740637505.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/08WXpS8HaLw6k3xm3Usd1740637561.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y89DOKS38RMITCSgfJ8m1740637623.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H61xUdC3SvdG9FCAlh1t1740637664.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:575px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Embryonic Origins of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1f175723169277719459db16938e\">Ocular</span> Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Surface ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Neural plate ectoderm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cornea (1st layer)</li>\n<li>Eye Lens.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Central nervous system</li>\n<li>Diencephalon</li>\n<li><strong>Retina </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Optic nerve </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Epithelium of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> body </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Epithelium of iris</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e53fc929616927771900fbab3617f\">iris</span> (sphincter and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cb72fd361692777186bfa0354926\">dilator</span> muscles)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following structures pass through the area labeled \"A\" in the image except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zygomatic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Infraorbital nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pterygopalatine ganglion branches", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lacrimal nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lacrimal nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/opFVfagxMwJjDqnBpx9W1740637820.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DdsG8rkqRRUZhXcBbKDS1740637887.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/428W9F8WVNj4dVdpm2Yi1740637962.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uWBhCjBNpXCcCSFvGLUt1740638014.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divided into three parts by the <strong>common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring of Zinn.</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Within the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> divisions of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> (3rd cranial) nerve.</li>\n<li>Nasociliary nerve</li>\n<li>Abducent (6th cranial) nerve</li>\n<li>Sympathetic root of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> ganglion</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Above and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Trochlear (4th cranial) nerve</li>\n<li>Frontal nerve</li>\n<li>Lacrimal nerve</li>\n<li>Lacrimal artery</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Recurrent meningeal branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> artery.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Below and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring: </strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Zygomatic nerveΒ <strong>(Option A)Β </strong></li>\n<li>Maxillary nerve</li>\n<li>Branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e10a7d508b16927771960a2f2fa92a\">pterygopalatine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong>,</li>\n<li>Infraorbital nerve and vessels <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Vein connecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> plexus.</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male presents with difficulty lifting his right eye, describing it as \"stuck\" when looking upward, along with double vision. Examination reveals a significant limitation in the upward gaze of the right eye. What is the action of the structure labelled \"A\" in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elevation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adduction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intorsion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3RvSkMNn33pHJkdw69pu1740638076.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NL6hFjBvZzbqqvX9Kst41740638218.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UuSSuAxxlXU2wx91H1tB1740638316.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:610px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Voluntary muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Involuntary muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Four recti muscles</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior rectus</li>\n<li>Inferior rectus</li>\n<li>Medial rectus</li>\n<li>Lateral rectus</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscles </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior oblique</li>\n<li>Inferior oblique</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f6407581c1692777194e86eb9904c\">palpebrae</span> superioris (1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b07a8f84ed1692777200d49cca6177\">tarsal</span> or Muller's muscle</li>\n<li>Inferior tarsal</li>\n<li>Orbitalis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:718px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Insertion </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recti </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96f5104d6816927771816ac8dfceeb\">annular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring of Zinn.</p>\n<p>(all recti have the same origin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sclera little <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799979f3bc169277719134cd535c7c\">limbus</span> (corneoscleral junction)</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The average distance from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799979f3bc169277719134cd535c7c\">Limbus</span> is:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior: 7.7 mm</li>\n<li>Inferior: 6.5 mm</li>\n<li>Medial: 5.5 mm</li>\n<li>Lateral: 6.9 mm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Lateral rectus: <strong>Abducens nerve</strong></li>\n<li>Rest all other recti: <strong>Oculomotor nerve</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior oblique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The undersurface of the lesser wing of the sphenoid</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e4400809d16927771983252fc08b1\">sclera</span> behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2056156e8d169277718799b9e86725\">equator</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a757d7c1216927771968223be411d\">quadrant</span> of the eyeball.</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trochlear nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior oblique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> surface of the maxilla</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e4400809d16927771983252fc08b1\">sclera</span> behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2056156e8d169277718799b9e86725\">equator</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a757d7c1216927771968223be411d\">quadrant</span> of the eyeball, a little below the superior oblique.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oculomotor nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f6407581c1692777194e86eb9904c\">palpebrae</span> superioris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Orbital surface of the lesser wing of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior lamella:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> surface of the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7352fd2a916927772008dd529358e\">tarsus</span> and skin of the upper eyelid.</p>\n<p><strong>Inferior lamella:</strong> Upper margin of the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7352fd2a916927772008dd529358e\">tarsus</span> and the superior conjunctival fornix.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> (SR)</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> (MR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> (IR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> (LR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> (SO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> (IO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevation</li>\n<li>Adduction</li>\n<li>IntorsionΒ </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adduction</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Depression</li>\n<li>Adduction</li>\n<li>Extorsion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abduction</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Depression</li>\n<li>Abduction</li>\n<li>Intorsion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevation</li>\n<li>Abduction</li>\n<li>Extorsion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following arteries is not typically injured during mandibular fracture repair?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior alveolar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lingual artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maxillary artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Facial artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Cranial Cavity- Part Ii - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 16</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 16 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Match each type of haemorrhage with its corresponding source of bleeding and Location. Which of the following combinations is correct? Type of Hemorrhage Source of Bleeding Location a. Epidural Hemorrhage 1. Middle meningeal artery i. b. Subdural Hemorrhage 2. Bridging veins ii. c. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 3. Cerebral arteries iii. d. Intracerebral Hemorrhage 4. Ruptured cerebral aneurysm iv.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-2-i", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "b-1-ii", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "c-4-iii", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "d-3-iv", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. c-4-iii", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0bkuzY7rrkho5zZiLJSG1740590157.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/crKS3jGOViJKpTECxtiK1740590238.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hbmsFiUzRJA1kff1mAuy1740590293.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wPjqI2I2Zpz7F5WGxyre1740590377.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dpxth8j9IDyZRsBkRI5i1740590431.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fPHpk7BUhdP22DBHoRYx1740590468.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jzcddaFSRv9k1In7mqv11740590517.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4T7d64wZQiulGCXSbvkb1740590549.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:648px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Hemorrhage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source of Bleeding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location of Blood Collection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epidural Hemorrhage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle meningeal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the skull bone and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d267c186cd16927771876d6cb7cd2d\">endosteal</span> layer of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> mater.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"James Heilman, MD\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EpiduralHematoma.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"246\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/dpxth8j9IDyZRsBkRI5i1740590431.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute symptoms, late <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> starting with the face and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad56eb6e551692777199ae4ce59798\">spreading</span> to the lower body</li>\n<li>A <strong>lucid interval</strong> refers to a temporary period of clarity and responsiveness after a head injury, is seen in <strong>epidural hematoma</strong>, followed by a rapid neurological decline as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"832849414c1692777188491f77bb5f\">hematoma</span> expands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subdural Hemorrhage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bridging veins (venous bleed)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> mater.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Lucien Monfils\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ct-scan_of_the_brain_with_an_subdural_hematoma.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"239\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/fPHpk7BUhdP22DBHoRYx1740590468.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c305b384216927771969ca4166493\">progression</span> of cerebral compression, haphazard <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c305b384216927771969ca4166493\">progression</span> of paralysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rupture of small arteries (e.g., aneurysms)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subarachnoid space at the base of the brain (cisterns)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"James Heilman, MD\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage#/media/File:SubarachnoidP.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"231\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/jzcddaFSRv9k1In7mqv11740590517.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe headache (\"thunderclap headache\"), often caused by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2c92eaffe16927771819978aa5666\">aneurysm</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> or hypertension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracerebral Hemorrhage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rupture of arteries within brain parenchyma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain tissue (parenchyma) itself, often in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> or cortex</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Shazia Mirza and Sankalp Gokhale\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CT_of_basal_ganglionic_hemorrhage.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"239\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/4T7d64wZQiulGCXSbvkb1740590549.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sudden onset of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da6db7b0e21692777203c4075458d3\">focal</span> neurological deficits, headache, vomiting, altered consciousness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident with severe head trauma. His GCS is 5. On examination, there is a loss of sensation below the level of the neck and flaccid paralysis of all four limbs. Which of the following structures pass through the same cranial foramen as the structure involved in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cranial root of accessory nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal root of accessory nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle meningeal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Spinal root of accessory nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iE2VlNZ3gpz7alaQhoG71740590747.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old female presents with severe headaches and neurological deficits. Imaging reveals thrombosis of the inferior sagittal sinus. Which sinus does the inferior sagittal sinus primarily drain into?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Confluence of Sinuses", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transverse sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Straight sinus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sigmoid sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Straight sinus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Yo5iZUeSlBN67PUKoxsy1740591368.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FiP1uPSXqynk1hXDyUHF1740591401.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">Sagittal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located between the two layers of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebri.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right</strong><strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">Sagittal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller channel between the lower layers of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebri</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straight Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straight Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lies in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a4a970c4b1692777184108b0b09c8\">cerebri</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938698a58716927772008b0843f4a5\">tentorium</span> cerebelli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left</strong><strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs laterally from the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> protuberance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous with the <strong>Sigmoid sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S-shaped, receiving tributaries from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> &amp; internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> veins.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">Jugular</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occipital Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs downward from the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> protuberance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Confluence of Sinuses.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphenoparietal Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">Cavernous</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">Petrosal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88225eeb1616927771954c1b0bc1e3\">petrous</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">Petrosal</span> Sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located near the base of the skull.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">Jugular</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Petrosquamous Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lies in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca48c27f751692777195bf6f82644a\">petrosquamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"90dcd6e02316927771990a5c253ff7\">suture</span> if present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34 y/o male presents to the emergency department following a road traffic accident. He complains of difficulty in chewing and numbness over the lower jaw. Upon examination, he has weakness in the muscles of mastication. Which of the following structures do not course along with the nerve implicated in the patient's symptoms through the same cranial foramen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lesser Petrosal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mandibular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Accessory meningeal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vidianβs nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vidianβs nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/keHFQtXBtJOf8D4MpC4g1740588774.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old man presents with numbness in his upper lip and cheek, along with difficulty sensing temperature changes, following a dental procedure. Through which of the following marked structures does the affected nerve pass?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. D", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JijuPlQsVT7WQMGt9yxN1740588815.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HSNEXeUGEpzHZisT95B41740589149.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen of Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">Cranial</span> Fossa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Passing through</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Rotundum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maxillary Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Ovale</strong><strong> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M</strong>andibular nerve</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>ccessory meningeal artery</li>\n<li><strong>L</strong>esser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> nerve</li>\n<li><strong>E</strong>missary vein</li>\n<li>Occasionally, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> trunk of the middle meningeal vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Spinosum </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M</strong>iddle meningeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein,</li>\n<li><strong>E</strong>missary vein</li>\n<li><strong>N</strong>ervus spinosus(Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Lacerum </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A triangular opening at the base of the skull, but in living individuals, it is filled with cartilage, and no major structures pass through it.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Foramen lacerum contributed by 3 bones-temporal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> and sphenoid</li>\n<li>The internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> traverse its superior end;</li>\n<li>The nerve to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> passes through its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall.</li>\n<li>The meningeal branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> pharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9645007d041692777187b068c06f7b\">emissary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> pass through it<strong>.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following contributes to the formation of the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lesser wing of the sphenoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maxilla", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Zygomatic bone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Greater wing of the sphenoid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Greater wing of the sphenoid", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MVGo3PSg98JxDHs6g2Ja1740589189.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qMWUIv6VCc3DXFhZ9egW1740589223.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/41QBGR95EgDd2C82Vd2h1740589272.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/x6EEtfMQduYK27mQNffA1740589310.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oRZD4OQYFgGXvhN47cvk1740589344.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25 y/o male presents to the emergency department after a road traffic accident. He was initially unconscious but regained full consciousness shortly afterward, reporting only a mild headache. On examination, the patient starts to experience drowsiness, and eventually loses consciousness again. A CT scan was performed, what is the most likely source of her bleeding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Emissary veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rupture of berry aneurysm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diploic veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle meningeal artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Middle meningeal artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tGDeezif9DrrN9oECklk1740589421.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tbWrReTLNwqzo6WqAAJg1740589470.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Urev80HqeW1ybMCWXZRC1740589509.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n23vT0adUSCF1fzOAF8C1740589540.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DnQ4sc4PeFqDIbl7QXhp1740589582.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9Zr0V45ptv2nIaANd9jL1740589628.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BSCrvO7aVbiqZxxerfu31740589685.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extradural</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subdural</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the skull bone and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d267c186cd16927771876d6cb7cd2d\">endosteal</span> layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> mater</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> mater</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle meningeal artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bridging veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Suture line</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Does not cross the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"90dcd6e02316927771990a5c253ff7\">suture</span> line</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"90dcd6e02316927771990a5c253ff7\">suture</span> line</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Classic manifestation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lucid interval</strong> and delayed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> that begins in the face and progresses to the lower body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The progress of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> is haphazard.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Appearance on CT</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>βBiconvexβ</strong> shaped hemorrhage</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"James Heilman, MD\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EpiduralHematoma.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"246\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/9Zr0V45ptv2nIaANd9jL1740589628.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β<strong>Crescentβ</strong> shaped hemorrhage</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Lucien Monfils\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ct-scan_of_the_brain_with_an_subdural_hematoma.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"239\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/BSCrvO7aVbiqZxxerfu31740589685.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old man with a history of poorly controlled hypertension presents with sudden severe headache, blurred vision, slurred speech, and right-sided weakness. A CT scan shows an acute haemorrhage in the basal ganglia. What is the most likely cause?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Berry aneurysm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mycotic aneurysm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ruptured arteriovenous malformation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "CharcotβBouchard aneurysm", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. CharcotβBouchard aneurysm", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/movPl9yu6oNRUIU5YExf1740589851.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5x8WoBo6n81bmK0HnMsN1740590023.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following combinations of structures passing through the posterior cranial fossa is incorrectly matched with their corresponding openings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinal cord, vertebral arteries β Foramen Magnum", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve β Jugular Foramen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve β Internal acoustic meatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve, emissary vein β Hypoglossal Canal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Spinal cord, vertebral arteries β Foramen Magnum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SsA2f2Z3ZC4aaRbEHIpa1740590638.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:646px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures passing through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Opening</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Magnum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medulla oblongata</li>\n<li>Meninges (dura, arachnoid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"556589a02516927771951f9bf061aa\">pia</span> mater)</li>\n<li>Vertebral arteries and veins</li>\n<li>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve (Spinal root ascends)</li>\n<li>Spinal arteries</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jugular Foramen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal nerve</li>\n<li>Vagus nerve</li>\n<li>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve (Cranial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> root)</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (exits skull here)</li>\n<li>Sigmoid sinus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54d290087e1692777180c6cc682930\">Acoustic</span> Meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Facial nerve</li>\n<li>Vestibulocochlear nerve</li>\n<li>Nervus intermedius</li>\n<li>Labyrinthine arteries and veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypoglossal Canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypoglossal nerve</li>\n<li>The meningeal branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> pharyngeal artery</li>\n<li>Emissary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> plexus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the course of the spinal accessory nerve is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Passes through the internal acoustic meatus before innervating the trapezius muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Exits the skull via the jugular foramen alongside the vagus nerve.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Passes through the foramen rotundum with the maxillary nerve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Originates from the dorsal horn of C1 to C5/6 spinal cord segments.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Exits the skull via the jugular foramen alongside the vagus nerve.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/07lPoM5PImuYyJ1ZWRpx1740590824.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin and Ascent within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from motor neurons in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> horn of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord (C1/2 to C5/6).</strong></li>\n<li>Rootlets combine to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve trunk, ascend within the vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and enter the skull through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> magnum,</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracranial Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inside the skull, the nerve turns upward and moves laterally toward the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> foramen.</li>\n<li><strong>Travels through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> in the same <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bec08dbe0c16927771864d7774d7b0\">dural</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve, separated by a fold of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> mater.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extracranial Course and Branching</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> foramen.</li>\n<li>Crossed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> as it descends obliquely, running <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">styloid</span> process, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb74018f561692777199b9f8cea159\">stylohyoid</span> muscle, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> belly of the digastric.</li>\n<li>Travels with the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf38dd1b416927771994e550b0d1e\">sternocleidomastoid</span> branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> to the upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf38dd1b416927771994e550b0d1e\">sternocleidomastoid</span> muscle and forms an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fb96d08421692777181e532c3c653\">anastomosis</span> with C2 and C3 nerve fibres.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Path to the Trapezius Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Emerges from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf38dd1b416927771994e550b0d1e\">sternocleidomastoid</span> muscle.</li>\n<li>Crosses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> of the neck, lying on top of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> scapulae and may divide into a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> on the deep surface of the trapezius muscle, receiving contributions from C2-C4.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sole motor supply to the <strong>sternocleidomastoid muscle </strong></li>\n<li>Provides motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <strong>upper and middle parts of the trapezius muscle.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient undergoes surgery for a suspected brain mass. During the operation, the surgeon identifies a dural fold extending between the cerebellum and the occipital lobes, creating a partition in the cranial cavity. Which dural fold is being described?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Falx cerebri", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Falx cerebelli", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diaphragma sellae", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tentorium cerebelli", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Tentorium cerebelli", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/n8lzETRZqfv0ypqupQuE1740590893.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following sinuses is NOT located between the meningeal and endosteal layers of the dura mater?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior sagittal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transverse sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior sagittal sinus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sigmoid sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior sagittal sinus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/32UNooBqigxcokvkoiaa1740590938.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xOTnVJKMu183XaiFjemW1740590966.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old female presents with double vision and drooping eyelids. An MRI reveals involvement of the cavernous sinus, prompting the neurologist to evaluate the cranial nerves associated with this structure. Which of the following nerves is not a content of the cavernous sinus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ophthalmic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maxillary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mandibular nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Mandibular nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/k4YWOns9Bo6FTeSgSas11740591018.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TNoyVcQwKiWg4J0vEmpP1740591047.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:635px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Optic chiasma, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> tract, internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eabd01cba8169277719581b5b4420b\">perforated</span> substance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Foramen lacerum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the body and greater wing of the sphenoid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pituitary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> (hypophysis cerebri), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> air sinus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temporal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (uncus), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe64013c57169277718385df27ef40\">cavum</span> trigeminale containing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> ganglion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the orbit.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a4a970c4b1692777184108b0b09c8\">cerebri</span> of the midbrain, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88225eeb1616927771954c1b0bc1e3\">petrous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:610px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures present in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures passing through the sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior to Inferior</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oculomotor nerve</li>\n<li>Trochlear nerve</li>\n<li>Ophthalmic nerve</li>\n<li>Maxillary nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">Carotid</span> Artery</strong>: Surrounded by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> nerve plexus.</li>\n<li><strong>Abducent Nerve</strong> runs alongside the artery. It is first involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> thrombosis. Thus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> is the earliest clinical sign observed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient presents with symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis, including severe headache, visual disturbances, and facial swelling. Which of the following is not a tributary of the cavernous sinus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior ophthalmic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior ophthalmic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deep facial vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphenoparietal sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Deep facial vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zJ704OgH9PQKKFSQjck51740591110.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7nKiGrHsTi3brzmWjkUc1740591149.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3N4hs0N3WaCpyWu1Ub6C1740591171.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:575px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Orbit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17d8978bd1692777197621051012f\">retina</span> (occasionally)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Meninges</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sphenoparietal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Brain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superficial middle cerebral vein</li>\n<li>A few <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> cerebral veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old patient is evaluated for chronic headaches and altered mental status. A CT scan reveals potential thrombosis in an unpaired dural sinus. Which of the following sinus is unpaired?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior sagittal sinus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sigmoid sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior petrosal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transverse sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superior sagittal sinus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BSlpU9mhG0BTzR45ry1V1740591285.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/A3RnQjFYnOY7SFRHTdWP1740591322.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unpaired Sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">Sagittal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located along the midline, running from the front of the skull to the back.</li>\n<li>It collects blood from the brain's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> structures.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">Sagittal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Runs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"635a7ea50e16927771944f08f17aed\">parallel</span> to the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> but is smaller and located lower.</li>\n<li>It drains blood from the deep structures of the brain.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straight Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and the great cerebral vein.</li>\n<li>It drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88204184f916927771840c8ffcea6b\">confluence</span> of sinuses.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occipital Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa, it drains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the brain.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aea7d5e4af169277719008b5a9e7d2\">Intercavernous</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Connects the two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinuses at the front, allowing for communication between them.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aea7d5e4af169277719008b5a9e7d2\">Intercavernous</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinuses at the back, also facilitating inter-sinus communication.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basilar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">Venous</span> Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Drains blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> and parts of the cerebellum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:711px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paired Sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located on either side of the brain, they drain blood from the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> sinuses.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuations of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinuses, curve down to drain into the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> veins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">Petrosal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88225eeb1616927771954c1b0bc1e3\">petrous</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone, they drain blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinuses.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">Petrosal</span> Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located near the base of the skull, they drain blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> directly into the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphenoparietal Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cavernous Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Paired structures located on either side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02db2e09e91692777198e14771cb3b\">sella</span> turcica &amp; contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves and the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Petrosquamous Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lies in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca48c27f751692777195bf6f82644a\">petrosquamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"90dcd6e02316927771990a5c253ff7\">suture</span> if present &amp; drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old child is brought to the pediatric clinic with symptoms of hydrocephalus and developmental delays. An MRI reveals a malformation of a vein associated with increased intracranial pressure. Which of the following veins primarily contributes to its formation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal cerebral veins", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basal veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior sagittal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Veins from the cerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Internal cerebral veins", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5XdsqsgVKr5dULFjspjm1740591447.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VTMnHMrwVDZcNbA0msUn1740591507.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j1hmHrMRcky90w8nwbSC1740591527.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 26 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Cranial Nerves And Cervical Plexus - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 27</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 27 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 32-year-old male presents with difficulty chewing and numbness on the right side of his jaw following a recent sports injury. Examination reveals weakened jaw clenching on the right and decreased sensation over the anterior cheek, but intact sensation in the lower lip. Which of the following nerves might be affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior division of mandibular nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior division of mandibular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maxillary nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anterior division of mandibular nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Lnr02dMzvkguinj1hoN1740665196.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Vh2yhrdFTpVPK8NIgS7O1740665223.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eNYrHg4lFrwdXHIJBW6m1740665246.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gTAyo9DtvSKgqgJath1Y1740665270.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/68TZ6C9QYW0Zc4o58xnf1740665292.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following cranial nerves does not receive motor fibers from the nucleus ambiguus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vagus nerve (X)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Accessory nerve (XI)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trigeminal nerve (V)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Trigeminal nerve (V)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fiAWwlbSTb3GUUrmQAei1740677173.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:D) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\"&gt;Trigeminal&lt;/span&gt; nerve (V)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old woman presents with unilateral facial pain and sensory loss on the left side of her face. Examination reveals that she cannot feel light touch, pain, or temperature on the left side, but her corneal reflex remains intact. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lesion of right mesencephalic nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesion of left mesencephalic nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesion of right spinal trigeminal nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesion of left spinal trigeminal nucleus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lesion of left spinal trigeminal nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pmicdpArDDeatS9HMPA61740665698.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesencephalic Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proprioception (position sense) </strong>of muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7beec9567a1692777191ec123e0989\">mastication</span> and jaw.<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> here would affect the <strong>jaw-jerk reflex.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">Sensory</span> Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> (light touch) and pressure sensations from the face.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Handles pain and temperature sensations from the face.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls muscles involved in chewing (mastication).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the role of the hypoglossal nerve from the olfactory nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The hypoglossal nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue, while the olfactory nerve mediates smell via the thalamus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The hypoglossal nerve is involved in motor control of the tongue, while the olfactory nerve mediates smell without synapsing in the thalamus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The hypoglossal nerve supplies the tongue and is part of the olfactory pathway.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both the hypoglossal and olfactory nerves are involved in taste and smell.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The hypoglossal nerve is involved in motor control of the tongue, while the olfactory nerve mediates smell without synapsing in the thalamus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1RE14Z6mY0MtePL80lle1740676970.jpg"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old patient presents with hoarseness and difficulty swallowing. Physical examination reveals a diminished gag reflex and weakened pharyngeal elevation during swallowing. Which of the following structures is not innervated by the affected nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Carotid body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stylopharyngeus muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parotid gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palatopharyngeus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Palatopharyngeus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/brpbgL1KEaro6DHjFK311740674037.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/D3VaVkKbgOHYf3VPD7Gd1740674075.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies<strong> </strong>Stylopharyngeus muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nucleus Ambiguous</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretomotor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">Parotid</span> gland</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb26affbb9169277719877fd91c6db\">Salivatory</span> Nucleus.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Taste sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> one-third of the tongue (including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08313988201692777201971a13ef32\">vallate</span> papillae)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65decc8b65169277720160605b350f\">Tractus</span> Solitarius.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Visceral Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carry pain, touch, and temperature sensations from the pharynx, tonsils, soft palate, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> one-third of the tongue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of the Vagus.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carry <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd38f5515716927771969b9fb17e95\">proprioceptive</span> sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb47b0fb851692777199a25b3b83cd\">stylopharyngeus muscle</span> and skin of the auricle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient presents with difficulty swallowing and a hoarse voice after recent neck surgery. What structure does the vagus nerve primarily run between as it descends in the neck?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal carotid artery and external jugular vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subclavian artery and internal thoracic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External carotid artery and internal jugular vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/T9sPDyNd4MOLcumXUTW71740674460.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38-year-old female with down-out and intorsion of the eye presents with worsening night vision, occasional headaches, and mild dizziness. Examination shows ptosis and a larger, non-reactive left pupil. Which of the following structures is the parasympathetic component of the affected nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oculomotor nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior colliculus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Red nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Else2zYWPQbiluwzKh7r1740674829.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3GqJJK5t5SJVwQAz6BPo1740674855.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SRcAqGVF6soUFBu78ci71740674910.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TekUfh4hWkxnEXzCr0Ad1740674994.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:687px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Oculomotor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of the cerebral peduncle).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"738\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Else2zYWPQbiluwzKh7r1740674829.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/3GqJJK5t5SJVwQAz6BPo1740674855.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oculomotor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (somatic component) </strong><strong>(Option B):</strong></p>\n<p>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> (GSE) fibres emerge from this site and supply -</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior division</strong>:\n\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f6407581c1692777194e86eb9904c\">palpebrae</span> superioris</li>\n<li>Superior rectus</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Inferior division</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Medial rectus</li>\n<li>Inferior rectus</li>\n<li>Inferior oblique</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Edinger-Westphal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (parasympathetic component) </strong><strong>(Option A):</strong></p>\n<p>General visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> (GVE) fibres arise from this site and supply:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sphincter pupillae</li>\n<li>Ciliaris</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/SRcAqGVF6soUFBu78ci71740674910.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with facial asymmetry and difficulty smiling. Upon examination, the physician suspects a lesion affecting the facial nerve.Where does the facial nerve divide into its five terminal branches within the parotid gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the stylomastoid foramen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Behind the neck of the mandible", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Near the spine of the sphenoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Within the middle ear", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Behind the neck of the mandible", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/y9T03XLP0EUVCphCXSfZ1740677407.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female presents with sharp, shooting pain and numbness in her forehead, upper eyelid, upper face, upper lip, and part of her cheek after a recent car accident. She has a diminished corneal reflex on the right side. Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve are affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "V1, V2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "V2, V3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "V1, V3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "V1, V2, V3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. V1, V2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i8XDm4uEYuK5JXCJaubY1740664826.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GeuaEHQXFNjRJjouIjGE1740664849.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E4b4cR7oxnEXAfP3MlXU1740664866.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tFKrBx22JQpcnXsUHmdL1740664883.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZKa9Wzr0XEE8F1iCml1M1740664929.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:766px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ophthalmic division (V1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Maxillary division (V2)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Mandibular division (V3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mixed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"242\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/GeuaEHQXFNjRJjouIjGE1740664849.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"369\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/E4b4cR7oxnEXAfP3MlXU1740664866.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"288\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/tFKrBx22JQpcnXsUHmdL1740664883.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frontal </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supratrochlear</li>\n<li>Supraorbital</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Nasociliary </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Branch to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> ganglion</li>\n<li>2β3 long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Posterior ethmoidal</li>\n<li>Infratrochlear</li>\n<li>Anterior ethmoidal</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Lacrimal: </strong>Branch to the upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"819ddea9e51692777187cdff06b437\">eyelid</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"591ff46f251692777198992363d6f3\">secretomotor</span> fibres to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> gland.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infraorbital</li>\n<li>Zygomaticofacial</li>\n<li>Zygomaticotemporal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental</li>\n<li>Buccal</li>\n<li>Auriculo-temporal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forehead</li>\n<li>Upper eyelids</li>\n<li>Root of nose</li>\n<li>Tip of nose</li>\n<li>Frontal air sinus</li>\n<li>Scalp</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lower eyelids</li>\n<li>Lateral sides of the nose</li>\n<li>Upper lip</li>\n<li>Cheek (upper part)</li>\n<li>Anterior part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> region</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lower lip</li>\n<li>Chin</li>\n<li>Lower teeth</li>\n<li>Lower part of the cheek</li>\n<li>Lateral side (Upper 2/3rd) of auricle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> region</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old female presents with drooping of her left eyelid, double vision, and a dilated, fixed left pupil. She also reports difficulty focusing on close objects and some mild forward projection of her left eye. Neurological examination reveals that the left eye is turned downward and outward. A CT scan shows no evidence of mass lesions or hemorrhage.Which of the following is most likely responsible for the patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Complete Oculomotor Nerve Palsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trochlear Nerve Palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abducens Nerve Palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Supranuclear Lesion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Complete Oculomotor Nerve Palsy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BLm9Je33qplCDntGHL4p1740677341.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked with the arrow and select which nerve root arises from it.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypoglossal nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sb38Iqy77w4PiNqmdESA1740677245.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/88MmG4nL80FyJxvZMgGG1740677280.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facial nerve (VII)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vagus nerve (X)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trochlear nerve (IV)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Trochlear nerve (IV)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement of cranial nerve nuclei from ventral to dorsal in the brainstem?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "General Visceral Efferent (GVE), General Visceral Afferent (GVA), Special Visceral Afferent (SVA), Special Somatic Afferent (SSA).", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "General Somatic Afferent (GSA), Special Somatic Afferent (SSA), General Visceral Efferent (GVE), General Somatic Efferent (GSE).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "General Somatic Efferent (GSE), Special Visceral Efferent (SVE), General Visceral Efferent (GVE), General Somatic Afferent (GSA).", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Special Visceral Afferent (SVA), Special Somatic Afferent (SSA), General Somatic Efferent (GSE), General Visceral Afferent (GVA).", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. General Visceral Efferent (GVE), General Visceral Afferent (GVA), Special Visceral Afferent (SVA), Special Somatic Afferent (SSA).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uz6wyKyzA55m6JksUtGN1740676509.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 54-year-old male presents with double vision and difficulty moving his left eye outward. Examination reveals the left eye is deviated medially with limited abduction. Which muscle is involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right medial rectus palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left medial rectus palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right lateral rectus palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left lateral rectus palsy", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Left lateral rectus palsy", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yOoxEv3JtfwOWJ8chWfj1740676079.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/985ocjy9U8qPZh1YWynj1740676353.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vVdbKViEYljdWTgkzd9q1740676376.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:690px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Abducens Nerve (cranial nerve VI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pons (lower border, opposite the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70469583201692777196a8f1c66bfc\">pyramid</span> of the medulla).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"636\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/985ocjy9U8qPZh1YWynj1740676353.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/vVdbKViEYljdWTgkzd9q1740676376.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> fibres</strong>: Arise from the <strong>abducent nucleu</strong>s in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> and supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> muscle of the eyeball.</li>\n<li><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> </strong>fibres carry <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd38f5515716927771969b9fb17e95\">proprioceptive</span> sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> and terminate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"722dfab4551692777192ec9f24aedf\">mesencephalic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> muscle of the eyeball</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical aspect </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesion or injury (elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd42e0ddad1692777190d18c595ec5\">intracranial</span> pressure) of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"493415137f1692777180adce8b5447\">abducens</span> nerve results in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> muscle, leading to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc4da2fb151692777180dc699ae203\">abduct</span> the eye</li>\n<li>Diplopia (double vision)</li>\n<li>Convergent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d366430b5169277719914874d78a5\">squint</span> (due to the unopposed action of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rectus) <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Below is an image of a transverse section of the lower pons, specifically at the level of the facial colliculus. Please identify the structures marked as \"X\" and \"Y.\"", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abducens nucleus and Facial nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facial nucleus and Abducens nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trigeminal nucleus and Vestibular nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibular nucleus and Trigeminal nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Abducens nucleus and Facial nucleus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aGg0OJ1rCxQolN8ZSwFd1740675934.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/23ZTETgDUlkdi2iQJO7O1740675958.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 29-year-old male presents with a head tilt and double vision that worsens when looking down, especially while reading or using his phone. Examination shows a significant limitation in the left eye's downward movement, extorsion of the eyeball, and a noticeable right head tilt. At what site does the decussation of the affected nerve occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Crus cerebri", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior colliculus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior medullary velum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Substantia nigra", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Superior medullary velum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iDNkW6yvoW738HFPxffJ1740675809.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CzLX8qjViiH66MyRJUUU1740675833.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ecowKqi1eennpDb506sF1740675857.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7HoKJ3xuvEkRyAxv5tqh1740675888.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:679px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> at the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> colliculus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special features </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve which emerges on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> aspect of the brain. </strong></li>\n<li><strong>The most slender nerve of all the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves. </strong></li>\n<li><strong>The smallest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve. </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve whose nuclear fibres <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1722010da31692777185c59eb4cd1d\">decussate</span> before emerging on the surface of the brain. </strong></li>\n<li>Nucleus receives only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a9105bf9e16927771859fd34af436\">corticonuclear</span> fibres.</li>\n<li>Phylogenetically, it is the nerve of the 3rd eye.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"545\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/iDNkW6yvoW738HFPxffJ1740675809.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/CzLX8qjViiH66MyRJUUU1740675833.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nuclei </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trochlear nucleus</strong> is situated in the ventromedial part of the central grey matter in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> at the level of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> colliculus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle of the eyeball.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trochlear nerve lesions/injury causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> muscle, presenting clinically as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Extorsion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53c6bebcbb169277718777b3fe0e5c\">eyeball</span> and weakness of downward gaze </strong>(difficulty while going downstairs or reading the newspaper)</li>\n<li><strong>Diplopia (double vision) </strong>occurs when the patient looks<strong> laterally and glances downward (there is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c77461be01692777184e67e678209\">compensatory</span> head tilt</strong> to the opposite side).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old male with diabetes arrives at the emergency department with sudden right-sided weakness and trouble speaking. His examination shows left-sided ptosis, the left eye in a \"down and out\" position, and right-sided paralysis of the lower face. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hornerβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Benediktβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parinaudβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Weberβs syndrome", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Weberβs syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZK1B5HNwqLNITA04yCdV1740675293.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient experiences numbness in the area around the neck following a cervical block performed for neck surgery. Which of the following is not a branch of the cervical plexus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Greater Auricular Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transverse Cutaneous Nerve of the Neck", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supraclavicular Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phrenic Nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Phrenic Nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/704fwc3MIaWzQ79I57sU1740674698.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bykNOPnwgLhzN9IfgKyr1740674722.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5IjHwxm1WGlUiQ5oLeIN1740674747.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old patient presents with difficulty swallowing and changes in voice quality. Upon examination, the physician suspects a neurological issue affecting the muscles of the larynx and pharynx. Which nucleus is responsible for the motor innervation of these muscles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal nucleus of the vagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nucleus ambiguus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nucleus tractus solitarius", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spinal nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Nucleus ambiguus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/v7sjGOb7CFesb9BtB95L1740674360.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yEML1AFerf2zVdaNALJj1740674398.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Functional Column</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supply muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynx</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nucleus Ambiguus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parasympathetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the heart, bronchial tree, and GIT</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of the Vagus</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Taste sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the tongue and epiglottis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65decc8b65169277720160605b350f\">Tractus</span> Solitarius</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Visceral Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Convey sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> membranes of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic/abdominal viscera</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65decc8b65169277720160605b350f\">Tractus</span> Solitarius &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">Dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of Vagus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carry sensations from the skin of the Auricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nerve <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old patient experiences redness and sweating in the right cheek while eating. Which of the following components is directly involved in the aberrant nerve regeneration causing these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Jacobsonβs nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Auriculotemporal preganglionic fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Auriculotemporal postganglionic fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sympathetic postganglionic fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Auriculotemporal postganglionic fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AQc0gIivzWxhsm9kIU9e1740674134.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of difficulty swallowing and loss of taste sensation from the posterior third of his tongue. On examination, there is a loss of the gag reflex on the right side. Further tests reveal decreased salivary secretion from the parotid gland. Given the clinical findings, which of the following structures is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Otic ganglion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Submandibular ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ciliary ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pterygopalatine ganglion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Otic ganglion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pSz9aRCa3N3NUplV5BUL1740673858.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zYcv4hb2QeCOcAjuGiBT1740673890.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0rIppRXecVJrzPCZuIaG1740673939.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TTinfkjGfEGV5sNKoCP91740673969.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Glossopharyngeal nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from the brainstem.</li>\n<li>Nuclei involved:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Nucleus ambiguus: Motor fibres.</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb26affbb9169277719877fd91c6db\">salivatory</span> nucleus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">Parasympathetic</span> fibers.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway/Exit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Travels between the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein.</li>\n<li>Exits the skull via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> foramen.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Parasympathetic fibres travel via the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> nerve.</li>\n<li>Synapse in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"975d3e6de41692777194588caf7b5e\">otic</span> ganglion.</li>\n<li>Postganglionic fibres from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"975d3e6de41692777194588caf7b5e\">otic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> innervate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Innervates the <strong>stylopharyngeus muscle.</strong></li>\n<li>Function: Elevates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> during swallowing.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> third of the tongue (taste and general sensation).</strong></li>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> (necessary for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9859613acd1692777187a2aaacae71\">gag</span> reflex).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Parasympathetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"591ff46f251692777198992363d6f3\">secretomotor</span> fibres to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland.</li>\n<li>Function: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3c45b71f616927771983a1da80a25\">Salivation</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with difficulty in smiling and closing eyelids on the right side. The patient does not have any history of recent trauma or infections. The image below shows the patient's face. Sensory function, including taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and sensation to light touch, appears intact. Which nerve column is primarily responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "General Somatic Efferent (GSE)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "General Visceral Efferent (GVE)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "General Somatic Afferent (GSA)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lf2jXR6rjCqedfn92fIJ1740665851.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Mqi5ZcWxI3X5LJeUAYls1740665926.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qFYmjplgHIkXFh7bob0i1740665989.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:506px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Column</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nucleus Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus Solitarius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carries taste sensations from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> two-thirds of the tongue via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2085e5a8be169277718425bdd931cb\">chorda</span> tympani branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb26affbb9169277719877fd91c6db\">salivatory</span> nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parasympathetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to glands (lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Visceral Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> in the pons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervates muscles derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb3fde922016927771830912ac2fcf\">branchial</span> (pharyngeal) arches.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Geniculate ganglion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from the skin (e.g., touch, pain).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old woman presents with excessive tearing while eating, which started a few months ago. Upon further questioning, she recalls having facial nerve palsy about a year ago, which has since improved. Based on this presentation, at what level of the facial nerve pathway did the injury most likely occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the level of the geniculate ganglion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the level of the chorda tympani", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the stylomastoid foramen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the level of the greater petrosal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. At the level of the geniculate ganglion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sC8kAWCyYeEMukVkP9Y91740665785.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:649px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Course of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> Nerve </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance </strong>(Topodiagnostic tests help in determining the location of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve lesion)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracranial (Cisternal)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Emerges from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> at the <strong>pontomedullary junction</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesions can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> weakness or paralysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Intratemporal</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meatal Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It enters the <strong>internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54d290087e1692777180c6cc682930\">acoustic</span> meatus</strong> with <strong>CN VII</strong>I and the <strong>nervus intermedius.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vulnerable to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> in <strong>acoustic neuromas.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Labyrinthine Segment (</strong>Most common site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve palsy.)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends from the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54d290087e1692777180c6cc682930\">acoustic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6da3f0528c1692777192e9b608d735\">meatus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> ganglion; limited blood supply.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage can affect taste and hearing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tympanic Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs horizontally through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74793d564816927771943ae4ba74b3\">oval</span> window and stapes.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injury in this segment may lead to altered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> function and hearing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mastoid Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longest segment; descends vertically through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> bone, giving off branches like the <strong>nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"392f0cadaf1692777199b8172a5962\">stapedius</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2085e5a8be169277718425bdd931cb\">chorda</span> tympani (anterior 2/3 tongue</strong>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injury can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve dysfunction, including Bell's palsy.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Extratemporal</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stylomastoid Foramen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It exits the skull and enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage here leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> muscle weakness but spares glands and taste.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parotid gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divides into <strong>temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> branches</strong> to innervate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> muscles.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The nerve passes through but <strong>does not</strong> innervate the parotid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve injury during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> surgery causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> paralysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:520px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Topodiagnostic tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Key points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Schirmer test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8d2e6b3a1692777191cfff333306\">lacrimation</span> indicates a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> ganglion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stapedial reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is lost in lesions above the nerve to stapedius.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Taste test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impairment of taste indicates a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2085e5a8be169277718425bdd931cb\">chorda</span> tympani.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submandibular salivary flow test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3c45b71f616927771983a1da80a25\">salivation</span> shows injury above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2085e5a8be169277718425bdd931cb\">chorda</span> tympani.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with difficulty chewing and pain near his temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after sustaining blunt trauma to the side of his face. Upon examination, there is tenderness over the ramus of the mandible. Which muscle is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Temporalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Masseter", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral Pterygoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medial Pterygoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Masseter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1K80qAlvWgJblsDs5BjU1740665463.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4IKwuwkk3cSzxb0RGx6l1740665490.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles of mandible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Masseter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covers the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0354d9311692777197f5d925a08c\">ramus</span> of the mandible</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevates</strong> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> for biting and chewing</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Mandibular branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve (CN V3)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temporalis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevates</strong> and <strong>retracts</strong> the mandible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Pterygoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1134ed2e169277719040dbf157ba\">infratemporal</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protracts</strong> and <strong>depresses </strong>the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> and moves it laterally.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Pterygoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It runs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"635a7ea50e16927771944f08f17aed\">parallel</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1aec0f96d16927771919a6ff1fa0e\">masseter</span> on the inner side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0354d9311692777197f5d925a08c\">ramus</span> of mandible.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevates </strong>and assists in <strong>protrusion</strong> of the mandible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old male presents with difficulty opening his mouth following a jaw injury. Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for opening the mouth?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Masseter", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Temporalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial pterygoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral pterygoid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lateral pterygoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vEdU1j0hqbityTxio5tO1740665348.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X45uJu8HiJhkFyOQ6x7I1740665386.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:560px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Principal muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Accessory muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporalis</li>\n<li>Masseter</li>\n<li>Lateral pterygoid</li>\n<li>Medial pterygoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Digastric</li>\n<li>Buccinator</li>\n<li>Mylohyoid</li>\n<li>Geniohyoid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:770px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Masseter</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial layer </strong>(largest): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfb2ffbd2616927772021c3bd61344\">Zygomatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (anterior 2/3rds of the lower border) and adjoining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfb2ffbd2616927772021c3bd61344\">zygomatic</span> process.</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Middle layer: </strong>Zygomatic arch<strong> </strong>(lower border of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> 1/3rd).</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Deep layer: </strong>Zygomatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (deep) surface.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial layer:</strong></p>\n<p>Ramus of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (lower part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> surface).</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Middle layer:</strong></p>\n<p>Ramus of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (central part).</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Deep layer: </strong></p>\n<p>Ramus of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (rest of the part)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Masseteric nerve (<strong>Anterior division </strong>of mandibular nerve)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elevates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (close the mouth).</strong></li>\n<li>Protrusion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temporalis</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> (excluding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfb2ffbd2616927772021c3bd61344\">zygomatic</span> bone)</li>\n<li>Temporal fascia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Coronoid process</li>\n<li>Ramus of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (anterior border).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> nerves (<strong>Anterior division</strong> of mandibular nerve)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (close the mouth)</li>\n<li>Side-to-side (grinding) movement</li>\n<li><strong>Retraction of mandible</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral pterygoid</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper head (smaller): </strong>Infratemporal surface and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of greater wing (sphenoid bone)</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Lower head (larger): </strong>lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> plate (lateral surface)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pterygoid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82c2ec751816927772034d164bf755\">fovea</span> (neck of mandible)</li>\n<li>Articular disc (anterior margin) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66f9c028981692777200c9ce0cd63f\">temporomandibular</span> joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A branch from the <strong>anterior division</strong> of the mandibular nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Depresses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (open the mouth)</strong></li>\n<li>Protrusion</li>\n<li>Turns chin to the opposite side (right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> turns chin to left)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial pterygoid</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial head: </strong>tuberosity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84514257721692777192f1748073bd\">maxilla</span> and adjoining bone</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Deep head: </strong>lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> plate (medial surface) and adjoining surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angle (rough area on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface) and adjoining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0354d9311692777197f5d925a08c\">ramus</span> of the mandible.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> (<strong>main trunk</strong> of the mandibular nerve)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> (close the mouth)</li>\n<li>Protrusion</li>\n<li>Grinding movement</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 48-year-old female with diabetes presents with severe, sharp right-sided facial pain triggered by light touch, along with numbness and tingling. Examination shows hyperesthesia and decreased sensation on the right side. Which of the following structures is most likely involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinal nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Motor nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesencephalic nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Principal sensory nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Spinal nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4B5UhKtC2Xm5wbzFWGxw1740665081.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n86MEjAxfhJaSEkYgNQY1740665110.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yTXEq8LLZxTzur6ok4M51740665142.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:710px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of Vth nerve</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of Vth nerve </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesencephalic nucleus</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers conveying pain and temperature sensations from the majority of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> area <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a0ce16121692777199554dcff349\">synapse</span> at this location.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers transmitting touch and pressure sensations <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a0ce16121692777199554dcff349\">synapse</span> in this nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> extends into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> and receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd38f5515716927771969b9fb17e95\">proprioceptive</span> impulses from the muscles of mastication, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66f9c028981692777200c9ce0cd63f\">temporomandibular</span> joint, and the teeth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:732px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the Vth nerve</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>These fibres supply the muscles derived from the first pharyngeal arch, namely the<strong> muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> belly of the digastric, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> palatini </strong>and <strong>the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> tympani.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old woman presents with sudden numbness, tingling, heaviness, dull pain, and heightened sensitivity on the right side of her face. Examination shows reduced sensation in the right maxillary and mandibular areas, with intact motor function and no other deficits. From which location does the affected cranial nerve emerge?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Midbrain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cerebrum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pons", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medulla oblongata", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GZFKqXjuOZSoJgFaksYq1740664984.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/T6uHJBVXQJgtaGkG3a9J1740665020.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 37 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Pharyngeal Arches Pouches And Clefts - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 12</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which among the following are Skeletal derivatives of 3rd pharyngeal arch? Greater cornu of hyoid Stylohyoid ligament Lesser cornu of hyoid Upper half of body of hyoid Lower half of body of hyoid", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All the above", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 and 5", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1 and 5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skeletal derivatives</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24f587bae816927771855c97872891\">cornu</span> of hyoid</li>\n<li>Lower half of body of hyoid</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stylopharyngeus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the events in the development of the thyroid gland in the correct sequence: Fusion with caudal pharyngeal complex Formation of pharyngeal arches Thyroglossal duct formation Tuberculum impar is formed", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2,4,3,1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,3,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4,3,2,1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3,1,2,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 2,4,3,1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hsGvpU9o3AF648MAqs2n1740584971.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0jseI0ht2PObUfi8Oj2Z1740584997.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements on double aortic arch is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dyspnea and dysphagia are symptoms", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Compression of esophagus and trachea", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right dorsal aorta is persisted", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right aortic arch passes in front of the trachea and esophagus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right aortic arch passes in front of the trachea and esophagus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gJdfAVITLXyNsIyDLBRD1740585172.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arch Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adult Derivative</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maxillary artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stapedial artery</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arch of the aorta</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sixth Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulmonary arteries</li>\n<li>Ductus arteriosus (which becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d5162a2816927771918bfaa5d7ec\">ligamentum</span> arteriosum)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which pharyngeal arch primarily contributes to the development of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First pharyngeal arch", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Second pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Third pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fourth pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. First pharyngeal arch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6m4GiCdEby7h3Fe4CJEH1740585230.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 4-year-old child presents with recurrent infections and signs of hypocalcemia. Investigation shows low levels of parathyroid hormone. The physician suspects an embryological defect. Which among the following could be a possible reason?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Defect in the development of 1st pharyngeal pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Defect in the development of 2nd pharyngeal pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Defect in the development of 3rd pharyngeal pouch", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Defect in the development of 5th pharyngeal pouch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Defect in the development of 3rd pharyngeal pouch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iMg72BkkwbL0elbC6JdB1740584857.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pharyngeal arches, clefts and pouches</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal arches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pharyngeal arches are key structures in head and neck development, appearing in the fourth and fifth weeks as mesenchymal tissue bars.</li>\n<li>They resemble gills but do not function as such in humans.</li>\n<li>Pharyngeal arches are divided by pharyngeal clefts on the outside and pharyngeal pouches on the inside.</li>\n<li>Pharyngeal pouches develop as outpocketings from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> walls of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> and do not connect to the exterior, playing crucial roles in organ development.</li>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> incorporates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> cells essential for forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70f596ae8f16927771983211d9e56f\">skeleton</span> components, while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> differentiates into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> and neck musculature.</li>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> has its own <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve and artery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Pouches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Four Pairs (fifth is rudimentary)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>First Pouch</strong>: Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22053f7eef1692777187c1142bad20\">Eustachian</span> tube, contributesΒ to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane.</li>\n<li><strong>Second Pouch</strong>: Develops into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> tonsils; remnants persist as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> fossa.</li>\n<li><strong>Third Pouch:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">Dorsal</span> wing becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> gland; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> wing forms the thymus, migrating to the thorax.</li>\n<li><strong>Fourth Pouch</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">Dorsal</span> region forms the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> gland; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> region becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9ad79d8c41692777201a188af477a\">ultimobranchial</span> body, integrating into the thyroid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Clefts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Five-week-old Embryo: Four clefts are present.</li>\n<li><strong>First Cleft:</strong> Does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6da3f0528c1692777192e9b608d735\">meatus</span> (EAM); instead, the EAM arises from surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f139512f501692777186662f1b44ee\">ectoderm</span> invagination. It eventually disappears due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2840cd55771692777194448139206d\">overgrowth</span> by the second arch.</li>\n<li><strong>Second, Third, and Fourth Clefts:</strong> Overgrown by the second arch, they lose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f76fd8a55516927771876551f85a25\">exterior</span> contact and may temporarily <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> sinus, which ultimately disappears.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles of the first pharyngeal arch are migratory? Mylohyoid Masseter Temporalis Tensor tympani Tensor palati", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All the above", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "All except 5 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All except 4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All except 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary (Sensory) and mandibular (Motor and sensory) branches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Meckel's cartilage</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Malleus</li>\n<li>Incus</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of malleus</li>\n<li>Sphenomandibular ligament</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Mandible</li>\n<li>Maxilla</li>\n<li>Zygomatic</li>\n<li>Palatine</li>\n<li>Temporal (part)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masseter</li>\n<li>Temporalis</li>\n<li>Medial pterygoid</li>\n<li>Lateral pterygoids</li>\n<li>Mylohyoid</li>\n<li>Anterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Tensor tympani, and</li>\n<li>Tensor palati</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>All are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ee3e4a7a81692777192f6d4d042a9\">migratory</span> except T. tympani<strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:553px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pharyngeal arch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masseter</li>\n<li>Temporalis</li>\n<li>Medial pterygoid</li>\n<li>Lateral pterygoids</li>\n<li>Mylohyoid</li>\n<li>Anterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Tensor tympani, and</li>\n<li>Tensor palati</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Second</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stapedius</li>\n<li>Stylohyoid</li>\n<li>Posterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Epicranius</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oculi</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oris</li>\n<li>Zygomaticus</li>\n<li>Buccinator</li>\n<li>Nasal muscles</li>\n<li>Platysma</li>\n<li>Levator labii superioris, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> labii inferioris</li>\n<li>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3a4dc0d2d16927771811c069bbe7d\">anguli</span> oris</li>\n<li>Auricular muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Third</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stylopharyngeus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fourth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>LarynxβCricothyroid</li>\n<li>Muscles of pharynx</li>\n<li>Intrinsic muscles of soft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0f278b4b416927771943c92485603\">palate</span> except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> palati</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sixth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> except cricothyroid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following are formed from Reichert's cartilage? Stapes Styloid process Stylohyoid ligament Lesser cornu of hyoid Upper half of body of hyoid", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All the above", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "All except 5 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All except 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. All the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skeletal derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hyoid artery</li>\n<li>Stapedial artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> of the second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (Reichertβs) forms the following:<strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stapes</li>\n<li>Styloid process</li>\n<li>Stylohyoid ligament</li>\n<li>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24f587bae816927771855c97872891\">cornu</span> of hyoid</li>\n<li>Upper half of body of hyoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stapedius</li>\n<li>Stylohyoid</li>\n<li>Posterior belly of digastric</li>\n<li>Epicranius</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oculi</li>\n<li>Orbicularis oris</li>\n<li>Zygomaticus</li>\n<li>Buccinator</li>\n<li>Nasal muscles</li>\n<li>Platysma</li>\n<li>Levator labii superioris, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> labii inferioris</li>\n<li>Levator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3a4dc0d2d16927771811c069bbe7d\">anguli</span> oris</li>\n<li>Auricular muscles</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>All are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ee3e4a7a81692777192f6d4d042a9\">migratory</span> except stapedius, stylohyoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following pharyngeal arch to its corresponding nerve and artery derivatives. Arch Nerve of arch Artery of arch 1) Fourth a) Superior laryngeal nerve (Vagus) i) Arch of aorta ii) Subclavian artery 2) Sixth b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus) iii) Ductus arteriosus iv) Pulmonary artery", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - a - i and iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 - b - iii and iv", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - a - i and ii", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Option B and C", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Option B and C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skeletal derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles of arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior laryngeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> (left side)</li>\n<li>Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroid</li>\n<li>Cricoid</li>\n<li>Corniculate</li>\n<li>Cuneiform</li>\n<li>Arytenoid</li>\n<li>Thyrohyoid ligament</li>\n<li>Epiglottis: From mesodermal core of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3169c09a116927771893e69784932\">hypobranchial</span> eminence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Larynx: Cricothyroid</li>\n<li>Muscles of pharynx</li>\n<li>Intrinsic muscles of soft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0f278b4b416927771943c92485603\">palate</span> except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> palati</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sixth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Recurrent laryngeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ductus arteriosus (left side)</li>\n<li>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> except cricothyroid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the pharyngeal arches to the nerves arising from it. Pharyngeal arch Nerve a. First 1. Facial nerve b. Second 2. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Third 3. Chorda tympani d. Sixth 4. Recurrent laryngeal nerve", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tj6iXHX7IpgReVLSjEIo1740584913.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:513px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pretrematic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Post Trematic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chorda tympani </strong>(branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary (sensory) and mandibular (motor &amp; sensory) branches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve (CN V)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Possible: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">Tympanic</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve (CN IX)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facial nerve </strong>(CN VII)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Possible: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">Auricular</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve (CN X)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glossopharyngeal nerve</strong> (CN IX)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fourth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior laryngeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve (CN X)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sixth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recurrent laryngeal </strong>branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve (CN X)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the correct pairing of the pharyngeal pouch with its derivative?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1st pharyngeal pouch-Thymus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2nd pharyngeal pouch-Tonsillar fossa", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3rd pharyngeal pouch-Auditory tube", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4th pharyngeal pouch-Palatine tonsil", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch-Tonsillar fossa", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1st Pharyngeal Pouch</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tympanic cavity</li>\n<li>Auditory tube</li>\n<li>Inner surface of the eardrum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2nd Pharyngeal Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Palatine tonsil</li>\n<li><strong>Tonsillar fossa</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd Pharyngeal Pouch</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thymus</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4th Pharyngeal Pouch</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands</li>\n<li>Thyroid gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the pharyngeal arch with the artery developing from it Pharyngeal arch Artery a. First 1. Hyoid artery b. Second 2. Maxillary artery c. Third 3. Arch of aorta d. Fourth 4. Internal carotid artery", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CB33SpRQMjIlpqZtSB231740585065.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pharyngeal Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Artery of Arch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maxillary artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyoid artery</strong>, Stapedial artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, <strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> </strong>(left side), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">Subclavian</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sixth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ductus arteriosus (left side), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves provides general sensation to the area of the tongue marked in blue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lingual nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lingual nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MTWF0pRddQ85mUCB1lHc1740585283.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Bl5y1tcPqKmGjkhnGSib1740585319.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of Tongue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>General Sensation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taste Sensation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior two-third</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trigeminal nerve (V3) (specifically the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> branch)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chorda tympani branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve (CN VII)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior one-third</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Root of the tongue and the area around the epiglottis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vagus nerve (CN X)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vagus nerve (CN X)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Pharynx Esophagus And Larynx - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 22</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 22 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the histology of the esophagus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The upper third consists of smooth muscle, and the lower third is composed of striated muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The adventitia is made up of dense connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The middle third contains a mix of striated and smooth muscle fibers.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The entire esophagus is lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The middle third contains a mix of striated and smooth muscle fibers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/u7soh9CvNhJxmXAp2po81740639064.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following is the correct pairing of the part of the larynx to the structure from which it is derived?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epiglottis-4th pharyngeal arch", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cricoid cartilage-5th pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intrinsic muscles-7th pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cricothyroid muscle-5th pharyngeal arch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Epiglottis-4th pharyngeal arch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:678px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Derivation/Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lining Epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from endoderm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cartilages</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Epiglottis</strong>, thyroid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cd19952761692777185af9b7666f0\">cuneiform</span> cartilages:<strong> Derived from 4th pharyngeal arch</strong></li>\n<li>Cricoid, arytenoid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"feec708d7f16927771857d15026de2\">corniculate</span> cartilages: Derived from 6th pharyngeal arch</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb3fde922016927771830912ac2fcf\">branchial</span> mesoderm</p>\n<ul>\n<li>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscles:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Develops from the 6th pharyngeal arch</li>\n<li>Supplied by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Cricothyroid muscle:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Develops from the 4th pharyngeal arch</li>\n<li>Supplied by external laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures of the larynx have seromucous glands? False vocal cord True vocal cord Ventricle Saccule", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 and 3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:632px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Histological Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>False Vocal Cord </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Columnar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> respiratory-type <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> with <strong>seromucous glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>True Vocal Cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respiratory-type columnar epithelium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Saccule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respiratory-type <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ff554096316927771851cc310435e\">columnar epithelium</span> with <strong>seromucous glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 58-year-old male patient presents with difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and nasal regurgitation of food. He also reports that his speech has become nasal and less clear. On examination, you notice that his soft palate does not elevate properly during swallowing, and there is an abnormal ridge in the nasopharynx. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Paralysis of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Weakness of the levator veli palatini muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dysfunction of the palatopharyngeus muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Paralysis of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ssxa2hfndplPHwPjRJgh1740642021.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mark the false statement about the structure being palpated here", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Blood supply is by superior thyroid artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extends from C6-T6 in standing position", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left recurrent laryngeal nerve lies posterior to it", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Blood supply is by superior thyroid artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fJ20N12LjVyZXyaZzLtJ1740641839.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OFCw41J9xBXlUlqTeHup1740641696.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0t2dhnM0fb0hj22PArrh1740641755.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ebd78bd471692777200ede69e8ed1\">trachea</span> is a flexible fibrocartilaginous tube forming the start of the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> tract, supported by <strong>16β20 C-shaped <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2ce88e8a0169277718988f5bc31b8\">hyaline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> rings</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ebd78bd471692777200ede69e8ed1\">trachea</span> remains open due to these <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> rings, while the gap between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> ends is bridged by smooth muscle (trachealis) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d095de3b7216927772020023e8689e\">fibroelastic</span> ligament, allowing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> expansion during swallowing.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends from the <strong>lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> (C6 vertebra) to the lower border of the T4 vertebra. </strong></li>\n<li>The upper half lies in the neck (cervical part)</li>\n<li>Lower half in the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be2aea1ed01692777192b46ee482a3\">mediastinum</span> (thoracic part).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Variations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cadaver (supine): C6 to T4</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Living (standing): </strong>C6 to T6 <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Newborns:</strong> C6 to T3</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dimensions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Length: </strong>10β12 cm</li>\n<li><strong>External diameter:</strong> 2 cm (males), 1.5 cm (females)</li>\n<li><strong>Internal diameter:</strong> 12 mm (adults), 3 mm (newborns)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Begins as a continuation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> at the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> (C6 vertebra), descends behind the manubrium, and bifurcates into two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a371bd76e16927771835d6c738d1d\">bronchi</span> at the lower border of T4, slightly to the right.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arch of aorta</li>\n<li>Brachiocephalic trunk</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esophagus</li>\n<li><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Vertebral column</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Right:</strong> Azygous vein</li>\n<li><strong>Left:</strong> Arch of aorta, Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> vein, Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> nerve</li>\n<li><strong>On either sides: </strong>Lung and pleura, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Histology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mucosa is lined by <strong>pseudostratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ff554096316927771851cc310435e\">columnar epithelium</span> </strong>with goblet cells <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2308_The_Trachea-b.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"344\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/OFCw41J9xBXlUlqTeHup1740641696.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arterial supply: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Venous drainage: Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> vein</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatic drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pretracheal and paratracheal nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Patient who had suspected lung pathology was advised to undergo CT chest. While analysing the CT images, what vertebral level could this image likely correspond to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "T5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. T4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aWZVeN4I2Od2jBRWS42n1740641097.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OPUg4XcGWIEyGqSu6E821740641177.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HXMGwtwwlAmBsXWetCPy1740641223.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H11KK6BdzTpdTTQf3Rak1740641286.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/83EkTdqIFb4wisjP1ehe1740641382.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uOdSn3iw1fTXV3UMyqOr1740641424.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SMr3VzjbPl96ynoeRjw21740641467.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lJQIoNvKe802CHtGqJ261740641505.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dtmsrTKLNID8TgpO6lSh1740641598.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vertebral level</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cricoid cartilage</li>\n<li>End of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> &amp; pharynx</li>\n<li>Beginning of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> &amp; trachea</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tracheal bifurcation</li>\n<li>Sternal angle (Angle of Louis)</li>\n<li><strong>Arch of aorta</strong></li>\n<li>Azygous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> drains into SVC</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>T4</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Openings of diaphragm:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IVC opening</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T8</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esophageal hiatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T10</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic hiatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T12</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Constrictions of esophagus:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pharyngo-esophageal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> (cervical)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> crossing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T4</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crossing of Left principal bronchus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T6</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diaphragm opening</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T10</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are true about structures related to the extent of larynx except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extent of larynx in adult female is C3-C6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bifurcation of common carotid occurs at superior border of thyroid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cricoid is the lowermost cartilage of larynx", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extent of larynx in children is C1-C4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Extent of larynx in adult female is C3-C6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZMV1PVICqZpgAbiKsE0S1740640960.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:244px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adult male</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C3-C6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adult female</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C1-C4</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Children</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C1-C4</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:618px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Infant Larynx</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Adult Larynx</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superiorly placed (C1-C4)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd -6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c0b99fa0816927772010e947b4ef6\">vertebrae</span> (C3-C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epiglottis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Omega shaped, floppy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leaf like</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Narrowest area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subglottis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glottis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submucosal tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More abundant</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less abundant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Choose the appropriate set of incorrect statement(s) about the course of the marked nerve in image 1) Left sided nerve loops around arch of aorta 2) Travels anterior to the lung hilum 3) Originates from the lateral aspect of medulla 4) Runs within the carotid sheath with IJV laterally and ICA medially 5) Right nerve has a longer course than the Left.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,4,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,5", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2,5", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2AdOYpTXJ5AHPdIvwPc01740640243.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RlVjkLPTDWJ4fos9bEFv1740640599.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hZfaVCBenlGusKVf3LqO1740640789.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sjM1QQUNc2LWHnR1A2fh1740640877.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin and common course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Exits from the <strong>lateral aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> </strong><strong>(Statement 3)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a455fdae721692777196a0fb2f8c30\">pontomedullary</span> junction, and leaves the skull through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> foramen.</li>\n<li>Runs within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> with<strong> IJV laterally and ICA medially </strong><strong>(Statement 4)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>The right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> has a shorter course than the Left</strong><strong> </strong><strong>(Statement 5)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"333\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/hZfaVCBenlGusKVf3LqO1740640789.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior Laryngeal Nerve:</strong> Emerges in the neck and supplies the larynx, divides further into\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Internal laryngeal nerve:</strong>Β Responsible for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f02e74e821692777185a0c005c508\">cough</span> reflex</li>\n<li><strong>External laryngeal nerve:</strong>Β Supplies theΒ <strong>Cricothyroid</strong> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ascend from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> on the right and aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> on the left</li>\n<li>Supplies <strong>all muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> except the cricothyroid</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arterial supply of larynx is by", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior laryngeal artery- branch of superior thyroid artery &amp;amp; inferior laryngeal artery- branch of inferior thyroid artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both superior and inferior laryngeal artery - branch of inferior thyroid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both superior and inferior laryngeal artery - branch of superior thyroid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior laryngeal artery- branch of subclavian artery &amp;amp; inferior laryngeal artery- branch of inferior thyroid artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superior laryngeal artery- branch of superior thyroid artery &amp; inferior laryngeal artery- branch of inferior thyroid artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FmkjNvPNzBBYrGxppoPs1740640134.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Arterial supply:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Branch of</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior laryngeal artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (branch of External carotid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior laryngeal artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (branch of Thyrocervical trunk)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cricothyroid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (occasionally)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (branch of External carotid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rima glottidis: </strong>Has<strong> dual blood supply </strong>(from both superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> laryngeal)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Venous drainage:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Drains into</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior laryngeal vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> β Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior laryngeal vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> β Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">Brachiocephalic</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the structure marked as X in the laryngoscopy diagram given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corniculate cartilage", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyroid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cricoid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arytenoid cartilage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Corniculate cartilage", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vnTXGoTg3xZnOQU1w8yn1740640516.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W12HbnCb3Xs78fFU7pWu1740640059.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the intrinsic muscles of the vocal cord with its function Function Muscle a. Abduct the vocal cords 1. Aryepiglottic b. Tense the vocal cords 2. Posterior cricoarytenoid c. Close the inlet of the larynx 3. Cricothyroid d. Open inlet of larynx 4. Thyroepiglotticus", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a2,b3,c1,d4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "a1,b2,c3,d4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a4,b3,c2,d1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a3,b1,c2,d4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. a2,b3,c1,d4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/n7eWlAwPeIkDjJwUUBFa1740639813.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:719px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Abduct the vocal cords</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior cricoarytenoids</strong> (safety muscle of larynx)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduct the vocal cords</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral cricoarytenoids</li>\n<li>Transverse arytenoid</li>\n<li>Cricothyroids (tuning fork of larynx)</li>\n<li>Thyroarytenoids</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tense the vocal cords</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cricothyroids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relax the vocal cords</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroarytenoids</li>\n<li>Vocalis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Close the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42380fc2fb169277719066eff35739\">inlet</span> of the larynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oblique arytenoids</li>\n<li><strong>Aryepiglottic</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Open the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42380fc2fb169277719066eff35739\">inlet</span> of the larynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroepiglotticus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following cartilages of the larynx is paired?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cricoid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epiglottis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arytenoid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Arytenoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LQccuvZlhoUG1hoZWf5P1740639666.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Shape</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V-shaped in cross-section, with right and left laminae</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laminae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Roughly quadrilateral</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Borders</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Approach at an angle of about 90Β° in males, 120Β° in females.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laryngeal Prominence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the lower parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> borders.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroid Notch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separates the upper parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> borders.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Cornua (Horns)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connected to the greater cornua of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e441c1e2d16927771892158232a2c\">hyoid</span> bone by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28dda8ac016927772002610f0ea78\">thyrohyoid</span> ligament.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Cornua (Horns)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Articulates with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> cartilage, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebe088dd1e1692777185885b701072\">cricothyroid</span> joint.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "From the sagittal section of the larynx given below, identify the part marked as X.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cricoid cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arytenoid cartilage", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cuneiform cartilage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Arytenoid cartilage", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VxR7a4M4Bz7rrHs8L8Rh1740639364.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the structures of the pharynx in the correct sequential order from innermost to outermost.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mucosa, Submucosa, Buccopharyngeal fascia, Pharyngobasilar fascia, Muscular coat", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular coat, Buccopharyngeal fascia, Pharyngobasilar fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mucosa, Submucosa, Pharyngobasilar fascia, Muscular coat, Buccopharyngeal fascia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mucosa, Submucosa, Buccopharyngeal fascia, Muscular coat, Pharyngobasilar fascia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Mucosa, Submucosa, Pharyngobasilar fascia, Muscular coat, Buccopharyngeal fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uwkI0Pl2q7n8te5C8SqM1740638462.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6auM15zb1OFHrOfpb9RT1740638527.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:692px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pharynx- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e99effc421692777181b02606e021\">Anatomy</span> and parts</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Muscular tube located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx, serving as a passage for both air and food.</li>\n<li>Approximately 12 cm long, widest at the top, and narrowest at the bottom.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries of the Pharynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superiorly</strong>: Base of the skull</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f4cb0ade16927771940b83eacc37\">Oesophagus</span> (at the level of the sixth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> vertebra)</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">Prevertebral</span> fascia</li>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">Nasal</span> cavity, oral cavity, and larynx</li>\n<li><strong>Laterally</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">Styloid</span> process, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> arteries, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parts of the Pharynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nasopharynx</strong>: Behind the nose, connects to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> via the pharyngotympanic tube. Primarily located at the C1 vertebral levels.</li>\n<li><strong>Oropharynx</strong>: Behind the oral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> and corresponds to the C2 to upper part of C3 vertebral levels.</li>\n<li>Laryngopharynx: Behind the larynx, it extends from the upper border of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7056fd87c916927771872a0a0c6ece\">epiglottis</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> cartilage's lower border. It corresponds to the C3 to C6 vertebral levels.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/6auM15zb1OFHrOfpb9RT1740638527.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure of the Pharynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mucosa</strong>: Innermost layer.</li>\n<li><strong>Submucosa</strong>: Beneath the mucosa.</li>\n<li><strong>Pharyngobasilar fascia</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">Fibrous</span> sheet thickest in the upper part, fills gap between the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">constrictor</span> and the skull.</li>\n<li><strong>Muscular coat</strong>: Outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> and inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> layers.</li>\n<li><strong>Buccopharyngeal fascia</strong>: Covers the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">constrictor</span> muscles and extends forward to cover the buccinator.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and is scheduled for an oesophagoscopy. During the procedure, the gastroenterologist must navigate the natural constrictions of the esophagus. At approximately 27.5 cm from the patient's incisor teeth, which anatomical structure is causing the narrowing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cricopharyngeus muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aortic arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left main bronchus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diaphragmatic hiatus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Left main bronchus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fIEEHQ204v6s217LVmnD1740639285.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old male presents with difficulty swallowing and occasional regurgitation of undigested food. A barium swallow study is shown below. Esophageal manometry reveals impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). What is the most likely underlying cause of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of parasympathetic innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerves", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nerves from the upper thoracic ganglia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Degeneration of the esophageal plexus affecting peristalsis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Overactivity of the middle cervical ganglion fibres", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Degeneration of the esophageal plexus affecting peristalsis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jUZMRPE9b7ngq6ox8gQG1740639171.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lymphatics and nerve supply of esophagus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatic Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> varies by region</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Cervical esophagus: Drains into the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes.</li>\n<li>Thoracic esophagus: Drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes.</li>\n<li>Abdominal esophagus: Drains into the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Each section's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> fluid is directed to nodes located in the neck, thorax, and upper abdomen.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The nerve supply of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> involves both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> systems, enabling the control of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1788e0d4301692777199d457616bd4\">swallowing</span> and peristalsis.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parasympathetic nerves:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Recurrent laryngeal nerves: Innervate the upper esophagus.</li>\n<li>Esophageal plexus: Derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve, it supplies the lower esophagus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Sympathetic nerves:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> ganglion: Provides fibers that accompany the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> arteries to the upper esophagus.</li>\n<li>Upper four <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> ganglia: Supply the lower esophagus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> coordinates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d8ba3cb3169277719543eceaf072\">peristalsis</span> and regulates the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (LES), preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"def94cc96d16927771970d1a5cfb71\">reflux</span> of stomach acid.</li>\n<li>Disorders such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b032d2af58169277718080a9060b14\">achalasia</span> cardia, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a16e8c6941692777191cdd86f5bc5\">LES</span> fails to relax, can cause difficulty in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1788e0d4301692777199d457616bd4\">swallowing</span> and food buildup in the esophagus. It occurs due to the absence of nerve cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> wall.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 48 year old male with a long-standing history of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis presents to the ER department with hematemesis. On examination, icterus is seen and the abdomen is distended. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy confirms the presence of bleeding oesophageal varices at the lower end of the oesophagus. Which of the following vessels is primarily responsible for creating the portosystemic anastomoses that lead to the development of these varices?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior phrenic veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left gastric vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Brachiocephalic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal thoracic vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Left gastric vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Blood supply and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> of esophagus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b905d8d51416927771821f9cceb3a3\">arterial blood</span> primarily from branches of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery.</li>\n<li>Additionally, different parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> are supplied by:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Cervical esophagus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> arteries.</li>\n<li>Thoracic esophagus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">Esophageal</span> branches of the aorta.</li>\n<li>Abdominal esophagus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">Esophageal</span> branches of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Venous Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> drains into both the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> systems, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2218202be1692777196fa2a021f5e\">portosystemic</span> anastomoses.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Upper esophagus: Veins drain into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> veins. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Middle esophagus: Veins drain into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e415033a51692777182914ea1a92e\">azygos</span> veins.</li>\n<li>Lower esophagus: Veins drain into both the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (portal system) and the azygos/hemiazygos veins (systemic system). <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2218202be1692777196fa2a021f5e\">portosystemic</span> anastomoses at the lower end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> are crucial in conditions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> hypertension.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> hypertension, the pressure in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> system increases (commonly due to liver disease), causing the anastomoses to dilate.</li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d141b433d2169277718681e3ff6bc3\">dilation</span> leads to the formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> varices, which are fragile and can rupture, resulting in life-threatening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> (haematemesis).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the course of the esophagus in thorax and abdomen. The esophagus begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. The esophagus enters the abdomen at the level of the T10 vertebra. The esophagus ends at the cardiac end of the stomach at T11 vertebra. The thoracic esophagus passes through the anterior mediastinum.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only 1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "All except 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "All except 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "All the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. All except 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:600px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Course of esophagus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Begins at the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> cartilage, connecting to the lower end of the pharynx. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course in the Neck</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels downward in front of the vertebral column.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through the superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be2aea1ed01692777192b46ee482a3\">mediastinum</span> in the thorax. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diaphragmatic Passage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d39e7332f61692777189b4b278093d\">hiatus</span> at the level of T10 vertebra, slightly left of the midline. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Abdominal Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> esophagus, approximately 1.25 cm long, moves downward and left.</li>\n<li>Lies in front of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653381031a1692777185f2d7287a66\">crus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b42867b61169277718692205c2447\">diaphragm</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> surface of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> of the liver.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Termination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ends at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> end of the stomach at T11 vertebra, about 2.5 cm to the left of the midline. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oesophageal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d39e7332f61692777189b4b278093d\">hiatus</span> transmits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> nerves, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> branches of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> artery, and veins.</li>\n<li>Veins draining the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2218202be1692777196fa2a021f5e\">portosystemic</span> anastomoses, creating connections between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> systems.</li>\n<li>Portal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45372f6c361692777189ff3209e642\">hypertension</span> can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> varices, which may <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> and lead to haematemesis (severe bleeding).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 8 year old child presents to the pediatric clinic with recurrent ear infections and complaints of ear pain, especially after upper respiratory infections. What is the most likely reason for this child's increased susceptibility to ear infections?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The Eustachian tube's shorter length allows for quicker drainage of secretions from the middle ear.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The more horizontal orientation of the Eustachian tube in children impairs proper ventilation and drainage of the middle ear.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The Eustachian tube opens more frequently during normal activities in children, causing increased exposure to environmental allergens.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Eustachian tube is typically narrow in children, which facilitates the entry of pathogens from the nasopharynx.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The more horizontal orientation of the Eustachian tube in children impairs proper ventilation and drainage of the middle ear.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ePTtKIOGRd6eGTMS0Esp1740638859.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Eustachian Tube/ Pharyngotympanic tube/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">Auditory</span> tube</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides communication between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> and exterior; maintains equal air pressure; opens during swallowing, yawning, sneezing with help from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> veli palatini muscles</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ePTtKIOGRd6eGTMS0Esp1740638859.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Shape: Trumpet-shaped</li>\n<li>Length: Approximately 4 cm</li>\n<li>Direction: Downward, forward, and medially</li>\n<li>Angles: 45Β° with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> plane, 30Β° with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> plane</li>\n<li>Parts: Bony part, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">cartilaginous</span> part</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bony Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Length: 12 mm</li>\n<li>Location: Lies in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88225eeb1616927771954c1b0bc1e3\">petrous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> plate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cartilaginous Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Length: 25 mm</li>\n<li>Location: Lies in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d753a5f641692777201d710b87e74\">tubae</span> between greater wing of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88225eeb1616927771954c1b0bc1e3\">petrous</span> temporal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arterial Supply: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> pharyngeal artery, middle meningeal arteries, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> canal</li>\n<li>Venous Drainage: Pharyngeal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> plexuses</li>\n<li>Lymphatic Drainage: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2e956a8441692777197ea505fc27d\">Retropharyngeal</span> nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pharyngeal branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e10a7d508b16927771960a2f2fa92a\">pterygopalatine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> at the ostium;</li>\n<li>Nervus spinosus branch of the mandibular nerve (cartilaginous part);</li>\n<li>Tympanic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve (bony part)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infections: Can spread from throat to middle ear; more common in children due to shorter, wider, straighter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22053f7eef1692777187c1142bad20\">Eustachian</span> tube. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Eustachian Catarrh: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">Inflammation</span> from colds or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d8cd9c1b516927771981287d4850f\">sore</span> throats can block the tube, causing ear pain, especially during swallowing; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e56d9a54169277718724ff8c225f\">enlargement</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a970a38e85169277720171bea632e7\">tubal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f64b606f6169277720080acdb1d3d\">tonsil</span> may obstruct the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aad537fe6316927771943b94106315\">ostium</span> in children</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32 year old male involved in smuggling accidentally swallowed a foreign object, which became lodged in his piriform fossa. After its removal, he reports numbness and loss of sensation in his throat. Which nerve is most likely damaged during the procedure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External laryngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal laryngeal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Internal laryngeal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KVL5WEmmbbp5eFx1Hn2s1740638778.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the spaces between the constrictor muscles with the structures that pass through them: Spaces Structures 1) Sinus of Morgagni A) Internal laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal vessels 2) Space between superior and middle constrictors B) Recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior laryngeal vessels 3) Space between middle and inferior constrictors C) Stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve 4) Space below the inferior constrictor D) Auditory tube, levator veli palatini muscle, ascending palatine artery, palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal artery", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-D; 2-C; 3-A; 4-B", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-B; 2-C; 3-A; 4-D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-C; 2-D; 3-A; 4-B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-D; 2-A; 3-C; 4-B", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-D; 2-C; 3-A; 4-B", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/O6aTOSYyxck9tttHoNKk1740638617.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SuMpmSR6au5yOXrbuJoN1740638648.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9t6nr1mvqV7RESvLxSYQ1740638700.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:698px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Constrictors muscles and the spaces between them</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Constrictor Muscles of the Pharynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> layer and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea564f2f5e1692777194df1391fd69\">overlap</span> each other.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior Constrictor:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> hamulus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40263f0ca31692777196b76c300aa1\">pterygomandibular</span> raphe, mandible, and the side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> tongue.</li>\n<li>Its upper border is attached to the base of the skull, leaving a space called the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> of Morgagni, filled by the pharyngobasilar fascia.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Middle Constrictor:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Overlaps the lower part of the superior constrictor.</li>\n<li>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb74018f561692777199b9f8cea159\">stylohyoid</span> ligament, lesser cornua, and the upper border of the greater cornua of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e441c1e2d16927771892158232a2c\">hyoid</span> bone.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb47b0fb851692777199a25b3b83cd\">stylopharyngeus muscle</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve pass through the gap between the superior and middle constrictors.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Inferior Constrictor:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Overlapping the middle constrictor.</li>\n<li>Composed of two parts:\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Thyropharyngeus: Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> line of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> cartilage.</li>\n<li>Cricopharyngeus: Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> cartilage.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>The internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels pass through the gap between the middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> constrictors.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>All three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">constrictor</span> muscles attach to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"127f1d277616927771975f15621776\">raphe</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> pharyngeal wall. The top of this <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"127f1d277616927771975f15621776\">raphe</span> connects to the pharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> at the skull base, while the lower edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">constrictor</span> blends with the esophagus' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> muscle.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/O6aTOSYyxck9tttHoNKk1740638617.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/SuMpmSR6au5yOXrbuJoN1740638648.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spaces Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">Constrictor</span> Muscles</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The overlapping nature of these muscles forms spaces through which nerves and blood vessels pass:</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/9t6nr1mvqV7RESvLxSYQ1740638700.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<br/>\n<ul>\n<li>Sinus of Morgagni (between the superior constrictor's upper border and the skull base):\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Allows the passage of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> tube, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> veli palatini muscle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> artery, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> pharyngeal artery.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Space between the superior and middle constrictors:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb47b0fb851692777199a25b3b83cd\">stylopharyngeus muscle</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Space between the middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> constrictors:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Contains the internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Space below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> constrictor:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> laryngeal vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Killian's Dehiscence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Location: At the<strong> lower part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> pharyngeal wall,</strong> below the vocal folds and above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07bb7766221692777185a58cad9233\">cricopharyngeal</span> sphincter.</li>\n<li>Clinically significant area as it is a<strong> weak point.</strong> (Thyropharyngeus muscle is not reinforced internally by other constrictors)</li>\n<li>The area is often associated with the formation of<strong> pharyngeal diverticula.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves supplies motor fibres to all pharyngeal muscles except the stylopharyngeus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vagus nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:750px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> and nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles of the Pharynx</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Divided into two layers:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> layer</li>\n<li>Inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> layer</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Constrictor muscles: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> layer and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea564f2f5e1692777194df1391fd69\">overlap</span> each other:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Superior constrictor</li>\n<li>Middle constrictor</li>\n<li>Inferior constrictor: Has two parts:\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Thyropharyngeus</li>\n<li>Cricopharyngeus</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Longitudinal muscles: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> the inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> layer:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Stylopharyngeus: From the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">styloid</span> process to the inner surface of the middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> constrictors.</li>\n<li>Palatopharyngeus: From the palate, running down the inner side of the constrictors.</li>\n<li>Salpingopharyngeus: From the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> tube, merging with the palatopharyngeus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> is innervated by the pharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> (located on the middle constrictor), which includes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vagus nerve: Carries fibers from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve.</li>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal nerve</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> ganglion</li>\n<li>Motor fibers: Supplied by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve branches (except the stylopharyngeus, supplied by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve). <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Sensory fibers: Mostly from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve, partly from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve.</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"591ff46f251692777198992363d6f3\">secretomotor</span> fibers: From the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e10a7d508b16927771960a2f2fa92a\">pterygopalatine</span> ganglion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 32 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 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Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 38</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 38 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 60 y/o male suddenly experiences an intense headache, described as the worst headache of his life, followed by vomiting and photophobia. O/E he has neck stiffness and a dilated pupil on the right side. A CT scan reveals bleeding in the subarachnoid space. Which of the following is the most common cause of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypertension", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intracranial aneurysm", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Brain tumour", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intracranial aneurysm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which specific nerve is affected in Frey's syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facial Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oculomotor nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Auriculotemporal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hDXfdQMTlOhJqA44MKck1687773809.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fcvb0hxuydLPQJ54zSYV1687773813.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A male patient comes with a gradually increasing enlargement for the past one and a half years. Upon examination, the swelling demonstrates inconsistency in texture and matches the appearance depicted in the provided image. What is the likely underlying reason for this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Jaw Tumour", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dermoid cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sebaceous cyst", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pleomorphic adenoma", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LSlvfRnqrSK0l0iWjHUS1691507302.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Most common oral cancer is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adenocarcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transition cell CA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mucoepidermoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Squamous cell carcinoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\"&gt;Squamous&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following tests would a surgeon advise first in a patient with a large thyroid swelling?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ultrasound of the neck", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "FNAC", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biopsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radioiodine uptake", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ultrasound of the neck", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NfwDhGcurpb9NR63k0fZ1746983730.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A car driver was brought into the A &amp;amp; E following a RTA with complaints of breathlessness. On examination, his vitals are PR-112/min, BP-100/70, SpO2-90 %, and there is extensive bruising on his chest. What is the management of this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chest tube drainage", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "24% oxygen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "IPPV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal operative fixation of the fractureβs segments", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chest tube drainage", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JvtCrMXOc4WSXSsc3FWi1746983600.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:633px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flail chest </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It occurs when<strong> three or more consecutive ribs</strong> are fractured in at least <strong>two places</strong>, creating a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dec14fe921692777202dc55958a46\">flail</span> segment that moves independently.</li>\n<li>It exhibits <strong>paradoxical chest movement</strong> (inwards during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1500fcd816927771900b59d16bde\">inhalation</span> &amp; outwards during exhalation)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypoventilation: Reduced lung <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> leads to low oxygen and high COβ levels.</li>\n<li>Mediastinal Flutter: Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> movement risks sudden <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrest.</li>\n<li>Pendular Air Movement: Inefficient air exchange between lungs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hemothorax: Blood in the chest cavity.</li>\n<li>Pneumothorax: Air in the chest cavity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventilation Support:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxygen supplementation and Analgesics- </strong>Initial management</li>\n<li><strong>IPPV</strong> is the preferred TOC.</li>\n<li><strong>Tracheostomy</strong> if support exceeds 10 days.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Injury Management:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Intercostal Tube Drainage</strong>: Removes air/fluids from the pleural space.</li>\n<li><strong>Rib Fixation</strong>: Stabilises the chest wall.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Supportive Care:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Blood Transfusions</strong>: For blood loss.</li>\n<li><strong>IV Fluids</strong>: For hydration.</li>\n<li><strong>Antibiotics</strong>: To prevent infection.</li>\n<li><strong>Medications</strong>: Bronchodilators and steroids.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Thoracotomy:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Considered in severe cases</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement regarding retrosternal goitre is accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Operated in all patients regardless of symptoms", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sternal incision is always required to operate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It receives blood supply from the thoracodorsal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Most of the retrosternal goitres can be removed by a neck incision", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Most of the retrosternal goitres can be removed by a neck incision", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer D - Most of the &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db0b2c70cb1692777197d6e5e33d95\"&gt;retrosternal&lt;/span&gt; goitres can be removed by a neck incision:</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Retrosternal goitre</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e56d9a54169277718724ff8c225f\">enlargement</span> that extends into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be2aea1ed01692777192b46ee482a3\">mediastinum</span> behind the Sternum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary: </strong>Ectopic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> tissue in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be2aea1ed01692777192b46ee482a3\">mediastinum</span> (10%)</li>\n<li><strong>Secondary: </strong>Starts from neck and extends retrosternally (90%)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">Swelling</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">Compression</span> Symptoms: </strong>Difficulty breathing (tracheal compression) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1788e0d4301692777199d457616bd4\">swallowing</span> (esophageal compression).</li>\n<li><strong>Pemberton Sign:</strong> <strong>Facial flushing</strong> and increased difficulty breathing when <strong>raising the arms</strong> due to <strong>thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42380fc2fb169277719066eff35739\">inlet</span> compression.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physical examination:</strong> Limited <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"016b53d1731692777194a8d558c428\">palpation</span> of the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> swelling.</li>\n<li><strong>Imaging:</strong> <strong>Computed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d4f2a375b1692777200f41db641bc\">Tomography</span> (CT) Scan of the Neck and Chest</strong> is <strong>IOC</strong> to assess the extent of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> involvement and to evaluate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> of surrounding structures.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary / <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">Recurrent</span> / Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8aaf091221692777191f73e810e94\">Malignant</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db0b2c70cb1692777197d6e5e33d95\">Retrosternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2aa25c8cad1692777188842dd483eb\">Goiter</span> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"012f2d780116927771993e010149ac\">Sternotomy</span> (Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db0b2c70cb1692777197d6e5e33d95\">Retrosternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2aa25c8cad1692777188842dd483eb\">Goiter</span> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">Cervical</span> / Neck Incision</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the definition of the Miami criteria regarding intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement among the options listed below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Quarter fall in 5 min", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Quarter fall in 10 min", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Half fall in 5 min", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Half fall in 10 min", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Half fall in 10 min", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer D - H\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is most likely to be injured, leading to lower lip paralysis in a 30-year-old teacher who underwent parotidectomy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Temporal branch of the facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cervical branch of facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parotid duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mandibular branch of facial nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Mandibular branch of facial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Complications of Parotidectomy:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Complication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Temporary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> Palsy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mostly the lower branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve - the marginal mandibular nerve.</li>\n<li>Most patients recover over time.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Infection </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rare, as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b79a10aff16927771941f5a4084ea\">parotidectomy</span> is a clean procedure.</li>\n<li>Aseptic precautions and timely drain removal reduce the risk.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Hematoma Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Uncommon.</li>\n<li>Careful <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a489e669011692777190af3dd98ed4\">intraoperative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cb859ed5d16927771884925c4eef7\">hemostasis</span> can prevent it.</li>\n<li>Larger hematomas may indicate a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> disorder and require management.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Sialocele Formation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs if the main ductal system is exposed.</li>\n<li>Preventable with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"550fa75ff216927771992c0987c58e\">subcapsular</span> dissection.</li>\n<li>Treatment: Anticholinergics, aspiration, and pressure dressings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Retromandibular area hollowing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Can occur post-surgery</li>\n<li>Reduced by placing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a266da66816927771824d58668832\">autologous</span> fat grafts during the surgery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Freyβs Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also known as gustatory sweating;</li>\n<li>Caused by the<strong> cross-innervation</strong> of sweat glands by regenerating nerve fibres of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2c10e783c1692777182a1d84457f9\">auriculotemporal</span> nerve.</li>\n<li><strong>For mild cases</strong>: Give antiperspirants;</li>\n<li><strong>Severe cases:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3cb8b8422c16927771836b57b4c79e\">Botulinum toxin</span> injections or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> neurectomy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Permanent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> Nerve Weakness</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>D/t <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48ff530c761692777200c1afac0052\">transection</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve during the surgery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Facial Numbness</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Permanent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6a2c6342d1692777193c3414d0cc8\">numbness</span> of the earlobe,</li>\n<li>D/t <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48ff530c761692777200c1afac0052\">transection</span> of the great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve during the surgery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The false statement about cystic masses of the neck is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 3 branchial fistula has its internal orifice on cricopharynxgeus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystic hygroma is filled with clear lymph", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thyroglossal cyst moves upwards on swallowing, and tongue protrusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fluctuation is positive in branchial cyst", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Type 3 branchial fistula has its internal orifice on cricopharynxgeus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct answer A) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f809a27121692777201d1ccde5ace\"&gt;Type 3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb3fde922016927771830912ac2fcf\"&gt;branchial&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\"&gt;fistula&lt;/span&gt; has its internal &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1aca482e7e169277719443d10dbe5f\"&gt;orifice&lt;/span&gt; on cricopharynxgeu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old patient who is a chronic tobacco chewer presents with a whitish lesion on the gingivobuccal sulcus for 7 months. What is the next best step in the management of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Local excision and biopsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Avoid smoking + Wait and watch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Steroidal injection", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sclerotherapy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Local excision and biopsy", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PxcoNCGs7xiVVLAPRt3Y1746171515.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OBFU3UFwdBxF1HzacKq81746171542.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is a progressive condition involving deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> in the oral mucosa, characterized by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> bands and considered a precancerous lesion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypersensitivity to tobacco, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b63b4a64c1692777182b509b257e2\">betel</span> nut, <strong>chilli</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14dc9988461692777182be518d4bb7\">areca</span> nut, vitamin deficiencies, localised <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> disorders.</li>\n<li>Leads to alteration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> causing juxtaepithelial progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d21dd5d3116927771907405b181bc\">inflammatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> of the submucosa.</li>\n<li>This leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97ff5253fb169277718224c7b0faf8\">atrophy</span> and dysplasia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical features </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common in Asians</li>\n<li>Males and females are equally affected.</li>\n<li>Soreness in the mouth more during meals</li>\n<li>Burning, also more while eating</li>\n<li>Vesicular eruptions</li>\n<li>Trismus</li>\n<li>Difficulty in protruding tongue</li>\n<li>Fibrosis and scarring</li>\n<li>Ankylosing glossitis</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f616aee08b169277718361438e1a91\">causative</span> factors(tobacco, chilli, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14dc9988461692777182be518d4bb7\">areca</span> nut)</li>\n<li>Oral hygiene</li>\n<li>Dexamethasone local injections</li>\n<li>Hydrocortisone</li>\n<li>HCG <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cb424e4921692777199f9951be2ce\">submucosal</span> injection</li>\n<li>Vitamin and iron supplementation</li>\n<li>Surgical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> with graft</li>\n<li>Stem cell therapy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 23-year-old male patient presents with a swelling in the midline of his neck that shifts when he swallows or sticks out his tongue. What is the probable diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyroglossal cyst", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plunging ranula", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dermoid cyst", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thyroglossal cyst", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/En3ZFxvrXhAZePMNqIPd1745305877.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with swelling in the floor of the mouth. Upon examination, the swelling appears as shown in the image. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cystic hygroma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ranula", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dermoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Branchial cyst", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ranula", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VAAGjNN4p8bTOm3rv5rq1745211746.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b99EqFDvNaiICpQKYyVK1745211810.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KjMeWRjJBGaJ8WSHkG1J1745932584.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ranula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ranulas are a type of <strong>extravasation mucocele</strong> caused by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> of the main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> or obstructed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> gland. They appear as <strong>bluish swellings</strong> on the floor of the mouth and resemble the belly of a frog.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Ph0t0happy\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC-BY-SA-3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ranula_human_09.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"409\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/b99EqFDvNaiICpQKYyVK1745211810.png\" width=\"555\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Commonly found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> floor of the mouth.</li>\n<li>When it extends through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscle, it presents as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a94c9109b016927771997aa2985457\">submental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> known as a<strong> \"plunging ranula.\"</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Typically soft, fluctuant, and painless unless infected.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Confirmed through Magnetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37b9856df8169277719716b550a15f\">Resonance</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe3220767716927771892419444041\">Imaging</span> (MRI)</li>\n<li>Ultrasound</li>\n<li>Aspiration of thick, sticky <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b0184a84d16927771981289924c2a\">saliva</span> differentiates it from a lymphangioma.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Removal of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> is preferred.</li>\n<li>Incision, drainage, and marsupialisation have low success rates. Although marsupialisation is often adequate, it has a higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d849ebc9b1692777197d4af1fa8d2\">recurrence</span> rate compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> excision.</li>\n<li>OK-432 injection</li>\n<li>Botulinum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> injections</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/KjMeWRjJBGaJ8WSHkG1J1745932584.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female patient undergoes a routine thyroid examination, during which a palpable thyroid nodule is discovered. Fine-needle aspiration cytology confirms the presence of papillary thyroid cancer. All of the following statements are true regarding papillary thyroid cancer Except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It often presents with cervical lymph node metastases.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is the most common type of thyroid cancer.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It arises from parafollicular C-cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is TSH dependent", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It arises from parafollicular C-cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - It arises from parafollicular C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-year-old child presents with a swelling in the subhyoid region of the neck that moves with deglutition and protrusion of the tongue. What is the recommended treatment for this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Total thyroidectomy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ramstedt's operation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemi-thyroidectomy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sistrunk's operation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sistrunk's operation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Sistrunk\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old female presents with a bluish translucent extravasation cystic sublingual swelling . The swelling is accompanied by visible veins over the swelling and is transilluminant . What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroglossal cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dermoid cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ranula", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sublingual tumour", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ranula", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option C - Ranu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the Intubation of choice in a Maxillofacial trauma patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tracheostomy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Laryngeal mask airway", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Orotracheal intubation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mask ventilation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tracheostomy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Trach\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An elderly male presents with foul-smelling breath and dysphagia. A barium swallow X-ray is provided. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ο»Ώο»Ώο»ΏTracheoesophageal fistula", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Achalasia cardia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carcinoma esophagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zenker's diverticulum", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Zenker's diverticulum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TLcPAx7hS257R55GkM8h1741229238.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YbLEbaOHCsvswNCq5Iif1741229232.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C5TiZq4Gt6uqfnKcRS1K1741229178.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JMjhmIALDNK2rET640Zn1741856119.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:634px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Zenker's diverticulum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical features:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dysphagia is the most prominent feature appears when the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> gets filled with food and presses on the oesophagus.</li>\n<li>Gurgling sound is produced on swallowing.</li>\n<li>Regurgitation at night from undigested food causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f02e74e821692777185a0c005c508\">cough</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"831d67ad8a1692777182763ca62e4b\">aspiration</span> pneumonia.</li>\n<li>Halitosis (Chronic bad breathing)</li>\n<li>Malnourished due to dysphagia.</li>\n<li>Associated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d39e7332f61692777189b4b278093d\">hiatus</span> hernia</li>\n<li>Rarely can a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">coma</span> develop in long-standing cases of pharyngeal pouches.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Barium swallow </strong>provides information regarding the size, location, and character of the mucosal lining.</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"288\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YbLEbaOHCsvswNCq5Iif1741229232.png\" width=\"265\"/></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Β </p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Endoscopy</strong> reveals <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> and pooling of food in the diverticulum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Excision of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07bb7766221692777185a58cad9233\">cricopharyngeal</span> myotomy</strong> was done through a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> approach.</li>\n<li><strong>Dohlmanβs procedure: </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c5ca7c4516927771942bb8637e83\">partition</span> wall between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f4cb0ade16927771940b83eacc37\">oesophagus</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> is exposed and divided by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24bfc6e0cc16927771862d94b32d73\">diathermy</span> through a weerda scope.</li>\n<li><strong>Endoscopic laser treatment:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c5ca7c4516927771942bb8637e83\">Partition</span> wall between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f4cb0ade16927771940b83eacc37\">oesophagus</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> is exposed and divided by CO2 laser using an endoscope. This procedure is known to have fewer recurrences and faster improvement in symptoms.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the level of lymph nodes indicated in the marked region of the neck in the given anatomical image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Level II", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Level Ia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Level Ib", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Level IV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Level II", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PFjXNKJtuJ4SSVXMTYA41741106358.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zJaV0kTQqZeUXQ8pMkvV1741106507.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Submental &amp; submandibular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45d7632a0216927771898df908d43b\">Ia</span> (midline) &amp; Ib (lateral)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jugulodigastric region (common in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"790f98dd571692777193fd47da1230\">nasopharyngeal</span> CA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mid-jugular region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e441c1e2d16927771892158232a2c\">hyoid</span> &amp; cricoid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba164bcd07169277718502f7ba3457\">cricoid</span> &amp; clavicle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior triangle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is an indication for adjuvant radiotherapy in oral malignancy after resection and modified radical neck dissection (MRND)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extranodal extension", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Multiple lymph node metastasis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T3 tumor", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Close margin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Extranodal extension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>CorrectΒ Option A - E\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the lip, which biopsy technique is most appropriate to obtain a representative sample of the tumor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Incisional Biopsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Excisional Biopsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial Biopsy from the Border with Normal Tissue", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Contraindicated", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Incisional Biopsy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>CorrectΒ Option A - Incisional B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old smoker presents with ulcerative lesions on his lower lip for the past year. On examination, there is a palpable ipsilateral submental lymph node approximately 5x5 cm. A biopsy from the lesion is suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. What is the next step in management?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radiotherapy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Combined chemoradiotherapy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Resection with primary closure alone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Resection of primary lesion with lip reconstruction and MRND", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Resection of primary lesion with lip reconstruction and MRND", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0pvioC3LSsemgvAtrGtY1747297168.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T Stage</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tis: </strong>Carcinoma in situ</li>\n<li><strong>T1</strong>: Tumor β€2 cm and β€5 mm depth of invasion</li>\n<li><strong>T2</strong>: Tumor β€2 cm and &gt;5 mm but β€10 mm depth, <strong>OR</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t\tTumor &gt;2 cm but β€4 cm and β€10 mm depth</li>\n<li><strong>T3</strong>: Tumor &gt;4 cm <strong>OR</strong> any tumor &gt;10 mm depth of invasion</li>\n<li><strong>T4</strong>: Invasion of adjacent structures</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>N Stage:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N0:</strong> No regional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> metastasis</li>\n<li><strong>N1-N3</strong>: Based on number, size, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"135a4fca481692777191e4ccc16a44\">laterality</span> of involved nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>M Stage:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M0: </strong>No distant metastasis</li>\n<li><strong>M1: </strong>Distant metastasis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Early Stage (T1-T2N0)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wide local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> with 1 cm margins</li>\n<li>Consider <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37d3e89821169277718799ed0c2a19\">elective</span> neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e42da316b916927771860f0ba81c19\">dissection</span> for tumours&gt;2 cm or &gt;4 mm in depth</li>\n<li>Reconstruction: Primary closure, local flaps, or skin grafts</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Advanced Stage (T3-T4 or N+)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wide local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> with β₯1 cm margins</li>\n<li>Neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e42da316b916927771860f0ba81c19\">dissection</span> (comprehensive or selective based on nodal status)</li>\n<li>Complex <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29f3bf7cd1692777197ee03d829e9\">reconstruction</span> (local/regional flaps, free tissue transfer)</li>\n<li>Adjuvant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a75f060aa1169277719777dd69df3f\">radiotherapy</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00cc356fdf1692777184c13ad34d10\">chemoradiotherapy</span> based on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0c247b89916927771948bc5e6d39c\">pathological</span> findings</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reconstruction Options</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wedge <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> and primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> (for small lesions)</li>\n<li>Local flaps: <strong>Abbe-Estlander, Karapandzic, nasolabial</strong></li>\n<li>Regional flaps: Forehead, cervicofacial</li>\n<li>Free tissue transfer: Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> free flap, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> thigh flap</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management of the Neck</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elective neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e42da316b916927771860f0ba81c19\">dissection</span> for high-risk tumours (&gt;2 cm, &gt;4 mm depth)</li>\n<li>Therapeutic neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e42da316b916927771860f0ba81c19\">dissection</span> for clinically positive nodes</li>\n<li><strong>Levels typically addressed: I-III for N0 neck, I-V for N+ neck</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radiotherapy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adjuvant: For positive margins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"849a50eb4a1692777195de19bee5ed\">perineural</span> invasion, multiple positive nodes</li>\n<li>Definitive: For patients unfit for surgery or refusing surgery</li>\n<li>Brachytherapy: Can be considered for select early-stage lesions</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemotherapy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Not routinely used in early-stage disease</li>\n<li>It may be combined with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a75f060aa1169277719777dd69df3f\">radiotherapy</span> in locally advanced cases</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Follow-up and Surveillance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regular follow-up visits: Every 1-3 months for the first year, then gradually decreasing frequency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient arrives at the emergency department following severe maxillofacial trauma sustained in a road traffic accident. The airway is compromised, and immediate intervention is required. What is the most appropriate immediate management?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tracheostomy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Orotracheal intubation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cricothyroidotomy", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bag mask with jaw thrust", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cricothyroidotomy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In modified radical neck dissection, which of the following structures is NOT preserved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sternocleidomastoid muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal jugular vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal accessory nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Submandibular gland", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Submandibular gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MxxPwUmFPaFL22086j7p1747225854.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Dissection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>LN removed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Other structures removed/Preserved</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Radical Neck Dissection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">CN XI, IJV, and SCM removed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Modified Radical Neck <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e42da316b916927771860f0ba81c19\">Dissection</span> (MRND) I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">CN XI preserved</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>MRND II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">CN XI, IJV preserved</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>MRND III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">CN XI, IJV, SCM preserved</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Extended Neck Dissection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">CN XI, IJV, SCM removed + one/more LN groups +/- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9996ef505516927771937fe4ef1222\">Non</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> structures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Selective Neck Dissections</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>LN removed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primary site of cancer</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Supra-omohyoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Oral cavity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Extended Supra-omohyoid</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">I - IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Oral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> and oropharynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Postero-Lateral</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">II - V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Skin over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038a2a2fd4169277719894dc7db4bb\">scalp</span> and upper neck</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">II - IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, Larynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior/ Central</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">VI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Thyroid/ Midline structures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following is the most common parotid gland tumour?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Warthinβs tumor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pleomorphic adenoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qzvQ1MJFC6hz2cmapq0s1747227174.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"left\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Salivary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> tumors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common<strong> benign</strong> tumour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Pleomorphic adenoma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common <strong>benign</strong> tumour of infants and young children</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Hemangioma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common<strong> malignan</strong>t tumour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common <strong>malignant</strong> tumour in children and young adults</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common<strong> malignant</strong> tumour of Minor salivary glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Adenoid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> carcinoma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most likely diagnosis for a young patient under 5 years of age presenting with a painless, soft, fluctuating mass on the lateral side of the neck?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroglossal cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystic hygroma", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cervical lymphadenopathy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ranula", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cystic hygroma", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xxOG5jX5cliIDVJGhEOw1747227568.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dwszgAuTBhS8hfs3hF2r1747227596.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XMGup4Y1rFOCnaaO4QIF1747227601.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FBGkLBb1u9C3JmkfHxiw1747227606.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the condition depicted in the given image, and what is the next investigation required for management?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Erythroplakia and biopsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Erythroplakia and observation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Leukoplakia and biopsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leukoplakia and observation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Erythroplakia and biopsy", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PO9xAHqQ0XLjM6nV2Hf71747285618.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CEDyMtd3NpRlNLj6d90t1747285666.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ubRqJD9nC8mY5UXMZZ2u1747285672.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/px9qk3dgD0i1jMcz7lEG1747285685.png"], "explanation": "\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Leukoplakia </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Oral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ca145a0f1692777183a33d06e96d\">candidiasis</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Premalignant lesion</li>\n<li>Causes: Pan masala chewing, Tobacco chewing, Betel quid</li>\n<li>Can be seen in adults above 40 years.</li>\n<li>White patch or plaque</li>\n<li>Surgical excision, CO<sub>2</sub> laser, and medications can be used to treat.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Premalignant lesion</li>\n<li>Caused by Candida albicans</li>\n<li>Seen in immunosuppressed</li>\n<li>White curdy lesions</li>\n<li>Treated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c5b45e3b916927772000167f2669a\">topical</span> antifungals, surgery, or lasers.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following features seen due to compression of the following structures in the case of thyroid swelling: Structure Features 1. Trachea a. Hoarseness 2. Esophagus b. Horner syndrome 3. Sympathetic chain c. Dyspnea 4. Recurrent laryngeal nerve d. Dysphagia", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:361px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Compressed Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Trachea</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Dyspnea</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Esophagus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Dysphagia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic chain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Horner syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Recurrent laryngeal nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Hoarseness</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "ABCD 2 scoring includes all the following parameters except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Age", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypertension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "History of stroke", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diabetes Mellitus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. History of stroke", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option C -Β History of strokeΒ </p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td><strong>Age</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Blood pressure</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Clinical features</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Duration of TIA</strong></td>\n<td><strong>DM</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>No point</strong></td>\n<td>&lt;60 years</td>\n<td>&lt;140/90 mmHg</td>\n<td>No speech <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4586eccbe71692777186e577e31829\">disturbance</span> and no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92b4dd0d9516927772013f2e4296b7\">unilateral</span> weakness</td>\n<td>&lt;10 minutes</td>\n<td>Absent</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1 point</strong></td>\n<td>β₯60 years</td>\n<td>β₯140/90 mmHg</td>\n<td>Speech <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4586eccbe71692777186e577e31829\">disturbance</span> present but no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92b4dd0d9516927772013f2e4296b7\">unilateral</span> weakness</td>\n<td>10-59 minutes</td>\n<td>Present</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2 point</strong></td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">-</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">-</td>\n<td>Unilateral weakness</td>\n<td>β₯60 minutes</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">-</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td><strong>Age</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Blood pressure</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Clinical features</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Duration of TIA</strong></td>\n<td><strong>DM</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>No point</strong></td>\n<td>&lt;60 years</td>\n<td>&lt;140/90 mmHg</td>\n<td>No speech <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4586eccbe71692777186e577e31829\">disturbance</span> and no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92b4dd0d9516927772013f2e4296b7\">unilateral</span> weakness</td>\n<td>&lt;10 minutes</td>\n<td>Absent</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1 point</strong></td>\n<td>β₯60 years</td>\n<td>β₯140/90 mmHg</td>\n<td>Speech <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4586eccbe71692777186e577e31829\">disturbance</span> present but no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92b4dd0d9516927772013f2e4296b7\">unilateral</span> weakness</td>\n<td>10-59 minutes</td>\n<td>Present</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2 point</strong></td>\n<td>-</td>\n<td>-</td>\n<td>Unilateral weakness</td>\n<td>β₯60 minutes</td>\n<td>-</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old patient had a RTA and was brought to the emergency room with bradycardia and a high BP. The GCS of this patient is &amp;lt; 8. What should be the immediate management in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urgent CT head", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intubate and IPPV", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thrombolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Normal saline infusion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intubate and IPPV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec62425aa9169277719050edbb4d55\"&gt;Intubate&lt;/span&gt; and IPPV (Intermittent &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3121d7693a169277719696af2cead1\"&gt;Positive Pressure&lt;/span&gt; Ventilation)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of cranial fossa is injured in Raccoon eyes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior cranial fossa", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle cranial fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior cranial fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bone aponeurotic layer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior cranial fossa", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;Anterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\"&gt;cranial&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male chronic smoker came to OPD with cough, dyspnea, and difficulty swallowing . A palpable lump was present in the neck. Which of the following are smokers most likely to develop?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adenocarcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Large cell carcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Squamous cell carcinoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β Squamou\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What procedure is typically employed for managing recurrent Ranula in a 55-year-old male who presented with a mass on the oral cavity floor, as depicted in the image, after undergoing a thorough history and examination by the emergency physician?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Incision and drainage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aspiration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Excision", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sclerosant injection", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Excision", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MUcwGZLBkXoocynzhQUv1695540563.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -Β Excision:Β \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Comment on the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lipoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Encephalocele", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystic hygroma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lymphadenopathy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Encephalocele", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oMhYELuMX9Y8vV5V9Chz1691420278.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β Enceph\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Commonest site of branchial cyst :", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower 1/3 rd sternomastoid on anterior border", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lower 1/3 rd sternomastoid on posterior border", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper 1/3 rd sternomastoid on anterior border", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Upper 1/3 rd sternomastoid on posterior border", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Upper 1/3 rd sternomastoid on anterior border", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/65jQFoJzTg7RQ4TyxxKZ1714481632.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Upper 1/3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8cde9fb6a16927771990f620123da\"&gt;sternomastoid&lt;/span&gt; on &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;anterior&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The most common site of branchial cyst is___ .", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Junction of upper and middle third of the sternomastoid muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Junction of middle and lower third of the sternomastoid muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle of the sternomastoid muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Between the two heads of the sternomastoid muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Junction of upper and middle third of the sternomastoid muscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NN3PvhyDKPCBaCdf0iJW1714479467.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option AΒ - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\"&gt;Junction&lt;/span&gt; of upper and middle third of the &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8cde9fb6a16927771990f620123da\"&gt;sternomastoid&lt;/span&gt; muscle:</p>\n<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β€ Options B, C &amp; D are incorrect; refer to the explanation of the correct answer and learning objective.</li><li>β€ Options B, C &amp; D are incorrect; refer to the explanation of the correct answer and learning objective.</li><li>β€ Options B, C &amp; D</li></u\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Patient complains of painless swelling over the face with difficulty in swallowing. The appearance of face is shown . The probable diagnosis is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acute parotitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cancer of parotid gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Angioedema of face", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acute sialadenitis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cancer of parotid gland", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/K5uIDIh7ZkPNahGHS56e1691492107.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β Cancer of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\"&gt;parotid&lt;/span&gt; g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old lady presented with a 6-month painless fluctuant, non-transilluminant swelling with a thin watery discharge. Clinical diagnosis is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondaries", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "TB", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lymphoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. TB", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OZDUuJJCq8WVOCuwGneW1716465197.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -Β TB\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 48 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Scalenus Anterior Head And Neck Vasculature And Lymphatic Drainage - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 17</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with a progressively enlarging mass in his neck. He has a history of heavy smoking and reports recent difficulty swallowing. A biopsy confirms squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Which of the following lymph nodes is most likely to be involved in the initial spread of cancer from this region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Jugulodigastric node", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Supraclavicular node", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pretracheal node", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Paratracheal node", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Jugulodigastric node", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4jBLaTNpAgvaJGvwDXCv1740591860.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old patient presents with a neck mass and difficulty swallowing. On imaging, the mass is located in the area bordered by the internal jugular vein, scalenus anterior muscle, and longus colli muscle. Which lymph node group is most likely located in this area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Level I (Submental and Submandibular nodes)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Level II (Upper Jugular nodes)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Level III (Middle Jugular nodes)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Level IV (Lower Jugular nodes)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Level IV (Lower Jugular nodes)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xyxfi8J5Lgg1dNPLHQI61740591771.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>I </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Submental, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> triangles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45d7632a0216927771898df908d43b\">IA</span> (submental) and IB (submandibular)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>II</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> (skull base to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e441c1e2d16927771892158232a2c\">hyoid</span> bone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains upper portion of internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>III</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> (hyoid to omohyoid/cricothyroid)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surrounds middle third of internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> (from omohyoid/cricothyroid to clavicle)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains lower third of internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior triangle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divided into Va (upper) and Vb (lower), near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During surgery, the surgeon notices an additional thyroid vein, known as the Kocherβs vein, which drains into the internal jugular vein. The surgeon carefully ligates this additional vein to avoid any postoperative complications. What is the most likely origin of this additional vein?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Between the middle and inferior thyroid veins", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Between the superior and inferior thyroid veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle of the thyroid lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thyroid isthmus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Between the middle and inferior thyroid veins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/keoHai0oIQ9PVU61BlsC1740591618.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The upper pole of the thyroid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> lobe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The lower border of the isthmus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plexus in front of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ebd78bd471692777200ede69e8ed1\">trachea</span> β Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kocher's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> (Fourth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Vein)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> veins <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a thyroidectomy, the surgeon identifies an artery supplying the lower part of the thyroid isthmus, originating from the arch of the aorta. What is the name of this artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Accessory thyroid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle thyroid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior thyroid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thyroidea ima artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Thyroidea ima artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i2LadGlsSsCBY0PGkHmw1740591525.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with the following symptoms: when sticking out the tongue, it deviates towards the left side, and there is noticeable atrophy on the left side of the tongue. Based on the image, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve injury (left side)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve injury (right side)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left vagus nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypoglossal nerve injury (left side)", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mUeY3NFuUx2haioYGY9v1740592436.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the nerve supply of the four types of papillae on the tongue is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Filiform papillae are primarily innervated by the lingual nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve) for general sensation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fungiform papillae are innervated by the chorda tympani (branch of the facial nerve) for taste sensation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Circumvallate papillae are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve for both taste and general sensation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Foliate papillae are innervated by the vagus nerve for taste sensation.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Foliate papillae are innervated by the vagus nerve for taste sensation.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WT4FfundNiMpTU14XmQc1740592260.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which lymph nodes are primarily involved in the drainage of lymphatic vessels from the dorsal region of the tongue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Submental nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Submandibular nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Jugulodigastric nodes", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subclavicular nodes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Jugulodigastric nodes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wJy2pyfc0qOPgmbTFaNe1740592044.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IKuvxvOzPLrysfxJoQD31740592061.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Drainage Pathways</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nodes Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Marginal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Submental Route:</strong> Descends beneath mucosa, drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a94c9109b016927771997aa2985457\">submental</span> nodes.</li>\n<li><strong>Jugulodigastric and Jugulo-omohyoid Route:</strong> Vessels pierce mylohyoid, follow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6983fc06461692777189328d72b4e7\">hypoglossal</span> nerveΒ veinΒ to jugulodigastric and jugulo-omohyoid nodes.</li>\n<li><strong>Submandibular Route: </strong>Crosses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> gland, pierces mylohyoid, drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> nodes; may also target jugulodigastric or jugulo-omohyoid nodes.</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior Marginal:</strong> Traverses pharyngeal wall to jugulodigastric nodes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Submental <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Jugulodigastric</li>\n<li>Jugulo-omohyoid</li>\n<li>Submandibular <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Central</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ascending Route: </strong>Vessels ascend between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d021a9043a1692777188db0202c26e\">genioglossus</span> fibers, accompany <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> veins to deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> nodes.</li>\n<li><strong>Submandibular Route</strong>: Some vessels pierce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> and drain into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> nodes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> nodes (Jugulodigastric, Jugulo-omohyoid)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Posteroinferior Course:</strong> Vessels run posteroinferiorly, with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"625feb7e3a1692777183aa9d923cfd\">bilateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> near the midline.</li>\n<li><strong>Convergence with Marginal:</strong> Joins marginal vessels, pierces pharyngeal wall.</li>\n<li><strong>Direct Jugulo-omohyoid Drainage:</strong> Descends behind hyoid, penetrates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28dda8ac016927772002610f0ea78\">thyrohyoid</span> membrane, terminates in jugulo-omohyoid node.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Jugulodigastric <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Jugulo-omohyoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which lymphoid tissue is not a part of Waldeyerβs ring?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Palatine tonsils", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Submandibular lymph nodes", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lingual tonsils", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Submandibular lymph nodes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Kj26IuFb5jGJ4ODFa9IE1740591940.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A surgeon is performing a neck dissection and encounters the internal jugular vein. Which of the following structures does not directly drain into the internal jugular vein?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facial vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lingual vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maxillary vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior thyroid vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Maxillary vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/54ZGgpprO5VzgHdu4RC11740591674.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vein Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">Drainage</span> Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Main Tributaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Destination</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scalp, face, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> scalp</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior retromandibular vein</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> vein</li>\n<li>Submandibular veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External, anterior, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scalp andΒ face</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior retromandibular vein</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subclavian vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Submandibular region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior ext. jugular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occipital scalp</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skull, brain, face, and neck</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinus, facial, lingual, and pharyngeal veins</li>\n<li>Superior &amp; middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skull, brain, face, and neck</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinus, facial, lingual, pharyngeal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> veins</p>\n<p><strong>(Options A, B &amp; D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subclavian vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subclavian vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arm andΒ neck</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External jugular, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> scapular, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> (sometimes)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brachiocephalic vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retromandibular vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Face</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant is evaluated after a complicated delivery in which upward traction was applied to the arm. The parents report that the infantβs left hand has fingers curled and cannot extend them. On examination, the left eyelid droops, and the pupil is smaller. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Erb's Palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Klumpke's Palsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial Nerve Palsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar Nerve Injury", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Klumpke's Palsy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sLBL97eXBf3uLrUn8Pik1740586075.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male presents with complaints of dizziness, syncope, and numbness in his left arm during physical activity. On examination, his left radial pulse is weak, and the blood pressure in the left arm is significantly lower than in the right arm. What is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism behind this patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retrograde blood flow in the left vertebral artery due to subclavian artery stenosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduced blood flow in the left subclavian artery due to thoracic aortic dissection", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Retrograde blood flow in the left internal carotid artery due to basilar artery stenosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Retrograde blood flow in the right vertebral artery due to subclavian artery stenosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Retrograde blood flow in the left vertebral artery due to subclavian artery stenosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CcIGLalXAj2Dsz6MjLAL1740591298.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pk3gsL7T7tG4havA1QDU1740591436.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atherosclerosis (most common)</strong></li>\n<li>Takayasu disease<strong> (least common)</strong></li>\n<li>Giant cell arteritis</li>\n<li>Blalock Taussig shunt</li>\n<li>Thoracic aortic dissection</li>\n<li>Thoracic outlet compression</li>\n<li>Interrupted aortic arch</li>\n<li>Congenital aortic coarctation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet, family history</li>\n<li>More common in individuals who are biologically male</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper limb ischemia, neurological problems</li>\n<li>Asymptomatic</li>\n<li>Numbness of arm extends to fingertips (most frequent)</li>\n<li>Vertebrobasilar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> insufficiency</li>\n<li>Presyncope/syncope, neurologic deficits</li>\n<li>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8ed8e0fb61692777187c860f7056f\">extremity</span> claudication</li>\n<li>Tingling sensation/numbness in the face</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> on the affected side</li>\n<li>Transient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a44e1953c0169277718871c814bee5\">hemiparesis</span> (weakness) of the affected side</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>BP in left arm &lt; BP in right arm</li>\n<li>Pulse in left arm &lt; pulse in right arm</li>\n<li><strong>CT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c67cc1bcd3169277718150b3c9d6ab\">angiography</span> (Investigation of Choice)</strong></li>\n<li>Doppler <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df077f2c3d16927772019f8223e58f\">ultrasound</span> scan</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Balloon stenting, angioplasty</li>\n<li>Endarterectomy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following arteries does not supply the upper part of the tonsil?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ascending pharyngeal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ascending palatine artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Descending palatine artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Greater palatine artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ascending palatine artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/L3WhhYf5wNdiGi7MWgxk1740591099.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WXapK0UQLMch88rqIYMe1740591189.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branch of</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region Supplied</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tonsillar artery</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (sometimes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">Palatine</span> artery)</p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palatine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f64b606f6169277720080acdb1d3d\">tonsil</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> musculature</p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lingual artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> region (lower part)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending pharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f64b606f6169277720080acdb1d3d\">tonsil</span> (posterior)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the tonsil</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Greater and Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">Palatine</span> arteries</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the tonsil</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 12 y/o boy presents with nasal bleeding, after nose-picking. On examination, the bleeding site is located in the anterior nasal septum, and the diagnosis of epistaxis from Kiesselbach's plexus is made. Which of the following arteries is LEAST likely to contribute to the bleeding from this plexus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior ethmoid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior ethmoid artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior labial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphenopalatine artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior ethmoid artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mO3iW2TfN0YFkkCZNjlb1740590734.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IZcsEftKZHFrGUX8ozBx1740590895.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Branch of</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77d6d0146716927771877b0c93c24f\">ethmoid</span> artery</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ophthalmic artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterosuperior portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphenopalatine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posteroinferior portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Septal branch of superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59733f304e1692777191d9deb34f10\">labial</span> artery</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caudal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> and columella</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anteroinferior portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement about the maxillary artery is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It arises behind the neck of the mandible.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen ovale.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The posterior superior alveolar artery supplies upper molar teeth.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The sphenopalatine artery is the artery of epistaxis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen ovale.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vAgbzyFMKsrN2lDG5gVp1740590566.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked branch of the External carotid artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lingual Artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facial Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maxillary Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior Thyroid Artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Lingual Artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ez6Z4gR8gIuAfvBULhVy1740590370.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8hwr1pgqEIueUW2S3OXx1740590453.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not the branch of the marked artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyrocervical Trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Costocervical trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal scapular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Axillary artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NcPDTNCff3y41gZFSu1Y1740586740.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e5bCNzqMbqhZdSNGJsdt1740586800.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RtacsSyziFz71vdkzVXC1740586866.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YjJsSmPOPKWo7emn1fkT1740586969.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the scalenus anterior muscle is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The phrenic nerve lies anteriorly to the muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The thoracic duct arches laterally on the right side.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The brachial plexus is posterior to the muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The lateral part of the carotid sheath contains the internal jugular vein.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The thoracic duct arches laterally on the right side.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LIN9BX7ITO7MrfiGsOnu1740586208.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kznkMALAu3RBCRVZnKO01740586254.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Scalp Neck Triangles And Parotid Gland - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 15</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following structures is enclosed by the prevertebral fascia in the neck?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trapezius muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal carotid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cervical sympathetic trunk", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thyroid gland", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cervical sympathetic trunk", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DiHP3e6bDsmfHyr0GGHU1740631904.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qVo1iqMaaZjCRpNLE5mL1740631917.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:692px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thin layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue that envelopes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> trunk.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior to the vertebral column, extending from the base of the skull to the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be2aea1ed01692777192b46ee482a3\">mediastinum</span> where it merges with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> (T3/T4 level).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Axillary sheath: The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexuses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> from the nerves deep to the fascia, and as they extend, they pull the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> with them forming axillary sheath</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Support to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> and associated muscles.</li>\n<li>Compartmentalization of various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> structures which prevents infection spread</li>\n<li>Protective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infection Spread: Particularly from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2e956a8441692777197ea505fc27d\">retropharyngeal</span> space, which can lead to serious complications such as mediastinitis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of these form the scalp proper?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Skin of the scalp", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skin and superficial fascia of the scalp", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin, superficial fascia, and deep fascia of the scalp", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and loose areolar tissue of the scalp", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Skin, superficial fascia, and deep fascia of the scalp", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FfdjBTq5nVUMSs0fZdEZ1740629335.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are the contents of the occipital triangle of the neck except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transverse cervical artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Occipital artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal accessory nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External jugular vein", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. External jugular vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pnsAzM2T1TMs2ZoXZmOm1740629428.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:630px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> border of sternocleidomastoid</li>\n<li>Posterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> border of trapezius</li>\n<li>Base: Middle one-third of clavicle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Division</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> belly of omohyoid)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occipital part-larger upper part</li>\n<li>Supraclavicular part or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">Subclavian</span> part-smaller lower part</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Division</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lymph Nodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occipital Triangle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve (CN XI)</strong></li>\n<li>Cutaneous branches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> plexus:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of neck</li>\n<li>Supraclavicular nerves</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Muscular branches:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>To <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> scapulae</li>\n<li>To trapezius</li>\n<li>To rhomboids</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Transverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Occipital artery</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occipital nodes</li>\n<li>Supraclavicular nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subclavian Triangle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Roots and trunks of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</li>\n<li>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\">serratus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> (long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve)</li>\n<li>Nerve to subclavius</li>\n<li>Suprascapular nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein</li>\n<li>Suprascapular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein</li>\n<li>Transverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of the corresponding vein</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A few members of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53765334f31692777199cf434360de\">supraclavicular</span> chain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Choose the appropriate set of correct statement(s) regarding the triangle shown in the image below (red-shaded region) 1) bounded posteroinferiorly by posterior belly of digastric 2) Floor of the triangle is formed by hyoglossus anteriorly 3) Submental artery runs through anterior part of triangle 4) Carotid artery runs through posterior part of triangle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "only 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "only 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,3,4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,3,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1,3,4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oexAN6KplxWu5oYbnXPL1740629488.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BDdzEtT8UhDpBgs0NxWR1740629548.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1MpqtLrvYt97nqGoYt7D1740629611.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6yJsTf4jTxdZhpGHtuD31740629678.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2fM0W4effptQpi46w96Q1740629776.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> triangle</li>\n<li>Enclosed between two bellies of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d67c73f516927771861326d5044c\">digastric</span> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteroinferiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior belly of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d67c73f516927771861326d5044c\">digastric</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteroinferiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior belly of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d67c73f516927771861326d5044c\">digastric</span> muscle <strong>(Statement 1)</strong><strong> </strong>and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb74018f561692777199b9f8cea159\">stylohyoid</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Base</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the mandible, with an imaginary line from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">mandible</span> angle to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d67c73f516927771861326d5044c\">digastric</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mylohyoid </strong><strong>(Statement 2)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyoglossus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Investing layer of deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> fascia:</strong>Β Encloses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</li>\n<li><strong>Superficial fascia:</strong> Platysma, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Submandibular salivary gland</li>\n<li>Submandibular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</li>\n<li><strong>Hypoglossal nerve</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (superficial to gland)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (deep to gland)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Submental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Statement 3)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Mylohyoid nerve and vessels</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Anatomist90\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide6rom.JPG\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"338\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/2fM0W4effptQpi46w96Q1740629776.png\" width=\"450\"/></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong><strong>(Statement 4)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Carotid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> </strong>and contents: Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Structures passing between the external and internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> arteries: <strong>Styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerve</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">styloid</span> process</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "You notice the following examination being done in ED, all of the following are boundaries of the space containing the palpated structure except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior belly of digastric", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stylohyoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior belly of omohyoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior belly of digastric", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5NtZRpDEWwvqH99efQZF1740630255.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/o5y78Bw7E42dffai1GV81740630352.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pglafD7RavWt8kgwyuui1740630395.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterosuperior:</strong> <strong>Posterior belly of digastric</strong> <strong>(vs Option A)</strong>; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb74018f561692777199b9f8cea159\">Stylohyoid</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Anteroinferior</strong>: Superior belly of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ceb9263ebb16927771947ec93fc73f\">omohyoid</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Posterior:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> border of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf38dd1b416927771994e550b0d1e\">sternocleidomastoid</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyrohyoid</li>\n<li>Hyoglossus</li>\n<li>Middle constrictor</li>\n<li>Inferior constrictor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carotid arteries:</strong> Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and its first five branches (superior thyroid, lingual, facial, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> pharyngeal and occipital)</li>\n<li>Carotid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> body</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</li>\n<li><strong>Last three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves: </strong>Vagus nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6983fc06461692777189328d72b4e7\">Hypoglossal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Carotid sheath</li>\n<li>Ansa cervicalis</li>\n<li>Cervical part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> chain</li>\n<li>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During thyroid surgery, the surgeon retracts the muscles forming the floor of the muscular triangle of neck to access the thyroid gland. Which of the following muscles does he not retract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sternothyroid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sternohyoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Geniohyoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thyrohyoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Geniohyoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JvPTRDVgraOdDzLdxlx11740630461.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:563px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> region of the neck</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior:</strong> Midline of the neck (from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e441c1e2d16927771892158232a2c\">hyoid</span> bone to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"751ea5589f1692777199db9f2ec233\">suprasternal</span> notch)</li>\n<li><strong>Anterosuperior:</strong> Superior belly of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ceb9263ebb16927771947ec93fc73f\">omohyoid</span> muscle</li>\n<li><strong>Posteroinferior:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf38dd1b416927771994e550b0d1e\">sternocleidomastoid</span> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28dda8ac016927772002610f0ea78\">thyrohyoid</span> muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Investing layer:</strong> Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> fascia</li>\n<li><strong>Superficial fascia:</strong> Contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Infrahyoid muscles:</strong> <strong>Sternohyoid &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ceb9263ebb16927771947ec93fc73f\">Omohyoid</span> </strong>(superficial) and <strong>Sternothyroid &amp; Thyrohyoid</strong> (deep) <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Deeper structures:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> gland, trachea, and esophagus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Image below shows a method of brachial plexus block. Identify the correct set of approaches and the corresponding space in the neck.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Interscalene approach - muscular triangle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interscalene approach - posterior triangle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supraclavicular approach - muscular triangle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Supraclavicular approach - posterior triangle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Interscalene approach - posterior triangle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UA7kuoPAjueninhO8uiv1740630681.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/816Wv4go5QX9pS3k8lNi1740630733.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rvNniTYoYMNwoL0v7lw21740630831.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q0Jnj77VUjkLhwL4cARO1740630901.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0tAuX2Irve5VcsMYwL041740630976.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brachial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> block:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Approaches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interscalene approach: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Difficult to perform</li>\n<li><strong>Landmark:</strong>Β Transverse process of <strong>C6</strong> vertebra</li>\n<li>Relatively less safe</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/rvNniTYoYMNwoL0v7lw21740630831.png\" width=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q0Jnj77VUjkLhwL4cARO1740630901.png\" width=\"450\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Emergency and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37d3e89821169277718799ed0c2a19\">elective</span> surgery of the upper extremity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "You notice the following procedure being done in OT. Choose the appropriate set of incorrect statement(s) regarding the same. 1) Congenital long QT syndrome is an indication in children 2) Can be done to manage Hyperhidrosis and Raynaudβs phenomenon 3) Local anaesthetic is injected superior to longus colli muscle 4) Relatively unsafe procedure 5) Contralateral Horner syndrome is verification for correct placement of block", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "only 5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3,5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. only 5", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/B0oJcgLHXJJv7PsYNfoK1740631101.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gLbsCogoUjyaUnyrYxR41740631217.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Children:</strong> <strong>Congenital long QT syndrome</strong>, pain syndromes (eg. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e502fd2a6816927771880ae17fc163\">herpes</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03350c16f71692777202dbca70976e\">zoster</span> ophthalmicus) <strong>(Statement 1)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Adults: Hyperhidrosis, Raynaudβs phenomenon</strong> <strong>(Statement 2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Procedure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b83ec31581692777181547f1a89ef\">anesthetic</span> is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a367ebd0c169277719091155a5b0f\">injected</span> <strong>superior to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> colli muscle</strong>. <strong>(Statement 3)</strong></li>\n<li>Cervicothoracic (stellate) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> block is identified via USG-guided <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175eb86b5f16927771964d5ced6bf3\">probe</span> and block given.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Verification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ipsilateral Horner syndrome</strong> is seen after correct placement of block <strong>(vs Statement 5)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Injury to vital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> structures in proximity (carotid artery, internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein)</li>\n<li>Neural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9af4bb5919169277719688aaf3f8e7\">puncture</span> (recurrent laryngeal nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve)</li>\n<li>Injury to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> gland/esophagus/trachea</li>\n<li>Pneumothorax</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Patient presented with a painful swelling as shown below. Senior doctor says the pain is due to the underlying fascia. All of the following structures are enclosed by the layer forming this fascia except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Levator scapulae", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Submandibular gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External jugular vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Levator scapulae", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AYxMi0KDOrVZSsbEf2mI1740631288.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z4LFPd2FbvqyYFJpOUSi1740631361.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ljjy5ogcBGmeCsALSHVI1740631447.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iuwY1W88upckmQ23m8tW1740631529.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lies deep to the platysma, encircling the neck like a collar</li>\n<li>Forms the roof of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> of the neck</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> protuberance</li>\n<li>Superior nuchal line</li>\n<li>Mastoid process, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">styloid</span> process</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54d290087e1692777180c6cc682930\">acoustic</span> meatus</li>\n<li>Base of the mandible</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spine of scapula</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ligamentum nuchae</li>\n<li>Spine of seventh <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89cd4b5bf716927772010247b57941\">vertebra</span> (C7)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Symphysis menti</li>\n<li>Hyoid bone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enclosed Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Muscles: Trapezius </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong>, Sternocleidomastoid</li>\n<li><strong>Salivary glands:</strong> Parotid<strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">Submandibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/iuwY1W88upckmQ23m8tW1740631529.png\" width=\"450\"/></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spaces: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Suprasternal space of Burns:</strong> Sternal heads of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"625feb7e3a1692777183aa9d923cfd\">bilateral</span> sternocleidomastoid; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">Jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> arch; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d35ea9f1016927771905b50ccf0c6\">Interclavicular</span> ligament</li>\n<li><strong>Supraclavicular space:</strong> External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong> ; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53765334f31692777199cf434360de\">Supraclavicular</span> nerves</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms pulleys for <strong>digastric</strong> and <strong>omohyoid</strong> tendons</li>\n<li>Forms roof of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> triangles</li>\n<li>Forms <strong>stylomandibular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> </strong>(separates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> gland) and parotido-masseteric fascia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a function of the pretracheal fascia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enclosing the thyroid gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enclosing the trachea and esophagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Surrounding the carotid sheath", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Limiting the spread of infection in the anterior neck", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Surrounding the carotid sheath", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BwWzJLoHRZe6ZiOPSpMU1740631627.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/P4N3sWJVNeXN1dziTX5B1740631676.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RTcYaG1pHbSubvXSowma1740631800.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe neck pain, difficulty swallowing, and fever. A CT scan reveals a deep neck infection that has spread into the mediastinum. Which anatomical space is most likely involved in this patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parapharyngeal space", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carotid space", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Retropharyngeal space", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prevertebral space", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Retropharyngeal space", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/62Y1cB5wWRRQ7UuFHbnK1740632012.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submental space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73b3d4c73416927771905a7b0fab77\">investing</span> layer of deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> fascia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submandibular space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to the concerned half of the mandible, between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> bellies of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d67c73f516927771861326d5044c\">digastric</span> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sublingual space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscles in the floor of the mouth, continuous with the opposite side</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peritonsillar space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Part of intrapharyngeal space, around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> tonsils between pillars of fauces</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parapharyngeal space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>On either side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b858004a11692777196bac353c12b\">posterolateral</span> aspect of pharynx</li>\n<li>Medially - superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"717915c3211692777185522b946dc5\">constrictor</span> of pharynx</li>\n<li>Laterally - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> pterygoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retropharyngeal space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anteriorly - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b000e5814a16927771839da6be2d4f\">buccopharyngeal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> of pharynx</li>\n<li>Posteriorly - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> layer</li>\n<li>Laterally - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> sheath</li>\n<li>Superiorly - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> base</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pretracheal space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Behind pretracheal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"604985e2361692777190a81eb61544\">infrahyoid</span> muscles, in front of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall of esophagus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retrovisceral space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> wall of pharynx/esophagus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> fascia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prevertebral space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> and vertebral column.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carotid space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Around the contents of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> sheath, demarcated by parts of investing, pretracheal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> layers.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is not the content of carotid sheath?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Common carotid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal jugular vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External jugular vein", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. External jugular vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rQYxdjoODuz5O5dAjKIe1740632087.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</li>\n<li>Vagus nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> extends from the upper border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> down to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c076ff67d1692777183dff2a71da1\">bifurcation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> arteries.</li>\n<li>The internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve is located between and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> is covered by the pretracheal fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> is bordered by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dac7b2041a1692777196c770b6611d\">prevertebral</span> fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about parotid gland is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The parotid duct passes through the masseter muscle.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The parotid gland is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The parotid gland is located anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The parotid gland primarily secretes mucous saliva.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The parotid duct passes through the masseter muscle.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wlTcFhQdbp3zkJLOMOTZ1740632139.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/61GpwMdCgG6qIhfH1dJU1740632187.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old man is scheduled for a parotidectomy due to a tumor in the parotid gland. The surgeon reviews the anatomical relationships to avoid damage to surrounding structures. Which of the following structures is located superiorly to the parotid gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Styloglossus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Masseter muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Zygomatic arch", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "External carotid artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Zygomatic arch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4yMqGTxZhLSORDx8xvi01740632815.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RXdICOUYWgx7SanamE2E1740632868.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masseter muscle</li>\n<li>Buccal fat pad</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>External ear</li>\n<li>Mastoid process</li>\n<li>Sternocleidomastoid muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Styloid process and associated muscles (styloglossus, stylohyoid, digastric)</li>\n<li>Carotid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</li>\n<li>Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory)</li>\n<li>Mandibles ramus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> fascia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Angle of the mandible</li>\n<li>Submandibular gland</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zygomatic arch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the structures within the parotid gland are accurate? The external carotid artery enters the parotid gland through the posteromedial surface. The maxillary artery exits through the posterior surface of the gland. The superficial temporal artery branches into the transverse facial artery and emerges from the anterior part of the superior surface. The superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein unite to form the retromandibular vein, which divides into anterior and posterior divisions near the apex of the gland. The facial nerve enters the parotid gland and passes behind the retromandibular vein.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only 1,3 and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 1 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "All except 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Only 1,3 and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xY9mlRBK3hYZ0pQBFpum1740633009.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:663px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">Parotid</span> Gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteries</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">Carotid</span> Artery:</strong> Enters through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1b0b6b9c716927771966dfdac754d\">posteromedial</span> surface.</li>\n<li><strong>Maxillary Artery:</strong> Exits through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f90b38d04f16927771818db430bf86\">anteromedial</span> surface.</li>\n<li><strong>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">Temporal</span> Artery</strong>: Branches into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and emerges from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the superior surface.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Veins</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">Temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> and Maxillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> unite to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>Retromandibular Vein</strong>, which divides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facial Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Exits the skull through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10a9865a511692777199f3007e4f54\">Stylomastoid</span> Foramen, enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> at the <strong>posteromedial surface</strong>, passing in front of the retromandibular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery.</li>\n<li>Divides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae69898611692777200fee69bb9c8\">Temporofacial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea57afffa1692777184390211b80c\">Cervicofacial</span> branches near the neck of the mandible, further branching into five <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> branches: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal Mandibular, and Cervical, exiting along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> border and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes located in the <strong>superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> and deep to the deep fascia</strong> over the gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parotid Duct/ Stensen's Duct</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>About 5 cm long.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Origin: Emerges from the middle of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> border.</li>\n<li>Course: Runs forward over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1aec0f96d16927771919a6ff1fa0e\">masseter</span> muscle, then makes a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> turn at the masseter's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> border.</li>\n<li>Structures Pierced:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Buccal Pad of Fat</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Buccopharyngeal Fascia</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Buccinator Muscle (penetrates obliquely)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Termination: After passing through the buccinator, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> travels briefly between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afbb42cc2216927771835ea358b438\">buccinator</span> and oral mucosa, then opens into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"586f3a8b251692777201914716d12e\">vestibule</span> of the mouth opposite the upper second molar's crown.</li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> passage prevents the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> from inflating with air when blowing.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Head And Neck-Skull Bones And Cranial Cavity- Part I - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 11</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "The base of the skull is primarily formed by which type of ossification?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Intramembranous ossification", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endochondral ossification", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Partly intramembranous and partly endochondral", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Perichondral ossification", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Endochondral ossification", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qlkMB1zJEAENELIDsvQ61740586302.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Membranous Ossification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Endochondral Ossification</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue without a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> intermediate.</li>\n<li>Cranial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3011216f116927772017c8f317493\">vault</span> forms through membranous ossification</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Bones that undergo membranous ossification:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flat bones of the skull </strong>which include bones like the\n\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>frontal bone</li>\n<li>parietal bones</li>\n<li>nasal bones</li>\n<li>lacrimal bones</li>\n<li>squamous part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> bones</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Maxilla and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55c062d44f16927771919375042b03\">Mandible</span> (except the condylar process of the mandible, which forms by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08eb20c7831692777187f2e8025548\">endochondral</span> ossification).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Process</strong>: Mesenchymal cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9001edbf216927771860f3475b44c\">differentiate</span> into osteoblasts, which start forming bone directly by secreting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74fb39c2cd1692777194eae8b91386\">osteoid</span> (bone matrix). This process is characteristic of the bones that contribute to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3011216f116927772017c8f317493\">vault</span> of the skull (calvaria).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bone is formed by first creating a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> template, which is then replaced by bone.</li>\n<li>Cranial base forms though <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08eb20c7831692777187f2e8025548\">endochondral</span> ossification</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Bones that undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08eb20c7831692777187f2e8025548\">endochondral</span> ossification:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Base of the skull:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Occipital bone (<strong>except the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> part</strong>)</li>\n<li>Sphenoid bone</li>\n<li>Ethmoid bone</li>\n<li>Petrous part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Condyle of the mandible.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Process</strong>: In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08eb20c7831692777187f2e8025548\">endochondral</span> ossification, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> model of the bone forms first. This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> is progressively replaced by bone as it is calcified and invaded by blood vessels, bringing osteoblasts and osteoclasts to reshape the bone.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which bones form the weakest point of the skull?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Frontal, occipital, and temporal bones", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphenoid and ethmoid bones", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Occipital, temporal, and parietal bones", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OGszj8PwWVas01dyJQ6V1740586355.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Jpl0v1O2kjcPK2wL2eSm1740586383.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y47sFhiLHYe61w0CGTit1740586418.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:521px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sutures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Meeting Point</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coronal suture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Junction between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sagittal suture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Junction between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lambdoid suture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Junction between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Squamous suture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Junction between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:540px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Fontanelle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Fontanelle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b87ec93521692777199c7884fb759\">soft spot</span> in a newbornβs skull, located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the sagittal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dad5b2152216927771851a3d10cd41\">coronal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> (metopic) sutures.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"90dcd6e02316927771990a5c253ff7\">suture</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21443175a41692777191513bb73210\">lambdoid</span> suture.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is diamond-shaped.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is triangular in shape.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Typically closes by 18-24 months of age.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Typically closes usually by 6 to 8 weeks after birth.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following are pneumatic bones?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3,6,7", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,3,5,7", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2,4,6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3,5,6,7", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,2,3,6,7", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZvzySD6JocSMOjoIuEOQ1740586587.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vwsdGUmcin5z6Ib3AqM71740586613.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All among the following would be of adult size at birth except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mastoid process", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mastoid antrum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tympanic membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semicircular canal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mastoid process", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XqAPEeLLXf2YLtuAD5h91740586672.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structures at adult size (at birth)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structures NOT at adult size (at birth)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tympanic membrane</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Tympanic cavity</li>\n<li><strong>Ear ossicles</strong> (malleus, incus, stapes)</li>\n<li><strong>Mastoid (tympanic) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96976bc5fc1692777181dc8403015a\">antrum</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Internal ear</strong> (vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals) <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tegmen tympani</li>\n<li>External ear (auricle/pinna, external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> canal)</li>\n<li>Mastoid process (forms by 2 years age)<strong> (Option A) </strong>(a shorter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> process makes the underlying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10a9865a511692777199f3007e4f54\">stylomastoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> to injuries during ear surgeries)</li>\n<li><strong>Mastoid air cells (forms by 6 years age)</strong></li>\n<li>Eustachian (auditory) tube</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient following a road traffic accident presented to the ED in a confused state. Ecchymosis around the eyes was noted, and CT showed the following. Which of the following does not contribute to the floor of the affected structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cribriform plate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesser wing of sphenoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Orbital plate of the frontal bone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Greater wing of sphenoid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Greater wing of sphenoid", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PaCElLhodv6JoqntdNjd1740586756.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xdr80UE5jKjIntIaiWQr1740586828.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j9A8Ia6XJhQMPjk3JuFR1740586867.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:643px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cribriform plate of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77d6d0146716927771877b0c93c24f\">ethmoid</span> bone (anterior) <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Superior surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the body of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a19782a4f71692777190d78fef4058\">Jugum</span> sphenoidale (posterior)</li>\n<li>Lesser wing of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> (posterior) <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Orbital plate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> (on either side) <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Following an RTA, a structure passing through the marked foramen was injured. Which of the following defects is likely to be seen in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of corneal reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loss of jaw jerk", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inability to abduct eye", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of sensation over cheek", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Loss of sensation over cheek", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5L5r9ZTkPJuaWAXlrwIt1740586957.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IOJ2E9SxQsxg5CtJYRW41740587024.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:240px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superior view:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Optic canal</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</li>\n<li>Foramen rotundum</li>\n<li>Foramen spinosum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior view - Greater wing:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</li>\n<li>Scaphoid fossa</li>\n<li>Pterygoid fossa</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior view - Lesser wing:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Optic canal</li>\n<li>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> sinus</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</li>\n<li>Foramen rotundum</li>\n<li>Pterygoid canal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A young female with history of recurrent attacks of pain over medial canthus of eye and cheek presents with chills, rigor, diplopia on lateral gaze and restriction of eye movements. She was diagnosed with PCOS and is on OCPs for the same since 6 months. On examination, edema over eyelids and exophthalmos were noted. Choose the correct combination regarding communication of the most likely structure affected in this patient.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transverse sinus through Inferior petrosal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal jugular vein through emissary veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pterygoid plexus through superior petrosal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facial vein through superior ophthalmic vein", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Facial vein through superior ophthalmic vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vuJntpne5qBLewRYVyzh1740587196.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VRlatCERg8joHWDnj67C1740587245.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/O2NmmNnYhgGfJqY9XIRy1740587271.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tributaries:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Orbit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17d8978bd1692777197621051012f\">retina</span> (drains into either the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> or directly into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Brain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superficial middle cerebral vein</li>\n<li>Inferior cerebral veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From the Meninges</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sphenoparietal sinus</li>\n<li>Frontal trunk of the middle meningeal vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Communications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vein/sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Via</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pterygoid plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Emissary veins <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facial vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right and Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aea7d5e4af169277719008b5a9e7d2\">intercavernous</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoglossal and vagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossopharyngeal and accessory", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoglossal and facial", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facial and vestibulocochlear", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Facial and vestibulocochlear", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZAbFKzb6xxjAPu5HOAHi1740587332.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:554px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure on the floor of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">Cranial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">Fossa</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Passing Through </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Foramen Magnum</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medulla</li>\n<li>Spinal cord</li>\n<li>Vertebral arteries</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse Sulcus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep Fossae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellar hemispheres</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoglossal Canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54d290087e1692777180c6cc682930\">Acoustic</span> Meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facial (CN VII) nerve </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerve</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aqueduct of Vestibule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endolymphatic duct</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jugular Foramen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve</li>\n<li>Vagus (CN X) nerve</li>\n<li>Accessory (CN XI) nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a structure passing through the superior orbital fissure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trochlear nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nasociliary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Facial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KWQsThkTIPjbADhua3Hi1740587448.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Passing Through</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral Part</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lacrimal nerve (branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> nerve)</li>\n<li>Frontal nerve (branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> nerve)</li>\n<li><strong>Trochlear nerve (CN IV)</strong></li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Meningeal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> artery</li>\n<li>Β Anastomotic branch of middle meningeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (anastomoses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a742b06701692777191bdca4f04a0\">lacrimal</span> artery)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle Part</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve (CN III)</li>\n<li>Lower division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve (CN III)</li>\n<li><strong>Nasociliary nerve</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Abducens nerve (CN VI)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial Part</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> vein</li>\n<li>Sympathetic nerve from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> around internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves does not pass through the common tendinous ring of Zinn?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nasociliary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oculomotor nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. None of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ma5bQPqs5b1DcWDyzxyO1740587562.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:574px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Topic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> ring of Zinn</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibrous ring at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the orbit that gives origin to <strong>all recti muscles</strong> (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures passing through it</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve</strong> (CN III)</p>\n<p><strong>Inferior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Nasociliary nerve</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Abducens nerve</strong> (CN VI)</p>\n<p><strong>Sympathetic root of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> ganglion</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Contents of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> canal</strong> (optic nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> artery)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the walls of the orbit with the bones forming it Wall Bone a. Roof 1. Greater wing of sphenoid b. Lateral wall 2. Orbital surface of maxilla c. Floor 3. Orbital plate of frontal d. Medial wall 4. Lacrimal", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Orbital Wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Structures Forming the Wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Roof</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Orbital plate of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> bone </strong>(main part)</li>\n<li>Lesser wing of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> (posterior part)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral Wall</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Greater wing of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone</strong> (posterior part)</li>\n<li>Orbital surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> process of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfb2ffbd2616927772021c3bd61344\">zygomatic</span> bone (anterior part)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Floor</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Orbital surface of the maxilla</strong> (main part)</li>\n<li>Lower part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfb2ffbd2616927772021c3bd61344\">zygomatic</span> bone (anterolaterally)</li>\n<li>Orbital process of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> bone (posterior angle)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial Wall</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>From before backward:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Frontal process of the maxilla</li>\n<li><strong>Lacrimal bone</strong></li>\n<li>Orbital plate of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77d6d0146716927771877b0c93c24f\">ethmoid</span> bone</li>\n<li>Body of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Histology-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 20</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Identify the lymphatic structure from the histology section given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tonsil", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lymph node", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spleen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thymus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Thymus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/91QlKfIL3bNM9kvYoSyO1741031704.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7aRs4SramQn5zoYtkOlU1741031801.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/18vgyfESyYDIakRoWoU61741031834.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kZLkp3LGmPqu2MoLjyt21741031874.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H3YVOsf6qq62A9CWVMEx1741031907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qGpc2Ik7btZpaug239qp1741089865.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/M0tw8pTTBJUnHn4agJZN1741031986.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the cell marked in the histological image of the cerebellum shown below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Purkinje cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basket cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Golgi cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Granule cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Purkinje cells", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R9k7dKqc1067yOAQosAT1746515353.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MZ2RqMoKZZtt1CulHD1N1746515447.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zPy09712gZOv4fv1r62s1746515460.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Layers of the cerebellar cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Molecular (plexiform) layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Purkinje cell layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Granular layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It primarily contains numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77f797c5e8169277718535480fa7fd\">dendritic</span> branches from Purkinje cells, with relatively few widely spaced nerve cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It consists of a single row of large flask-shaped cells, the <strong>Purkinje cells</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer is made up of many closely packed small<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd69fc99d41692777188cc051aafa5\">granule</span> cells</strong>, along with a few larger <strong>Golgi cells.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>These nerve cells are of two types:</p>\n<p>(a) <strong>Basket cells </strong></p>\n<p>(b) Stellate cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The axons of Purkinje cells are the only output from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c584f1d6a16927771847eabd3ce01\">cerebellar cortex</span> and have an <strong>inhibitory</strong> effect on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"892754df9f169277719002da27f662\">intracerebellar</span> nuclei.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi cells are<strong> inhibitory</strong> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> cells are <strong>excitatory.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of cartilage shown in the image below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyaline cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elastic cartilage", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Articular cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibrocartilage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Elastic cartilage", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FzgazgPYdqlmNZStugYF1746514933.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7fqWmj6Ads8EqrHVtTO81746515008.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KZwXHjbBz63ozJoqIG1N1746515020.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bbMGIz3xGMJfC60lpxaC1746515031.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hyaline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">Cartilage</span> (Most Common)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Elastic Cartilage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibrocartilage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Matrix appearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogeneous, basophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fiber network</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> bundles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chondrocyte arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Groups (cell nests/isogenous groups)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar to hyaline</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single rows or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2c83bc4de1692777190e11dbe140f\">isogenous</span> groups</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Perichondrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present (except in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main fiber type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II collagen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (primarily) and Type II collagen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structural support, forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> surfaces</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides flexibility and resilience</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> and shearing, shock absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c739a6fb2b1692777200e2ada8023c\">tracheal</span> rings, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Auricle, epiglottis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> tube</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intervertebral discs, menisci</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The cell marked in the below slide is inhibitory to", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deep nuclei of cerebellum", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vestibular nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior olivary nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Basal ganglia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Deep nuclei of cerebellum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/EPbAhkk17O5YPYE1V64y1747125751.jpg"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6nvjUnPZITpc7xkVI0PH1745386016.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> (between molecular &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibitory regulation of deep cerebellar nuclei</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of cerebellum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Helps coordinate fine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"098b60fa37169277719232147d5fb7\">motor control</span> by regulating output from deep cerebellar nuclei</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the incorrect match:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-cilia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4-lamina propria", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2-goblet cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3-nuclei of epithelial cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 4-lamina propria", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/X4qp0VyrPPqH790YOfZ81747131019.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DL64jH9jHXPsmFGiByAS1745384555.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/3mCxc6FBIVmMmPe3fI0b1745384602.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found in the <strong>trachea, bronchi, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> cavity</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ciliated columnar cells</strong>, <strong>goblet cells</strong>, <strong>basal cells</strong>, and <strong>brush cells</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucociliary clearance</strong> β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3ceefdd5c16927771840391a4a4a4\">Cilia</span> move <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> upward, trapping and removing debris.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lamina Propria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <strong>loose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue</strong> layer beneath the epithelium, <strong>not part of the epithelial layer</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathological Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3ceefdd5c16927771840391a4a4a4\">cilia</span> function leads to <strong>chronic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> infections</strong> (e.g., in Kartagener syndrome).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Given below is a histological section of the thyroid gland. Which of the following is secreted by the cell marked βXβ in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calcitonin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "PTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SerotoninX", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Calcitonin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LeIWsoUYIPRkJhITt5Kd1747900967.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone Secreted</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Follicular cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Line the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> follicles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thyroxine (T3, T4)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parafollicular (C) cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between follicles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Calcitonin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowers blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> by inhibiting osteoclasts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding bones is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Osteocytes are the major cell type in mature bone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Collagen is synthesized in bone osteoblasts", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bone mainly contains type 2 collagen", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcium phosphate is one of the major inorganic mineral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bone mainly contains type 2 collagen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Osteoblasts (bone formation), Osteocytes (maintenance), Osteoclasts (resorption)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collagen Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> is the primary structural protein in bone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inorganic Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate) provides bone rigidity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone Matrix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Composed of organic (collagen and proteins) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae9d02cdc1692777190a3151d6fef\">inorganic</span> (minerals) components</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of collagen is present in cartilage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 collagen", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type 3 collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type 4 collagen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type 2 collagen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collagen Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides tensile strength</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"636ccb4336169277720289af6a0778\">vitreous</span> humor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides resistance to pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reticular fibers (skin, blood vessels, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> tissue)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basement membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms structural network in BM</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The inner layer of the fallopian tube is covered by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Simple columnar epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ciliated columnar epithelium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ciliated columnar epithelium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucosa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ciliated columnar epithelium</strong> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> (peg) cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Helps in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c1d9800e2169277719426cf66bb68\">ovum</span> transport and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of nutrients</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscularis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> and outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> smooth muscle layers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peristalsis aids in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c1d9800e2169277719426cf66bb68\">ovum</span> movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serosa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Outer peritoneal covering</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural integrity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify which of the following structure is a merocrine gland:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6MWwu6zHN3LELLJrUCWu1746698184.jpg"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iAUankUWeApCl7RDrAhV1745315699.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Merocrine Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apocrine Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Holocrine Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eccrine glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modified sweat glands (e.g., mammary glands)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> Integrity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Membrane is intact</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretions covered by cell membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Entire cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> is lost</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secretions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released without loss of cell membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released along with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6223a27fb169277718147405290e1\">apical</span> part of cell membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Whole cell is lost; becomes sebum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exocytosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blebs are formed; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> is part of the cell membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breakdown of entire cell, organelles become secretions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Salivary glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mammary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> (modified sweat gland)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sebaceous glands</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thermoregulation (e.g., sweat)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of milk (in modified sweat glands)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lubrication of skin (sebum secretion)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient underwent an endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract due to recurrent abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits. Identify the arrow-marked structure in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brunnerβs gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intestinal cells of kajal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Crypts of lieberkuhn", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peyer's patch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Brunnerβs gland", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6o206Un4QtYWL8RLzbBi1747396602.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:452px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Duodenum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Jejunum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Ileum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Villi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Brunner's Glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Peyer's Patches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The given histology image is of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leydig cells of testis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreatic islet cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hassall's corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glomerulus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glomerulus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/zGuB8S2Q28JuyG7I6GFt1745904836.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/swHqTfDVl6vWuObugM6y1745904840.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/NANfioOnNxxC2DPciRW31745905170.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7U75xuPYXMdRHlZs8la91745905175.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/YC7w6aK83M0ZEZWeChJc1745905178.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked in the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Respiratory bronchus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Terminal bronchioles", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alveolar sac", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intrapulmonary bronchus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Terminal bronchioles", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/s7lokSnFd078M8V1XQum1746168319.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/RaoHEneamhMwYHHPMhqf1746168394.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/tchuYdQMmYNFGG1ilRSh1746168541.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the lining epithelium of the trachea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Simple squamous epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transitional epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stratified squamous epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pseudostratified ciliated columnar", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZNiDNfE4HDqXfxAZSkaH1747374268.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone is produced from the layer marked in the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Androgen", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cortisol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corticosterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Androgen", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ePkWYGCsq4SlMUdJUfQ31747652325.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ErjAK6JyZA9fMldZKdaL1747379566.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Layers of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">Adrenal</span> Gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Adrenal Cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zones of the cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormones produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Morphology of Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona Glomerulosa </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mineralocorticoid</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aldosterone(main)</li>\n<li>Deoxycorticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sodium balance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small clumps of cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona fasciculata </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucocorticoids</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cortisol</li>\n<li>Corticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sugars</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Columnar cells that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> long cords</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona reticularis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sex steroids</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dehydroepiandrosterone</li>\n<li>Androstenedione</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sexual functioning</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Network of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adrenal medulla:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medulla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catecholamines:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Norepinephrine</li>\n<li>Epinephrine</li>\n<li>Small amounts of dopamine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrate and fat metabolisms</li>\n<li>Fight or flight responses</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specialized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> ganglion</p>\n<p>Clumps and strands of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c4e8893871692777184b46d3381f5\">chromaffin</span> cells</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the receptors with their correct function: 1. Ruffini corpuscle A. Vibration 2. Merkel cells B. Sustained pressure 3. Pacinian corpuscle C. Stretching 4. Meissnerβs corpuscle D. Fine touch", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1C, 2B, 3A, 4D", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1D, 2C, 3B, 4A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1B, 2A, 3D, 4C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1C, 2D, 3B, 4A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct OptionΒ A - 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the markers in the given slide:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Eccrine sweat gland, B- Arrector pilorum, C- Sebaceous gland, D- Apocrine gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Arrector pilorum, B- Eccrine sweat gland, C- Sebaceous gland, D- Apocrine gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Eccrine sweat gland, B- Arrector pilorum, C- Apocrine gland, D-Sebaceous gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A- Sebaceous gland, B- Apocrine gland, C- Eccrine sweat gland, D- Arrector pilorum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A- Eccrine sweat gland, B- Arrector pilorum, C- Sebaceous gland, D- Apocrine gland", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IVDg18Csula66uls0HAo1724927745.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kal9lkmrv5Bn74R8NVnd1727179856.jpg", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G07kBgT6anWFpfoPhQet1727178492.jpg"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - A- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e626f316ac1692777186d52f1ab7e6\"&gt;Eccrine&lt;/span&gt; sweat gland, B- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff1eff91d169277718206eea7060c\"&gt;Arrector&lt;/span&gt; pilorum, C- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\"&gt;Sebaceous&lt;/span&gt; gland, D- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"495f6155fb1692777181ce9121d548\"&gt;Apocrine&lt;/span&gt; g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Histological section is given below. Identify the marked cell.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stellate cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basket cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Purkinje cell", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Granular cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Purkinje cell", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e9wwGmut9KNn9sWJpRMi1741090058.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QF0JAJ2Ft17hKDEiEs401741090082.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/O9dvQEj0i3Q73W1NzmFE1741032851.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LH8aeiiNhpPmp7Zt2jQG1741032868.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Layers of the cerebellar cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Molecular (plexiform) layer</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A, B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purkinje cell layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Granular layer</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It primarily contains numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77f797c5e8169277718535480fa7fd\">dendritic</span> branches from Purkinje cells, with relatively few widely spaced nerve cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It consists of a single row of large flask-shaped cells, the <strong>Purkinje cells</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer is made up of many closely packed small<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd69fc99d41692777188cc051aafa5\">granule</span> cells</strong>, along with a few larger <strong>Golgi cells.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>These nerve cells are of two types:</p>\n<p>(a) Basket cells</p>\n<p>(b) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41b4e6c32f169277719986f77fbe28\">Stellate</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The axons of Purkinje cells are the only output from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c584f1d6a16927771847eabd3ce01\">cerebellar cortex</span> and have an <strong>inhibitory</strong> effect on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"892754df9f169277719002da27f662\">intracerebellar</span> nuclei.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi cells are<strong> inhibitory</strong> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> cells are <strong>excitatory.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the type of cartilage present in the histology section given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyaline cartilage", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elastic cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Articular cartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibrocartilage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hyaline cartilage", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QKaYTbd98MRTjQLSPP7W1741087425.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DYdC8lSYjPO5ESEHmw7U1741087574.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2BWo2bWkYTeJ0uYCIvC21741087557.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pJCZfHC4qVZ5ZRzL7zqs1741087608.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0WtN4PifsLB7SnD5jTTm1741087643.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4QB0aNpvhxaMhjmzzbAQ1741087674.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fPg1UTf1EDDoHx7vg79o1741087694.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:810px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hyaline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">Cartilage</span> (Most Common) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Elastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">Cartilage</span> (Yellow cartilage) (Option B) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibrocartilage (Option D) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Matrix appearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogeneous, basophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fiber network</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> bundles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chondrocyte arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Groups (cell nests/isogenous groups)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar to hyaline</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single rows or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2c83bc4de1692777190e11dbe140f\">isogenous</span> groups</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Perichondrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present (except in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main fiber type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II collagen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (primarily) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">Type II</span> collagen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structural support, forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> surfaces</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides flexibility and resilience</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> and shearing, shock absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c739a6fb2b1692777200e2ada8023c\">tracheal</span> rings, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Auricle, epiglottis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> tube</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intervertebral discs, menisci</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which layer is indicated in the provided histological section?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Outer plexiform layer", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inner plexiform layer", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ganglion cell layer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Photoreceptor layer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inner plexiform layer", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/644Qwji4zj5PbaRQGlsW1692272894.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RHa0Pl7jjAePFP24ZBRR1714740716.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tnsiVwO6TmyiPLZuRvka1714740753.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Inner &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\"&gt;plexiform&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Histology-Tissue Histology- I - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 19</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 19 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is an apocrine gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sweat gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sebaceous gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Sweat gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rH1tcfwSTowDOSD7XPRq1740327790.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:653px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apocrine Glands </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Merocrine Glands (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Holocrine Glands (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The secretions are released along with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6223a27fb169277718147405290e1\">apical</span> part of the cell membrane.</li>\n<li>Blebs are formed.</li>\n<li>Mammary gland: Modified sweat gland.</li>\n<li>E.g: <strong>Breast, Sweat gland</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also called <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e626f316ac1692777186d52f1ab7e6\">eccrine</span> glands.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> is released by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"669e9c5b3c1692777187e4d465b868\">exocytosis</span> without losing a part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> cell</li>\n<li>Secretions are released without the loss of the cell membrane.</li>\n<li>E.g: <strong>Salivary glands, Pancreas</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The whole cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> is lost.</li>\n<li>Becomes the sebum.</li>\n<li>Entire cell organelles break down and become secretions.</li>\n<li>Peripheral cells are intact.</li>\n<li>E.g: <strong>Sebaceous gland</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following layer of skin with the cells present in it. 1. Stratum Corneum a) Melanocytes 2. Stratum Granulosum b) Keratin Squames 3. Stratum Spinosum c) Keratohyalin granules 4. Stratum Basale d) Langerhan cells", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/f7S0I72va2YQ77Gpm41F1740331331.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GALT tissues are part of the Waldeyer ring.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tonsils primarily produce secretory IgA to protect mucosal surfaces.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tonsils are covered by stratified squamous epithelium that forms deep crypts.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tonsils contain diffuse lymphoid tissue scattered in the lamina propria.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tonsils are covered by stratified squamous epithelium that forms deep crypts.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BxnTksgFwEYYvMYi2Bqn1740331205.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:737px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mucosa Associated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">Lymphoid</span> Tissue (MALT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tonsils</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Includes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> cells and organized aggregates (e.g., tonsils, Peyerβs patches). <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>The aggregations consist of <strong>lymphatic follicles (nodules)</strong> resembling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> structure, with possible <strong>germinal centers</strong>.</li>\n<li>Between the nodules, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> tissue, known as the <strong>parafollicular zone</strong>, is present.</li>\n<li><strong>Parts:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GALT:</strong> Found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3a647ce2516927771881427f56c1d\">gastrointestinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> (e.g., Peyerβs patches). <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>BALT: </strong>Present in the bronchial tree.</li>\n<li><strong>Waldeyer Ring:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">Lymphoid</span> tissue in the oropharynx.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Consists of T &amp; B cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> cells and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f95a52091169277719133cc234fe0\">mast</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Antibody Production:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>IgA: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62de0ec43c16927771912c01f6f373\">MALT</span> produces IgA, which is the main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d7a12cab116927771811a0079086d\">antibody</span> in mucosal areas, protects mucosal surfaces. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>IgG &amp; IgM: Present in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> propria.</li>\n<li>IgE: Involved in allergic reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Function:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Epithelium samples <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbb10919e516927771917a9afcb633\">luminal</span> antigens.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> tonsils are part of Waldeyer's ring, along with the lingual, pharyngeal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a970a38e85169277720171bea632e7\">tubal</span> tonsils.</li>\n<li>They are covered by <strong>stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong>, which forms deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> crypts. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Beneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f64b606f6169277720080acdb1d3d\">tonsil</span> is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"79dbeeeba41692777184e63d6d214e\">collagenous</span> <strong>hemicapsule </strong>separating it from muscle.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> tissue contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> follicles with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e5fdc156169277718879843a6ede\">germinal</span> centers, similar to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes.</li>\n<li>Bacteria and particles entering the crypts are passed to follicles, triggering immune responses.</li>\n<li>Efferent lymphatics drain to deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes.</li>\n<li>In the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a970a38e85169277720171bea632e7\">tubal</span> tonsils, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> covers the surface instead of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the spleen is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "White pulp occupies most of the spleen and contains a higher number of RBCs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The red pulp parenchyma is supported by reticular fibers and contains sheathed capillaries.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "B cells form an eccentric cylindrical sheath around a central artery, known as PALS.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Perilymphoid zone contains numerous sinuses and abundant reticulin meshwork.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The red pulp parenchyma is supported by reticular fibers and contains sheathed capillaries.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2lK9q7tg0pobzgKAqIrb1740331025.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a histological image of the thymus, which cell type is not present in the medulla?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thymocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epithelial cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hassall's corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dendritic cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Thymocytes", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iKvfgLpTT67p9voRMjHS1740330104.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZcwL1Mx09OMbB5Ylia4u1740330218.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZpnNiCV5sQdLzn8yJHom1740330276.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yqTz574aYC1xSzlUSRzp1740330363.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A pathologist is examining a lymph node biopsy. Which of the following correctly identifies these structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C- Capsule, E- Medulla, D- Cortex, A- Germinal centers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "D- Capsule, E- Medulla, C- Cortex, A- Germinal centers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C- Capsule, A- Medulla, D- Cortex, E- Germinal centers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "D- Capsule, A- Medulla, C- Cortex, E- Germinal centers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. C- Capsule, A- Medulla, D- Cortex, E- Germinal centers", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hGn4TWkJKfNuCzTfRJLr1740329872.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A4oVrquYDH84j4WuOnkO1738826135.jpg", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nkDiuOwqT8i6K94mQf081740330025.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capsule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Outer covering of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> node</p>\n<p>- Consists mainly of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> fibers</p>\n<p>- May contain some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fibers and smooth muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support and contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> contents</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subcapsular sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Located just beneath the capsule</p>\n<p>- Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> vessels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initial site for incoming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> filtration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Outer zone with densely packed lymphocytes</p>\n<p>- Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> follicles/nodules</p>\n<p>- Divided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> (nodular) and deep (paracortex) regions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Site of B-lymphocyte activity (superficial)</p>\n<p>- T-lymphocyte area (deep/paracortex)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymphatic follicles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Rounded areas within the cortex</p>\n<p>- Contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e5fdc156169277718879843a6ede\">germinal</span> centers when activated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sites of B-lymphocyte <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> and differentiation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Germinal centers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Lightly stained central region of activated follicles</p>\n<p>- Contain proliferating B-lymphocytes (centroblasts and centrocytes)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Site of B-cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> and selection</p>\n<p>- Indicates an active immune response</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medulla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Inner, lighter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b007026bd16927771997ae809b603\">staining</span> region</p>\n<p>- Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> cords and sinuses</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Houses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> cells and macrophages</p>\n<p>- Site of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d7a12cab116927771811a0079086d\">antibody</span> production and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> filtration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hilum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5c0ed1601692777184e597f453c9\">Concave</span> region where blood vessels enter/exit</p>\n<p>- Site where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> vessel leaves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> connections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A histologist is examining three different cartilage samples. Sample A shows a homogeneous basophilic matrix with groups of chondrocytes in cell nests. Sample B contains numerous branching and anastomosing fibers forming a network. Sample C lacks perichondrium and has chondrocytes arranged in single rows or groups with numerous collagen bundles. Which of the following correctly identifies these cartilage types?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A - Elastic, B - Hyaline, C - Fibrocartilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A - Hyaline, B - Elastic, C - Fibrocartilage", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A - Fibrocartilage, B - Hyaline, C - Elastic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A - Hyaline, B - Fibrocartilage, C - Elastic", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A - Hyaline, B - Elastic, C - Fibrocartilage", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qzXUSeFtoRXKBxTOAEKY1740329076.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0tjSpUByYmFQ9hK6x8Xd1740329163.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3bLkalUhrdgaFZcInbHt1740329274.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:810px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hyaline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">Cartilage</span> (Most Common)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Elastic Cartilage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibrocartilage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Matrix appearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogeneous, basophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fiber network</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> bundles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chondrocyte arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Groups (cell nests/isogenous groups)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar to hyaline</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single rows or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2c83bc4de1692777190e11dbe140f\">isogenous</span> groups</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Perichondrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present (except in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main fiber type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II collagen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (primarily) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">Type II</span> collagen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structural support, forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> surfaces</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides flexibility and resilience</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> and shearing, shock absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal cartilage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c739a6fb2b1692777200e2ada8023c\">tracheal</span> rings, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> cartilage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Auricle, epiglottis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> tube</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intervertebral discs, menisci</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following types of collagen with their primary location: 1. Found in cartilage (Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage) a. Type I collagen 2. Major component of basement membranes b. Type II collagen 3. Predominant in bowel and blood vessels c. Type III collagen 4. Primary collagen in bones, tendons, and dermis d. Type IV collagen", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of Collagen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Locations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin, tendon, sclera, bone, fascia, dermis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitreous humor of eye, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> disc, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> (Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin, blood vessels, bowel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basement membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A histologist is examining three different tissue samples. Sample A shows loosely arranged fibers with numerous cells and abundant ground substance. Sample B exhibits densely packed, parallel collagen bundles with elongated fibroblast nuclei. Sample C contains interwoven collagen fibers without a specific orientation. Which of the following correctly matches the samples to their connective tissue types?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A - Dense irregular, B - Loose connective, C - Dense regular", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A - Loose connective, B - Dense regular, C - Dense irregular", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A - Dense regular, B - Dense irregular, C - Loose connective", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A - Loose connective, B - Dense irregular, C - Dense regular", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A - Loose connective, B - Dense regular, C - Dense irregular", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9alY2WLB9SVWg7aTziZE1740328485.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RCHRmmUxKnHFyhaBxArt1740328672.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9YHxoGx0gFpEL4RhB94b1740328793.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Loose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">Connective</span> Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Dense Regular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">Connective</span> Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Dense <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"863f5457381692777190f05632a8b2\">Irregular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">Connective</span> Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loosely arranged</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Densely packed, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"635a7ea50e16927771944f08f17aed\">parallel</span> arrangement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Densely packed, interwoven without specific orientation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell content</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous fibroblasts and macrophages</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Few cells, mainly fibroblasts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Few cells (fibroblasts)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ground substance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abundant</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less in amount</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less in amount</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind different tissues together, allow tissue movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provide strength and resistance to tensile forces</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provide strength in multiple directions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endomysium, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98c8f7f96f1692777199295afb1d35\">subperiosteal</span> tissue, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> propria of GIT, hypodermis, mesentery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tendons, ligaments, deep fascia, aponeuroses, central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> of diaphragm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> mater</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermis, CT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> of muscle and nerves, capsules of glands, sclera, periosteum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A pathologist is analyzing a biopsy sample from a patient with suspected connective tissue disorder. Upon staining, she observes fibers that appear black with silver impregnation and form a delicate network throughout the tissue. Which of the following best describes these fibers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I collagen fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elastic fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reticular fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Smooth muscle fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Reticular fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bwHkT6OVCsH89z4DM6lz1740328050.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gnkS66LQdyLadxcoBFq11740328134.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VUmnRv4MOrgz9FWveT6g1740328225.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collagen Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reticular Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elastic Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Appearance under light microscope</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Wavy bundles</p>\n<p>- White on naked eye</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Fine &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17ab6243c16927771818c4aa0460d\">anastomose</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> network</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Thin, branching fibers</p>\n<p>- Single</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Staining characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Pink with H&amp;E</p>\n<p>- Blue with Masson's trichrome</p>\n<p>- Red with Van Gieson</p>\n<p>- Brown with Silver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ae0c9d14716927771895185afaec1\">impregnation</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Black with silver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ae0c9d14716927771895185afaec1\">impregnation</span> (specific)</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e835060d3169277719499350aabe5\">PAS</span> positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Not visible with H&amp;E</p>\n<p>- Black with Verhoeff's stain</p>\n<p>- Purple with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f37ee990b416927771949291fce0a3\">orcein</span> stain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Tensile strength</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Structural support in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> organs</p>\n<p>- Component of basement membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6c754309d16927771874142ec8ca4\">Elasticity</span> and resilience</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Locations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Widespread (e.g., dermis, tendons, ligaments)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lymphoid organs, liver, kidney, bone marrow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood vessels, skin, lungs, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> cartilage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Louisa Howard\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open Acess\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fibers_of_Collagen_Type_I_-_TEM.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"387\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/bwHkT6OVCsH89z4DM6lz1740328050.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Nephron\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_fiber#/media/File:Liver_reticulin.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"340\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/gnkS66LQdyLadxcoBFq11740328134.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"491\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/VUmnRv4MOrgz9FWveT6g1740328225.png\" width=\"151\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the locations of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexus in the gastrointestinal tract, respectively?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers; Mucosa", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Submucosa; Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers; Muscularis propri", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Between serosa and longitudinal muscle layer; Between the submucosa and mucosa", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Submucosa; Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zf95B9oGP3uK89GBJkcj1740325528.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Zx5YjjlsVcfborcslVJr1740325595.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which two of the following statements about serous, mucinous, and mixed glands are correct? Serous glands produce a proteinaceous, enzyme-rich watery fluid, while mucinous glands secrete mucopolysaccharides that form a thick, viscous mucus. Cells of serous acini are triangular with centrally placed rounded nuclei, whereas cells of mucous acini are tall with flat nuclei at their bases. The pancreas is an example of a mixed gland, containing both serous and mucous secreting acini. The lumen of mucous acini is typically smaller than that of serous acini.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 2 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0DYjz4d03cP3g4q0eMLh1740327554.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SJJFkbvO4FM5E4YkRV7A1740327634.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:673px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucous gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mixed gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The secretions of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> glands are <strong>proteinaceous</strong> in nature. Cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> an enzyme-rich watery fluid.</li>\n<li>Cells of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> are triangular with a rounded nucleus. Their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> are centrally placed.</li>\n<li>E.g. pancreas.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> glands, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> contains <strong>mucopolysaccharides</strong>. Cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> which is a thick, viscous, and jelly-like protective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddc9f397e716927771916135359875\">lubricant</span> known as mucin.</li>\n<li>Cells of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> are tall with flat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> at their bases.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> of these <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> is larger than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> acini</li>\n<li>E. g. goblet cells, and minor salivary glands of the tongue and palate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> secretions</li>\n<li>E.g. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6dc33c9af116927771993596438eb2\">submandibular</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> glands.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following histological features is characteristic of Barrett's esophagus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Squamous cell hyperplasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Columnar epithelium with intestinal metaplasia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Columnar epithelium with gastric metaplasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glandular adenomatous hyperplasia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Columnar epithelium with intestinal metaplasia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WirEQ2nZn58Iu69oDWUc1740327266.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LTJZL06gorchhYDpPbz71740327418.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures in the human body is primarily lined by stratified squamous epithelium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lumen of the trachea", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skin surface", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastric lumen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alveoli of lungs", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Skin surface", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Openings on the face</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ear</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9a0fc0e19169277718759be7a9732\">external ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> is lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">Stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>Middle ear cavity, lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9a0fc0e19169277718759be7a9732\">external ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> are separated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> has two epitheliums:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Inner layer:</strong> Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> epithelium</li>\n<li><strong>Outer layer:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">Stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eye</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The first layer of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cc4d657841692777185555e1b982d\">cornea</span> is lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nasal cavity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">Stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium.</li>\n<li>It is lined with skin</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"586f3a8b251692777201914716d12e\">vestibule</span> is lined by the skin with hair: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">Stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oral cavity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is discussed in 2 parts:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Tongue, hard palate</li>\n<li>Tonsils, epiglottis</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:640px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Openings of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea5dd28db71692777195ee64c2f690\">perineum</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n<li><strong>Only the tip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6737b0e141692777192ce1a41b83d\">male urethra</span> </strong>is lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>The rest of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6737b0e141692777192ce1a41b83d\">male urethra</span> is mostly lined by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> columnar epithelium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vagina</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The transition from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> occurs at the <strong>cervix</strong>, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> meets the <strong>simple columnar epithelium</strong> of the <strong>endocervix</strong> at the <strong>squamocolumnar junction</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anal canal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Simple columnar epithelium</strong> above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line.</li>\n<li><strong>Non-keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> </strong>below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line.</li>\n<li><strong>Keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong> at the anal verge, continuous with the skin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes transitional epithelium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is specialized for absorption and secretion and consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is found in the skin and is composed of multiple layers of flat cells that provide a protective barrier.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters, consisting of multiple layers of cells that can stretch and change shape.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It lines the digestive tract and is characterized by a single layer of columnar cells that facilitate nutrient absorption.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters, consisting of multiple layers of cells that can stretch and change shape.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DEWu3KpIH4k7OsYRyEfB1740327032.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following locations contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oral cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Esophagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Respiratory tract", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Uterine cervix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Respiratory tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W6PPDqpp1xUEHChoEaCp1740326823.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WKbrbRQQggQmFA2RnaMK1740326900.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pseudostratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Multiple layers of cells undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> from a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> layer to a flattened surface layer.</li>\n<li>Basal cells continuously divide and migrate to the surface where they become <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39b2ca0c3916927771819e142c3ae2\">anucleate</span> squames.</li>\n<li>It is present in the regions which need protection</li>\n<li>It is of two types\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> non-keratinized epithelium</li>\n<li>Stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> keratinized epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Cilia are never present on true <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> epithelia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>True simple epithelium.</li>\n<li>All cells rest on the basement membrane, but the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> are at varying levels, creating an illusion of multiple layers.</li>\n<li>Cells exhibit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff4e5164de169277719656324a44db\">polarity</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> mainly in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> two-thirds.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lines the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ac19545431692777184956c031e64\">cervix</span> and vagina. <strong>(Options A, B, &amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Respiratory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> tract. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Cilia is present to move the mucus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/W6PPDqpp1xUEHChoEaCp1740326823.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WKbrbRQQggQmFA2RnaMK1740326900.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following: 1. Simple squamous epithelium a) Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium b) Gallbladder 3. Simple columnar epithelium c) Femoral Endothelium", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1- a, 2-b, 3-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1- c, 2-a, 3-b", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1- b, 2-c, 3-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1- b, 2-a, 3-c", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1- c, 2-a, 3-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EbJB2lvxkAEft4LWEt8n1740326323.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9z9ScSRjIrDnBqy6GUvj1740326380.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hNUDtURM1xjXGkhOiHkL1740326434.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EyAVwxEXM680r9C45itN1740326485.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E3zoCmuyuMm5Omnkoore1740326531.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EsXBpq2pNUtYIHrQfX8Y1740326671.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of Simple epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong></p>\n<br/>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Jmarchn\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_squamous_epithelium.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"115\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/EbJB2lvxkAEft4LWEt8n1740326323.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pavemented epithelium</li>\n<li>Flattened, irregularly shaped cells forming a continuous surface.</li>\n<li>Lining surfaces of gas and fluid exchange</li>\n<li>Lining pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities to enable fluid exchange and reduce friction.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Peritoneum (mesothelium)</li>\n<li>Vascular endothelium</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/9z9ScSRjIrDnBqy6GUvj1740326380.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> epithelium</strong></p>\n<br/>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Jmarchn\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"180\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/hNUDtURM1xjXGkhOiHkL1740326434.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The cells are polygonal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> is round located in the center of the cell.</li>\n<li>Usually lines small ducts and tubules that have excretory, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ecf648f6f1692777180dda8ce250d\">absorptive</span> functions\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Collecting tubules of the kidney</li>\n<li>Small excretory ducts of the salivary glands and pancreas.</li>\n<li>Microvilli- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"406aede9e21692777194b4cefe9958\">PCT</span> of kidney</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/EyAVwxEXM680r9C45itN1740326485.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simple columnar epithelium</strong></p>\n<br/>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Unknown Author\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_columnar_epithelium.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"372\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/E3zoCmuyuMm5Omnkoore1740326531.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tall columnar cells with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> being located in the middle of the cells.</li>\n<li>Non-ciliated cells have <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> function whereas <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> cells help in transport.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Non-ciliated- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f51bf91811692777188d929c8e851\">Gallbladder</span> lining.</li>\n<li>Microvilli- Small intestine</li>\n<li>Surface cilia- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efc83dab2c1692777202b5d1d06c4f\">Fallopian</span> tube</li>\n<li>Pseudostratification- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">Respiratory</span> tract</li>\n<li>Goblet cells- Small and large bowel</li>\n<li>Stereocilia- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e612482cf1692777201e5b0ae20f6\">Vas</span> deferens</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/EsXBpq2pNUtYIHrQfX8Y1740326671.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Given below are two histological images 1 and 2, which of the following pairs accurately represents the tissues depicted?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1- Stomach; 2- Lymph node", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1- Urinary Bladder; 2- Trachea", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1- Lymph node; 2- Stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-Trachea; 2- Urinary Bladder", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1- Urinary Bladder; 2- Trachea", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KM9Tbl6kV44j2bDU9obS1740325898.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SkHL9CSoq8Vye5Ho1qY11740325947.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LXlikBDyZcoMZrH9Zrfr1740326031.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6AFgibZC9yUrUvMeK5Jn1740326090.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fypV7ZQbQzSYeEWrOLyT1740326141.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hfsk7anBt0IgltDSgyuv1740326221.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Trachea</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Urinary Bladder</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Epithelium</strong>: Lined by pseudostratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar epithelium, goblet cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> cells, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> cells (neuroendocrine and stem cells).</li>\n<li>Ciliated columnar cells are more abundant in the lower trachea, while goblet and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> cells are more common in the upper trachea.</li>\n<li><strong>Lamina Propria</strong>: Loose, highly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue beneath the epithelium, becoming more condensed at deeper levels with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d095de3b7216927772020023e8689e\">fibroelastic</span> tissue.</li>\n<li><strong>Submucosa</strong>: Contains seromucinous glands that decrease in number toward the lower trachea; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> strongly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> poorly with H&amp;E.</li>\n<li><strong>Hyaline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> rings </strong>support the trachea, with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8549d0b4091692777199fc12af07aa\">submucosa</span> merging into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6fce4967b16927771956fcb228bb9\">perichondrium</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d095de3b7216927772020023e8689e\">fibroelastic</span> tissue between the rings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Epithelium: </strong>Lined with <strong>transitional epithelium</strong>, which forms many folds when the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> is in a relaxed state.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> wall consists of three smooth muscle layers β inner longitudinal, outer circular, and outermost longitudinal, known collectively as the <strong>detrusor muscle.</strong></li>\n<li>These layers of smooth muscle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fibers contract during <strong>micturition</strong>.</li>\n<li><strong>Muscularis Mucosa</strong>: Separate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> propria from the submucosa, but it is often incomplete and not always visible.</li>\n<li><strong>Adventitia:</strong> The outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4a57284af169277718029a9684165\">adventitial</span> coat contains arteries, veins, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/LXlikBDyZcoMZrH9Zrfr1740326031.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/6AFgibZC9yUrUvMeK5Jn1740326090.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is characterized by the presence of compound tubuloalveolar mucous glands in the submucosa, and a muscular layer that transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Esophagus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Small intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both A &amp;amp; C are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Esophagus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0hhOhIjfMlLhXcw4AL961740325702.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Xx2hZATr6xgUOg3CGqY1740325744.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2H21uUg0k5RHje7YGDBo1740325806.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Esophagus</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/0hhOhIjfMlLhXcw4AL961740325702.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c498ba4dd1692777193470f4af537\">muscularis</span> externa, and adventitia.</li>\n<li><strong>Lumen </strong>lined with nonkeratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium.</li>\n<li><strong>Submucosa</strong>- compound tubuloalveolar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> glands, known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> glands proper, which aid in lubrication.</li>\n<li>The <strong>upper third </strong>of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">esophagus</span> has predominantly skeletal muscle due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6152f62631692777202251b4a316b\">voluntary control</span> during swallowing.</li>\n<li>In<strong> the middle third,</strong> there is a gradual transition to smooth muscle, and the<strong> lower third</strong> consists entirely of smooth muscle.</li>\n<li>Lacks a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3963a2e0fa169277719874304f5705\">serous</span> covering, except for a short section near its lower end.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stomach </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax College\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2415_Histology_of_StomachN.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"341\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Xx2hZATr6xgUOg3CGqY1740325744.png\" width=\"700\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The epithelium-forming glands are supported by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">Lamina</span> Propria, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue.</li>\n<li>It has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> called serosa, which is missing from the oesophagus.</li>\n<li>Lined by Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ff554096316927771851cc310435e\">columnar epithelium</span> and forms some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands</li>\n<li>Mucosa contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> pits or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> foveolae.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands contain:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> cells- </strong>Bicarbonate ions</li>\n<li><strong>Mucous neck cells</strong>- mucus</li>\n<li><strong>Parietal (Oxyntic) cells-</strong> HCL &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">Intrinsic</span> Factor.</li>\n<li><strong>Chief, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6768ff15f1692777195a493cad3a9\">peptic</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c1c90481d5169277720226032c181a\">zymogenic</span> cells- </strong>Pepsin</li>\n<li><strong>Neuroendocrine cells- </strong>Serotonin &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"212d9c968716927771888fdde3c211\">Gastrin</span> hormone.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">Intestine</span> </strong><strong>(Option C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/2H21uUg0k5RHje7YGDBo1740325806.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> has columnar epithelium, which has villi, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4087852c1e1692777192e866353a05\">microvilli</span> leading to formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da5d70d6c016927771839e073ce917\">brush border</span> epithelium.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b12221fffd16927771904e6cf01b3c\">intestinal villi</span> are lined by a simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ff554096316927771851cc310435e\">columnar epithelium</span> which is continuous with the crypts.</li>\n<li>Plicae circulares (Valves of Kerckring) are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> folds given by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> and submucosa.</li>\n<li>Microvilli are finger-like projections to increase the surface area for absorption.</li>\n<li>Lymphoid clusters called Peyerβs patches areΒ characteristically found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> propria of the small intestine.</li>\n<li>Cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> are:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Enterocytes</li>\n<li>Paneth cells- defence</li>\n<li>Goblet cells- Mucin</li>\n<li>Neuroendocrine cells- hormones</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 29 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Histology-Tissue Histology- Ii - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 20</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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The pathologist observes cells with prominent eosinophilic secretory granules located in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts. These cells are known to produce substances that destroy bacteria. Which of the following cell types is the pathologist most likely observing as shown below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enterocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "M cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Paneth cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enterochromaffin cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Paneth cells", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/I1pzdrpwLKdL39k2MaLG1740386210.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/x3OVeQhUiBSy5SlvjaXl1740386293.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:766px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Absorptive Columnar Cells (Enterocytes) (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal surface (villi)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absorption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, carbohydrates, and lipids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74793d564816927771943ae4ba74b3\">Oval</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> in lower part</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83b138c27e16927771993110e65f52\">Striated</span> border (microvilli)</p>\n<p>- Junctional complexes and desmosomes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Goblet Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scattered among columnar cells, increasing in number towards ileum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mucus secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Expanded upper part with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d30ef9aee16927771936bdac2c1ff\">mucin</span> granules</p>\n<p>- Flattened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> near base</p>\n<p>- Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Undifferentiated Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Walls of intestinal crypts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"986d4f70531692777196806b9cb494\">Proliferate</span> and migrate to villi</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9001edbf216927771860f3475b44c\">Differentiate</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ecf648f6f1692777180dda8ce250d\">absorptive</span> or goblet cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Columnar cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paneth Cells (Zymogen Cells)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deeper parts of intestinal crypts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Produce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab1f64ccf31692777191d3b190845b\">lysozyme</span> (destroys bacteria)</p>\n<p>- May produce other enzymes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Prominent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91bc3a9b3e16927771871bcff74db7\">eosinophilic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> granules</p>\n<p>- Considerable Golgi apparatus</p>\n<p>- Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Endocrine Cells (Argentaffin/Enterochromaffin Cells) (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epithelial lining, most numerous near lower ends of crypts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> substances</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Membrane-bound vesicles with neuroactive substances</p>\n<p>- Granules <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> with silver salts</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>M Cells (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Overlying Peyer's patches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Engulf and transport microbes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ef7ffbe61692777182686c1b57c4\">basolateral</span> surface</p>\n<p>- Stimulate gut-associated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> tissue (GALT)</p>\n<p>-Antigen-presenting function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Microfolds instead of microvilli</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following: 1. Cervix a) 2. Fallopian tube b) 3. Ovary c) 4. Uterus d) 5. Vagina e)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-e, 4-a, 5-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-e, 3-a, 4-c, 5-b", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-e, 4-d, 5-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-b, 2-e, 3-a, 4-c, 5-d", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1-d, 2-e, 3-a, 4-c, 5-b", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4IY1RLh7eYNPP9OTLYq71740387437.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0Nw5EHxcwkqmbIoxEm8W1740387227.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qVRBVQYm93weyUZLXLdS1740387772.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hYJVfBfqikDuj4iI53m81740387145.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6rLupsmtu1wQSJQqZUbB1740387008.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/76iVUvqBXBS0l7ZGzu8O1747221795.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/i1Cdr7LKQxSBbmHNg1UM1747222399.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iIg3ETvhKK3YNPAx3uxz1740387889.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JYjY59xGMxpigXpbo9yP1740387978.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MTMM7hfzTrPTr3zDDXLE1740388041.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:633px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structures of the Female Reproductive Tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ovary</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"ANA1034-Structure of ovary(labelled)\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12704\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/76iVUvqBXBS0l7ZGzu8O1747221795.png\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The ovary's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> contains <strong>numerous follicles</strong> at different developmental stages, along with <strong>postovulatory structures</strong> like <strong>corpora lutea</strong> and <strong>degenerated follicles</strong>.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> is fibrous, known as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35814a93301692777201bab0f52c19\">tunica</span> albuginea, and is covered by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e5fdc156169277718879843a6ede\">germinal</span> epithelium, a continuation of the peritoneum.</li>\n<li>The highly <strong>vascular medulla</strong> supports the ovarian structure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fallopian Tube</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"Fallopian tube\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12707\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/i1Cdr7LKQxSBbmHNg1UM1747222399.png\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mucosal lining with <strong>branching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> folds</strong>, especially prominent in the ampulla, the usual site of fertilization.</li>\n<li>The wall consists of an <strong>inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> and outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> smooth muscle layer,</strong> while the serosa, continuous with the broad ligament, has a mesothelial surface.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> is composed of <strong>ciliated, non-ciliated</strong> <strong>secretory</strong>, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Ciliated cells help propel the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c1d9800e2169277719426cf66bb68\">ovum</span> with their wave-like motion, while non-ciliated cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> a fluid that nourishes and protects the ovum.</li>\n<li>The ratio of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> to non-ciliated cells varies with ovarian hormones, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74b2ee426f169277719000793323ba\">intraepithelial</span> lymphocytes are present.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uterus</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Kyle Devins, M.D., Lauren Schwartz, M.D.\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusnormal.html\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"295\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/iIg3ETvhKK3YNPAx3uxz1740387889.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c847ca20416927772011b3397c2fd\">uterus</span> is a pear-shaped organ about 7 cm long, with a thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46cc90d0e216927771936d8239e379\">myometrium</span> that provides support and expels the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421fecf0e21692777202704942ac48\">fetus</span> during birth.</li>\n<li>The endometrium, measuring 1 to 5 mm, varies in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"facd67f6341692777200653d383689\">thickness</span> throughout the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a03cad6c616927771925038b55989\">menstrual</span> cycle and supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> development.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f1603da6716927771878d0cbdd372\">endometrium</span> has three distinct layers: the <strong>stratum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"849623f7a71692777182fb29760194\">basalis</span> </strong>(deepest, stable layer), the <strong>stratum spongiosum</strong> (intermediate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2a22f1dff169277719977c0a8ee4a\">spongy</span> appearance), and the <strong>stratum compactum </strong>(superficial, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b985e4811692777184848b0cab5d\">compact</span> layer).</li>\n<li>The <strong>stratum functionalis</strong>, comprising the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b985e4811692777184848b0cab5d\">compact</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2a22f1dff169277719977c0a8ee4a\">spongy</span> layers, undergoes significant changes and is shed during menstruation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cervix</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Ed Uthman\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 2.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cervix_Uteri_Normal_Squamocolumnar_Junction_(4796821432).jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"198\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/JYjY59xGMxpigXpbo9yP1740387978.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ac19545431692777184956c031e64\">cervix</span> consists of the <strong>endocervical </strong>canal lined by <strong>tall columnar mucus-secreting cells</strong> and the <strong>ectocervix </strong>lined by thic<strong>k <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong>, adapted to different environments.</li>\n<li>The <strong>squamocolumnar junction</strong> between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14bfb9d38b16927771862bc22b411c\">ectocervix</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8428fa611716927771878eb838ab0e\">endocervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> is located at the <strong>external os</strong> and marks an abrupt transition.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c077aecdcd1692777199503c836d9c\">stroma</span> is primarily composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"79dbeeeba41692777184e63d6d214e\">collagenous</span> tissue with some smooth muscle and is infiltrated by leukocytes for defense against infection.</li>\n<li>Hormonal changes during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a03cad6c616927771925038b55989\">menstrual</span> cycle affect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> secretion, with thinner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> facilitating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> passage around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"264a9eb50d1692777194427a13247b\">ovulation</span> and thicker <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> forming a protective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7803d1e7ea169277719552dc5e49d4\">plug</span> post-ovulation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vagina</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Jpogi\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vagina_(mucosa).JPG\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"278\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/MTMM7hfzTrPTr3zDDXLE1740388041.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> wall consists of a mucosal layer lined by <strong>stratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</strong>, a sm<strong>ooth muscle layer</strong>, and an <strong>outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4a57284af169277718029a9684165\">adventitial</span> layer.</strong></li>\n<li>The <strong>lamina propria </strong>is rich in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ac19345dd169277718722e5f22c2f\">elastin</span> and small veins but lacks glands.</li>\n<li>Lubrication <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89f5610ffd1692777184b03f1f88cc\">comes</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> and secretions from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> minora.</li>\n<li>The muscle layer has ill-defined inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> and outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> arrangements, allowing for distension during childbirth.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> undergoes <strong>cyclical changes</strong> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> levels, which is metabolized by bacteria to produce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acid, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aab99c76cb16927771946daf9e4dbf\">pathogenic</span> growth.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the structure of sperm is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The head of sperm contains a central core of axoneme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The principal piece of the tail contains hyaluronidase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The neck of the sperm contains centrioles.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The tail contains the nucleus of the sperm.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The neck of the sperm contains centrioles.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6AQ0mfYrgFhTGR0TX8fB1740386791.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure of Sperm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Head</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Approximately 7 Β΅m long with a flattened pear shape.</li>\n<li><strong>Nucleus:</strong> Contains very condensed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77399c6ee0169277718492fb8fd58f\">chromatin</span> with areas of dispersed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77399c6ee0169277718492fb8fd58f\">chromatin</span> known as nuclear vacuoles. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Acrosomal Cap:</strong> Surrounds the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> two-thirds of the nucleus; a membrane-bound <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"43337a69ad169277720110a038f222\">vesicle</span> containing glycoproteins and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"310799d8981692777189d3a272674d\">hydrolytic</span> enzymes (e.g., hyaluronidase) that assist in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a8e411e2116927772022dd4b365bc\">fertilization</span> by dissolving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neck</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>This is a short segment linking the head to the tail.</li>\n<li>Contain remnants of <strong>centrioles</strong>, one of which forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d795adadc16927771827c7d02be6f\">axoneme</span> of the flagellum.</li>\n<li>Often retains some cytoplasmic material in this region.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tail</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Divided into three parts: Middle piece, principal piece, and end piece.</li>\n<li><strong>Middle Piece:</strong> Contains the flagellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d795adadc16927771827c7d02be6f\">axoneme</span> surrounded by nine outer dense fibres and tightly packed elongated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> arranged in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab127639b21692777188e3f7e01247\">helix</span> for energy.</li>\n<li><strong>Principal Piece:</strong> Constitutes most of the tail's length; has a central core with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d795adadc16927771827c7d02be6f\">axoneme</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28606fa66a169277718407469e7e7c\">coarse</span> fibres, surrounded by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> ribs arranged circularly. Features <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> columns for potential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11ab4fb16f16927771962f8bc6240f\">propulsion</span> during movement. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>End Piece:</strong> Short tapering portion containing only the axoneme.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the structure of the testis is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The seminiferous tubules produce sperm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The ductuli efferentes carry sperm from the epididymis to the rete testis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The blood-testis barrier is formed by sertoli cells.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The ductuli efferentes carry sperm from the epididymis to the rete testis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SSsUCw6BWo8MN1SAriCz1740386664.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the epithelial lining at the prostatic urethra?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transitional epithelium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stratified columnar epithelium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Transitional epithelium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:558px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segment of Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelial Lining</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prostatic urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transitional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (urothelium)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Membranous urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stratified or pseudostratified columnar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Penile (spongy) urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stratified columnar β non-keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> (distally)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fossa navicularis (tip)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> squamous</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the nephron is characterized by cuboidal epithelial cells with a prominent brush border?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Renal corpuscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Proximal convoluted tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Part of Nephron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelial Lining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Renal Corpuscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Podocytes and simple squamous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains glomerulus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood filtration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> Tubule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuboidal with brush border</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prominent brush border</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> and water reabsorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loop of Henle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> (descending) to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> (ascending)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>U-shaped structure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urine concentration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> Tubule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuboidal without brush border</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basal striations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electrolyte balance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Collecting Duct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuboidal (principal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Responsive to ADH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Final <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> concentration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following liver units is considered the most relevant functional unit for understanding patterns of toxic liver injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Classic lobule", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Portal lobule", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Portal acinus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sinusoidal unit", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Portal acinus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6W7FhgdvDu6FfNzGd8rj1740386554.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient with chronic hepatitis C undergoes a liver biopsy. The pathologist observes the classical hexagonal structure of liver lobules. Which of the following statements correctly regarding the blood flow and architecture within a liver lobule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Blood flows from the central vein to the portal triad", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The hepatic artery provides 70% of the liver's blood supply", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bile flows in the same direction as blood within the lobule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sinusoids drain blood into the central vein", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sinusoids drain blood into the central vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gnLInZ1oUPTLJxtAD8nv1740386483.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:712px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Liver blood supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dual blood supply: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (70%) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (30%)</li>\n<li>O2 supply for Liver : <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">Hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> ( 60 % ) &gt; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> ( 40 % )</li>\n<li>Portal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> carries nutrient-rich blood from the gut</li>\n<li>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> provides oxygenated blood</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633bbec0f916927771913a073bbea5\">lobule</span> structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hexagonal shape with central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> in the middle</li>\n<li>Portal triads at the corners, containing branches of: a) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">Portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> b) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">Hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> c) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">Bile</span> duct</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood flow within the lobule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Blood enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633bbec0f916927771913a073bbea5\">lobule</span> from branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> triad</li>\n<li>Flows through sinusoids between plates of hepatocytes</li>\n<li><strong>Sinusoids drain into the central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (centripetal flow)</strong></li>\n<li>Central veins unite to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> veins, which ultimately drain into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">Hepatic</span> sinusoids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Endothelial cells: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"100ff3d946169277718604814b5be1\">discontinuous</span> lining</li>\n<li>Kupffer cells: Resident macrophages attached to the endothelium</li>\n<li>Space of Disse: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f1ff9426651692777195b829e6dfdc\">Perisinusoidal</span> space between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9a776cad316927771878445d3a99f\">endothelium</span> and hepatocytes</li>\n<li>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41b4e6c32f169277719986f77fbe28\">stellate</span> cells (Ito cells): Located in the space of Disse, primary storage site of Vitamin A.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient presents with rectal bleeding. During the examination, the proctologist identifies a lesion at the junction between the columnar epithelium and the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the anal canal. At which of the following anatomical landmarks is this lesion most likely located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "White line of Hilton", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pectinate line", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal anal sphincter", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External anal sphincter", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pectinate line", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6qkyExR5rPzK2vDegrXZ1740386408.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:765px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Length</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper anal canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>15 mm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Columnar epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>6-12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> folds called anal columns</li>\n<li>Between columns there are anal sinuses in which anal glands open</li>\n<li>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5007cb01671692777188d8ea08cd2e\">hemorrhoidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> in submucosa</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pectinate (dentate) line</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transition zone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Junction between columnar and non-keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc9d524d161692777182cddcf94475\">anal valves</span> (lower ends of anal columns)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> (Pecten)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>15 mm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bluish appearance due to dense <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>White line of Hilton (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transition zone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lower limit of the pecten</li>\n<li>Junction between non-keratinized and keratinized epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower anal canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8-10 mm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratinized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (true skin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains hair follicles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">sebaceous</span> glands, and sweat glands</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5007cb01671692777188d8ea08cd2e\">hemorrhoidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> in submucosa</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by smooth muscles present in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c498ba4dd1692777193470f4af537\">muscularis</span> externa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>External anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by skeletal muscles present in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c498ba4dd1692777193470f4af537\">muscularis</span> externa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A pathologist is examining a biopsy sample from a patient's large intestine. The sample shows a mucosa without villi, numerous goblet cells, and an abundance of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa. The muscularis externa lacks taenia coli. Which part of the large intestine is this sample most likely from?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cecum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Appendix", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Colon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rectum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Appendix", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cecum (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Appendix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Colon </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rectum (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Goblet cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Taenia coli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distinctive features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Widest part of large intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abundant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32599f889a169277719169e3483e62\">lymphoid</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sacculations, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb7f56a8ce1692777181921b2575ba\">appendices</span> epiploicae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temporary and permanent folds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following skin receptors is a rapidly adapting cell?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Merkel cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ruffini receptor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Free nerve endings", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pacinian corpuscle", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pacinian corpuscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/f8oa1Ya7i3T9ubnOrfe21740371199.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly adapting cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slowly adapting cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Meissner corpuscle</li>\n<li>Pacinian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c014f0a121692777185a3c89b4e6a\">corpuscle</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Merkel cell <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Ruffini <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Free nerve endings <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A pathologist is examining biopsy samples from different parts of the small intestine. Which of the following histological features would most likely indicate that the sample is from the ileum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Presence of numerous tall villi", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abundant Brunner's glands in the submucosa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Numerous large Peyer's patches", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thick circular folds in the lumen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Numerous large Peyer's patches", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1BHqYihepu7i1U1JWoC01740382983.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fUzMjw22xf7JvpnTgdO81740385055.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wCa0uRRj4nq3apgkNprK1740385101.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:748px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duodenum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jejunum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ileum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumen and Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wider lumen, thicker wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wider lumen, thicker wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Narrow lumen, thinner wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Circular Folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large, thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> folds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large, thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> folds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small, few <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> folds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Villi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbea63556f1692777202e8abdd66a4\">villi</span> with goblet cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous tall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbea63556f1692777202e8abdd66a4\">villi</span> with goblet cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Few, short and slender <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbea63556f1692777202e8abdd66a4\">villi</span> with goblet cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brunner's Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present in submucosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peyer's Patches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very few, only in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous, extending into mucosa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Histology image</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"CoRus13\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duodenal_biopsy,_high_mag.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"335\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/1BHqYihepu7i1U1JWoC01740382983.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Netha Hussain\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jejunum_of_small_intestine.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"470\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/fUzMjw22xf7JvpnTgdO81740385055.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Akula Bhavya Sri\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histology_of_Ileum.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/wCa0uRRj4nq3apgkNprK1740385101.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient undergoes an endoscopic biopsy of the stomach due to persistent dyspepsia. Histological examination of the glandular tissue reveals cells that are columnar in shape, located in the lower half of the gland, and stain blue with hematoxylin. Which of the following statements is most likely true about these cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "They produce mucus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "They secrete pepsinogen", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "They release the hormone gastrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. They secrete pepsinogen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fz63JglsZ9qZFnCHEUPa1740381963.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FMAh8yGWQfbbmMuGyluA1740382034.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:740px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Epithelium Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gastric Pits</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shallow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Relatively thin mucosa</li>\n<li>Confined to small area near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"192677035a169277718780b4d6dbbb\">esophageal</span> opening</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fundus and Body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep (occupying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> one-fourth or less of the mucosa)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thicker mucosa</li>\n<li>Contains majority of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pylorus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep (occupying two-thirds of the depth of the mucosa)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thicker <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> than cardia</li>\n<li>Contains specialized pyloric glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:754px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chief cells </strong>(Peptic cells)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of glands in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67492c42be16927772039f6e37110e\">fundus</span> and body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">Cuboidal</span> or low columnar</p>\n<p>- <strong>Basophilic cytoplasm</strong></p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">Secretory</span> granules in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6223a27fb169277718147405290e1\">apical</span> cytoplasm</p>\n<p>- Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6a4968271692777195adb7c5c8f0\">pepsinogen</span> (precursor of pepsin)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parietal cells </strong>(Oxyntic cells)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mostly in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67492c42be16927772039f6e37110e\">fundus</span> and body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Large, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"879f3da46a169277719497d18b5251\">ovoid</span> or polyhedral</p>\n<p>- <strong>Eosinophilic cytoplasm</strong></p>\n<p>- Narrow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6223a27fb169277718147405290e1\">apical</span> part reaching lumen</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">Intracellular</span> canaliculi</p>\n<p>- Numerous mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">Secrete</span> hydrochloric acid</p>\n<p>- Produce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> factor <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucous neck cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neck region of glands in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67492c42be16927772039f6e37110e\">fundus</span> and body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Large cells with clear cytoplasm</p>\n<p>- Flattened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> pushed to base of cell</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>G cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly in pyloric glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">Endocrine</span> cells</p>\n<p>- Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> granules</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"212d9c968716927771888fdde3c211\">gastrin</span> hormone <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Endocrine cells </strong>(aka <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f244a8c1d1692777182e3c28774a8\">argentaffin</span> cells)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scattered throughout <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands, more in pylorus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> parts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands</p>\n<p>- Contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9f635c47c16927771934f75253045\">neurosecretory</span> granules</p>\n<p>- Flattened, don't reach lumen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">Secrete</span> various hormones including gastrin</p>\n<p>- Some contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> (5HT)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stem cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isthmus of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> glands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Undifferentiated cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Replace other cell types, important for healing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements with respect to histology of alveoli is INCORRECT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The most abundant cell type lines form 70-90% of the alveolar surface and are of simple squamous type", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type II alveolar epithelial cells are microvilli containing cells which secrete surfactant similar to that of Clara cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "In some alveolar area, basement membrane of the endothelium fuses with that of the alveolar epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type I alveolar epithelial cells are involved in replacing the damaged type II alveolar cells", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Type I alveolar epithelial cells are involved in replacing the damaged type II alveolar cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jtIksizMTvAanYFnYqlF1740381305.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e9c8202241692777189dbac6cc062\">histological</span> features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alveolar Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very thin, lined by simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows for efficient gas exchange</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connective Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capillary Endothelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extremely thin cells lining alveolar capillaries ; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">Capillary</span> basement <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bdb5481f1692777203cbadf50a71\">fuse</span> with alveolar basement <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> at certain places<strong> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows for efficient gas exchange</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cells in Alveoli</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I Alveolar Epithelial Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> cells, cover 90% of alveolar surface <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main site of gas exchange</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rounded <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> cells with microvilli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> surfactant, can replace <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">Type I</span> cells <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type III Alveolar Cells (Brush Cells)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present in alveolar lining</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Function not fully understood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alveolar Macrophages (Dust Cells)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present in alveolar space</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phagocytose particles, remove <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> surfactant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with chronic cough and shortness of breath. Bronchoscopy is performed, and a biopsy of the bronchial wall is taken. Histological examination reveals an epithelium with tall columnar cells bearing cilia on their apical surface, interspersed with goblet cells. Which part of the respiratory tract is most likely represented by this biopsy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trachea", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Terminal bronchioles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Respiratory bronchioles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alveoli", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Trachea", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trachea and Main Bronchi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pseudostratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tall columnar cells with cilia, goblet cells present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bronchi and Bronchioles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar cells, fewer goblet cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Terminal Bronchioles <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> columnar/cuboidal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> cells, some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> cells, no goblet cells, Clara cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respiratory Bronchioles <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> to simple squamous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633c742e4116927771845f77370d44\">ciliated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> cells or single layer of simple squamous, no goblet cells, Clara cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alveoli <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple squamous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thin, flat cells for efficient gas exchange</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which histological feature most accurately describes the epithelium responsible for mucociliary clearance in the upper respiratory tract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Simple squamous epithelium with alveolar macrophages", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gcvFEnjbhizlvFUR8LMG1740380757.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old man presents with difficulty swallowing and a mild hoarse voice. Examination reveals no significant findings, and imaging shows no abnormal masses in the oropharynx. A biopsy is taken from a structure in the oropharynx that histologically shows a mixture of stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium. This structure also contains seromucous glands and an elastic cartilage core. Which of the following structures is most likely biopsied?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hard palate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Soft palate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epiglottis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vocal cords", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Epiglottis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cjgkD48tXxJsxckJ9OFO1740379939.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/02vg1XfdTJzsAmfBZK3j1740380548.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of tissue shown in the image below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Smooth muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skeletal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cardiac muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Purkinje fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cardiac muscle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IV1eXUCW2V7AZzokmEIt1740379334.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8vi7wxFJjBIoFgZuD4Dl1740379411.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I8MXdFG8v726Cs7OtSbt1740379664.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g2UmxTi312uoJNtcJ8p91740379745.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KTF55nwcFfSYZ9o6IvuB1740379805.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skeletal Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cardiac Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Smooth Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Longitudinal Section</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibers are long, parallel, and <strong>non-branching</strong>.</li>\n<li>Characteristic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> striations are visible.</li>\n<li><strong>Multiple flat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> located at the periphery</strong>.</li>\n<li>Fibers are separated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue (Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium).</li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscle_Tissue_Skeletal_Muscle_Fibers_(28089114338).jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"286\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/8vi7wxFJjBIoFgZuD4Dl1740379411.png\" width=\"500\"/>\n<p><strong>Transverse Section</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibers appear as irregularly round structures with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> nuclei.</li>\n<li>Muscle fibers are grouped into numerous fascicles.</li>\n<li>Myofibrils appear as small dots within fibers at higher magnification.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Lord of Konrad,\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal_muscle_cut_in_cross.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/I8MXdFG8v726Cs7OtSbt1740379664.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of individual cells with <strong>centrally placed nuclei</strong>.</li>\n<li>Displays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> striations.</li>\n<li><strong>Clear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2da8fc47cf169277719576cea1851f\">perinuclear</span> halo</strong> around the nucleus.</li>\n<li>Cells are separated by<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> discs</strong> (transverse lines).</li>\n<li>Fibers exhibit <strong>branching.</strong></li>\n<li>Blood vessels are present.</li>\n<li>Loose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue is seen above and below muscle layers.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscle_Tissue_Cardiac_Muscle_(28184529378).jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"285\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/g2UmxTi312uoJNtcJ8p91740379745.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Longitudinal Section</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibers are <strong>spindle-shaped with tapering ends</strong>.</li>\n<li><strong>Centrally located elongated nucleus</strong>.</li>\n<li>No visible striations.</li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscle_Tissue_Smooth_(40087100490).jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/KTF55nwcFfSYZ9o6IvuB1740379805.png\" width=\"500\"/>\n<p><strong>Transverse Section</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spindle-shaped cells are cut at varying lengths, producing different shapes and sizes.</li>\n<li>Nuclei are visible in cells cut through the center.</li>\n<li>Cells cut away from the center do not show nuclei.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with signs of progressive muscle weakness and fatigue. She is diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder affecting intercellular communication in her skeletal and cardiac muscles. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in a connexin protein. Which of the following best describes the physiological consequence of this mutation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impaired electrical signal propagation between cardiac myocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Disruption of epithelial barrier function", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reduced mechanical stability between cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abnormal attachment of muscle fibers to the extracellular matrix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Impaired electrical signal propagation between cardiac myocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/75tnqL2n7MIPPhNVeyV81740379242.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the provided image of epithelial cell junctions, identify the correct sequence of junctions from the apical to the basal surface:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Adherens junction, B- Tight junction, C- Desmosome, D- Hemidesmosome, E- Gap junction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Tight junction, B- Adherens junction, C- Desmosome, D- Gap junction, E- Hemidesmosome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Desmosome, B- Tight junction, C- Hemidesmosome, D- Adherens junction, E- Gap junction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A- Hemidesmosome, B- Gap junction, C- Adherens junction, D- Tight junction, E- Desmosome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A- Tight junction, B- Adherens junction, C- Desmosome, D- Gap junction, E- Hemidesmosome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/jiY0DEdEpCFY8hRQ8Fj71747591838.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JCAl83325zlinem5fdUX1740371405.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXqVlxRFDx1f5wQUmmTa1740373811.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Introduction-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 5</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 5 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Choose the correct sterilization method for wire loop used in bacterial cultue.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heat until the wire becomes red", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autoclave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plasma sterilization", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Passing over flame Γ 3 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Heat until the wire becomes red", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sterilisation technique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Control method </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Hot air oven</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>c. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"461ee544961692777182696a650b05\">Bacillus</span> atrophaeus/subtilis spores</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Autoclave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>d. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f8bd55901692777188b383607b48\">Geobacillus</span> stearothermophilus spores</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> filtration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>b. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c0f4873b616927771989c0647cf3e\">Serratia</span> marcescens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.Ionizing Radiation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"461ee544961692777182696a650b05\">Bacillus</span> pumilus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are cold sterilization methods except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "UV rays", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autoclave", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gamma rays", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Plasma sterilisation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Autoclave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jNSkD5Ani0HDEPZfq97u1741790733.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which test is used in the detection of long term glucose tolerance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fasting blood glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Random blood glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HbA1C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "CBC", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HbA1C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Stain used to demonstrate fungal elements are?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acid fast stain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gabbet's stain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methenamine silver", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leifson &amp;amp; Ryu's stain", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Methenamine silver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Direct Microscopic Examination</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>KOH Preparation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dissolves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0e68b82ed1692777190fa10f7d4ba\">keratin</span> in clinical specimens (e.g., skin scrapings, nail clippings) to visualise fungal elements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diagnosing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84b9a43a7816927771867efa42a2dd\">dermatophyte</span> infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Calcofluor White Staining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances fungal visibility by binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b24b4918a916927771844114519396\">chitin</span> in cell walls, causing them to fluoresce under UV light.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Observing fungal morphology</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gram Stain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Traditionally for bacterial identification; also useful for yeasts, which typically <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> Gram-positive (purple).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detecting certain fungi</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>India Ink Preparation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b007026bd16927771997ae809b603\">staining</span> method for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> yeasts (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans), revealing a clear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95af91681416927771887742113c38\">halo</span> around cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> yeasts</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Methenamine Silver and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e835060d3169277719499350aabe5\">PAS</span> Staining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histochemical techniques that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> black (methenamine) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9038419f6f169277719188195b72b5\">magenta</span> (PAS) in tissue sections.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highlighting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> in tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) Mount</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances contrast in teased fungal colonies for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55beab619216927771925caac38373\">morphological</span> observation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microscopic examination of fungi</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Serology</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Antibody Detection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifies antibodies produced by the host in response to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> using methods like ELISA.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tracking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc6add5cf91692777189b30a6bae38\">immune response</span> to fungal infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Antigen Detection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects fungal antigens in body fluids using techniques such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60088572d31692777191346a90b73f\">latex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36e1a07ab01692777180db73f01e84\">agglutination</span> tests.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifying fungal presence in the body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skin Tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assesses previous exposure to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> through localised reactions to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a367ebd0c169277719091155a5b0f\">injected</span> antigens.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Evaluating past fungal exposure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Newer Rapid Diagnostic Tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nucleic Acid Hybridisation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uses labelled DNA probes for rapid fungal DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"723fdec66b1692777186e92f0c6fdf\">detection</span> in clinical samples.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Quick identification of fungal pathogens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplifies specific fungal DNA sequences, enabling early diagnosis even with low fungal loads.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"723fdec66b1692777186e92f0c6fdf\">detection</span> of fungal infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is an enrichment medium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkaline peptone water", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Monsur's taurocholate tellurite peptone water", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Selenite F broth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer D - All of the abov\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 15 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Lower Limb-Lower Limb Anatomy Knee And Leg - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 20</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 28 y/o football player experiences sudden pain on the inside of his left knee after getting tackled while running with the ball. He reports feeling a pop and is unable to continue playing. O/E, there is swelling, tenderness along the medial joint line, and pain when attempting to flex the knee. Which of the following injuries is most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) sprain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial meniscus tear", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tear", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Medial meniscus tear", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qVnow36W0zplg2qJlP5l1740483864.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eItX003nmRgvfQ08Syz41740483910.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structures in the knee and injuries </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cruciate Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (ACL) is more vulnerable than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (PCL) due to rotational forces in football. <strong>(Options B&amp;D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Sudden direction changes can overstretch and tear the ACL.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collateral Ligaments (Lateral &amp; medial)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Less frequently injured but essential for side-to-side stability. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Side tackles (severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> or abduction) can strain these structures, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1717bdb5d21692777200d45e31ceed\">tears</span> or sprains.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Menisci</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526b3e942016927771928828b6c34f\">Meniscus</span> is more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to injury than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> meniscus.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526b3e942016927771928828b6c34f\">meniscus</span> attaches to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> ligament- hence, it is more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1717bdb5d21692777200d45e31ceed\">tears</span> from rotational forces.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bucket-handle tears</strong> are common in athletes and are characterised by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526b3e942016927771928828b6c34f\">meniscus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1717bdb5d21692777200d45e31ceed\">tears</span> due to pivoting and twisting in a slightly flexed knee.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding sustentaculum tali is correct. It is a shelf like projection, projecting from posterior surface of calcaneus. Superior surface of sustentaculum tali bears a facet for talus. Inferior surface of sustentaculum tali bears a groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus The medial surface of sustentaculum tali provides attachment to spring ligament and superficial fibres of deltoid ligament", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1, 2, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2, 3, 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 2, 3, 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement best describes the relationship of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is the most medial structure crossing to the lateral side of the fossa.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is deep to the popliteal artery and vein.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It lies lateral to the popliteal vessels crossing to the medial side.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It does not enter the popliteal fossa.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It lies lateral to the popliteal vessels crossing to the medial side.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NM5wwQ89XkmYNNcXefaj1740493070.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 y/o man is hiking on uneven terrain. As he steps on a rock with his right foot, his foot tilts inward, his medial arch elevates, and his foot becomes more rigid. This movement is best described as:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pronation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Supination", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Eversion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsiflexion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Supination", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0pHtCxRE4HjP5vDIUIe21740492792.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30 y/o athlete reports sudden pain in the back of his left leg and an inability to push off the ground while sprinting. Examination reveals a significant weakness in plantar flexion. Which muscle is primarily responsible for the action of plantarflexion in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tibialis Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrocnemius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tibialis Posterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibularis Longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastrocnemius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/G2yCcoBZco7B3i2qsHIr1740484236.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:651px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Movements</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Clinical Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsiflexion (Extension)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> Digitorum Longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> Hallucis Longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3aedca1e41692777202041463429b\">Fibularis</span> Tertius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Foot drop due to deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve injury.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plantarflexion (Flexion)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis Posterior, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> Digitorum Longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> Hallucis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">Longus</span> (Deep); Gastrocnemius, Soleus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d29d2aceee16927771953844ad203a\">Plantaris</span> (Superficial)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Achilles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> rupture, weakness in plantarflexion causes difficulty walking, especially uphill or on stairs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Eversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibularis Longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3aedca1e41692777202041463429b\">Fibularis</span> Brevis <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injury to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve causes difficulty in foot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30ddb5b09916927771877ac72c09b7\">eversion</span> and ankle instability.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> (Anterior compartment), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">Tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> (Posterior compartment)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> may contribute to flatfoot, pain along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> foot, and instability.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40 y/o woman presents with ankle instability and pain on the lateral side after rolling her ankle while walking on uneven ground. Examination reveals weakness in foot eversion and tenderness over the base of the fifth metatarsal. Which muscle is primarily responsible for foot eversion in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tibialis Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fibularis Longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibularis Brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gastrocnemius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fibularis Longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q52pnwg9ZWTRzxBMe19D1740484405.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MHy5wAhSFufnicdn2NWk1740484446.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MWFAgHnMuPcJQEU5vXFT1740484492.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> of the leg</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibularis Longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fibularis Brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin:</strong> Head and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> two-thirds of the fibula, deep fascia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7a1bc8a681692777190544ebea768\">intermuscular</span> septa, and sometimes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> of the tibia.</p>\n<p><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> cuneiform.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> two-thirds of the fibula, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7a1bc8a681692777190544ebea768\">intermuscular</span> septa.</p>\n<p><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">Tuberosity</span> on the base of the fifth metatarsal.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Eversion of foot</li>\n<li>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the ankle</li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> arches of foot</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Eversion of foot</li>\n<li>Limits inversion, relieving strain on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ankle ligaments</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c1aae6e67f169277718624a4e51cfe\">dislocation</span> if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">retinaculum</span> ruptures</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limits inversion, relieving strain on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ankle ligaments.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:734px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q52pnwg9ZWTRzxBMe19D1740484405.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/MHy5wAhSFufnicdn2NWk1740484446.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old runner presents with pain along the front part of his right leg and difficulty in lifting the foot upwards after increasing his training intensity. O/E, he shows weakness in extending the big toe and foot drop. Which muscle is most likely affected in this patient, leading to his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tibialis Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extensor Hallucis Longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extensor Digitorum Longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibularis Tertius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Extensor Hallucis Longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hs9mfVuvoTobwdSBnJGO1740484352.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li></ul>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:720px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> of the leg</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Clinical aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tibialis Anterior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral condyle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> 1/2-2/3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> shaft, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>Inserts onto <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cd19952761692777185af9b7666f0\">cuneiform</span> and base of 1st metatarsal.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L4, L5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsiflexes foot</li>\n<li>Inverts foot</li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> arch</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Weakness: foot drop</li>\n<li>Can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3eb7fc1d41692777198c9b9e4364e\">shin</span> splints.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extensor Hallucis Longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The middle half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7e90693316927772027cba1a6018\">fibula</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>Inserts onto the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of the hallux.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends hallux</li>\n<li>Dorsiflexes foot</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Weakness: Difficulty extending the big toe.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extensor Digitorum Longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> condyle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> 3/4 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> fibula, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>Tendons insert onto middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 4 toes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 4 toes</li>\n<li>Dorsiflexes foot</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Weakness: Issues extending toes</li>\n<li>Foot drop risk</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fibularis Tertius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distal 1/3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> fibula, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</li>\n<li>Inserts onto the base of the 5th metatarsal.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsiflexes foot</li>\n<li>Everts the foot</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Absent in some individuals</li>\n<li>Helps prevent foot drag in gait.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the correct statement regarding the ligaments of the hip joint. The fibrous capsule is made up of outer fibres which are longitudinal and inner circular fibres which are called zona orbicularis. Ligamentum teres femoris transmits the arteries to the head of femur. IIiofemoral ligament is inverted Y shaped ligament. The acetabular labrum helps in holding the femur in position.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3,4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Only 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,2,3,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents with pain and swelling in the prepatellar region of her left knee, which developed gradually over the past few weeks. She works as a housemaid and spends long hours kneeling on hard surfaces while cleaning floors. On physical examination, the knee is swollen, and there is tenderness over the anterior part of the knee. The swelling is soft and fluctuant, and there is no redness or heat over the area. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prepatellar bursitis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bakerβs cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Osteoarthritis of the knee", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Clergymanβs knee", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Prepatellar bursitis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which dermatome supplies the middle of the back of the thigh and leg?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. S2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AOd4BGqEDnvjRGaRJl841740493165.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segmental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> of skin of Lower Limb</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Segments</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Area</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L1, L2, L3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> aspect of the thigh from above downwards</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L4</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of the leg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L5</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the leg and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> side of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> side of the foot and sole</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S2</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle of the back of the thigh and leg</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S3,S4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Buttocks</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50 y/o man undergoes a total hip replacement. Postoperatively, he develops difficulty walking and reports numbness along the posterior thigh, lateral leg, and sole of the foot. O/E, he has weakness in extending the hip and flexing the knee. The injured nerve originates from which of the following spinal roots?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L2βL4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L4βS3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L5βS1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S1βS5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. L4βS3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OSAxo4rWEPHTjBu5VixT1740492998.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XrbMwpWddauQeCmOJKM41740493026.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sciatic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Origin and Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The thickest nerve in the body.</li>\n<li>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L4βS3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves. <strong>(Option A, C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> below the piriformis and descends between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2029fa511692777188fef4dab16c\">greater trochanter</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> along the back of the thigh.</li>\n<li>Divides into the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> and common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerves</strong> above the popliteal fossa.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Undivided Trunk:</strong> Supplies all muscles of the back of the thigh (hip extension, knee flexion).</li>\n<li><strong>Tibial Nerve: </strong>Innervates leg muscles (flexion) and foot muscles (plantar flexion).</li>\n<li><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve:</strong> Supplies leg muscles (dorsiflexion).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tibial Nerve:</strong> Supplies skin on the back of the calf, heel, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> border of the foot, and sole.</li>\n<li><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve: </strong>Supplies skin on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> surfaces of the leg and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot (except for the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve area).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Clinical correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Injury of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Causes: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55b31d659b16927771958a15837b10\">Penetrating</span> wounds, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> hip dislocation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> fractures, total hip replacement, misplaced injections in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region.</li>\n<li>Clinical Features:</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Inability to extend the thigh and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73eb6a06aa1692777202a9f27fafa2\">flex</span> the knee (hamstring paralysis).</li>\n<li>Loss of all movements below the knee (foot drop) leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dec14fe921692777202dc55958a46\">flail</span> foot and high-stepping gait.</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation on the back of the thigh, entire leg, and foot (except for the saphenous nerve area).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sciatica:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shooting pain along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve distribution (buttock, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot).</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Compression/irritation of L4βS3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b73c28601692777188f2aae28838\">herniated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> discs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuropathy:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Entrapment in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb956c3e316927771959407683905\">piriformis muscle</span> can lead to piriformis syndrome.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 y/o man presents with difficulty walking and reports pain along the medial aspect of his foot. Physical examination reveals weakness in inversion and signs of flatfoot. Which muscle is primarily responsible for the inversion of the foot in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gastrocnemius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Soleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tibialis Posterior", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor Digitorum Longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tibialis Posterior", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VnlmjUOew2MpeDE5k4EJ1740492624.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DaOvMwvhl6CmsWYYvltw1740492651.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rkkoG8aPZefeFBhCQdPB1740492708.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:472px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Movements of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">Inversion</span> and Eversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Inversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Eversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tibialis anterior</li>\n<li>Tibialis posterior</li>\n<li>Flexor hallucis longus</li>\n<li>Flexor digitorum longus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Peroneus brevis</li>\n<li>Peroneus longus</li>\n<li>Peroneus tertius</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:727px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Superficial group of muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Clinical aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrocnemius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> condyles of the femur</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>:Calcaneal tendon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the foot</li>\n<li>Flexion of knee</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Testing: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">Plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> against resistance (knee extended).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Soleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> head and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> fibula, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c8313b423169277719839015146fa\">soleal</span> line of tibia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33613b8eda1692777200cd66184ed6\">tendinous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> of soleus</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>: Calcaneal tendon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexor</li>\n<li>Stabilizes leg during standing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Testing: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">Plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> against resistance (hip and knee flexed).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plantaris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: Lower part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">supracondylar</span> line on the femur, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> popliteal ligament</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b77c76861692777183e8bcbc3c5a\">Calcaneus</span> (medial to calcaneal tendon)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Assists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba48dd7d5316927771888f9d2acf56\">gastrocnemius</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (less significant)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minor role in foot mechanics.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:724px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Deep group of muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Clinical aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Popliteus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> condyle</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c8313b423169277719839015146fa\">soleal</span> line</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> on the tibia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1,)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Injury may lead to knee instability</li>\n<li>Important <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9025b2cfe9169277719002ab4a9a5e\">in knee</span> biomechanics.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor Digitorum Longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Posterior surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> (medial to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> posterior)</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Plantar surfaces of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of toes 2-5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the ankle</li>\n<li>Flexion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of toes 2-5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c98928d9d516927771805d7cdd0d06\">aberrant</span> function may contribute to toe deformities (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72db2f68b616927771880970425404\">hammer</span> toe).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor Hallucis Longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> two-thirds of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> fibula, interosseus membrane.</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Plantar surface of the base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of the hallux</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the ankle</li>\n<li>Flexion of the hallux</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Overuse in dancers may lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c80b68859f1692777200f60e8d0aa7\">tendinopathy</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"754e1f4dd916927771880b4ad6c469\">hallux</span> saltans).</li>\n<li>Important <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> landmark at the ankle to avoid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d100eb4ed81692777193b7f47b5cba\">neurovascular</span> injury.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tibialis Posterior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">Interosseous</span> membrane, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of tibia, fibula</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b51a150cb1692777193ea9edb96b8\">Navicular</span> tuberosity, cuneiforms, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ec6e3e9e11692777182b1220b131a\">bases</span> of metatarsals 2-4</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The principal inverter of the foot</li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> arch</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L4, L5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysfunction can lead to a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f79d950bf816927772039ededef87d\">flat foot</span> (pes planus) due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e53f6980f1692777187044dd3f9e7\">elongation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22818451b71692777182237914a233\">attenuation</span> of the spring ligament.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where does the popliteus muscle originate, and what is its nerve supply?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial condyle of femur; Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral condyle of femur; Tibial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tibial tuberosity; Sciatic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibular head; Peroneal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lateral condyle of femur; Tibial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wx7o3TqsPo7aFVLZKcto1740483648.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Popliteus Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d86b5d3351692777190224c62427b\">knee joint</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> located on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> of the femur.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of the head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7e90693316927772027cba1a6018\">fibula</span> via the popliteofibular ligament</li>\n<li>Medial two-thirds of the triangular area above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c8313b423169277719839015146fa\">soleal</span> line on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of the tibia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> arteries</strong></li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and its branches.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The branch of the <strong>tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medially rotates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> on the femur; when the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> is fixed, it laterally rotates the femur.</li>\n<li>It is the<strong> \"unlocking\" muscle</strong> of the knee by unlocking the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb8b487941692777191804dbbefd9\">locked knee</span> by rotating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> laterally during the initial stages of knee flexion.</li>\n<li>It pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526b3e942016927771928828b6c34f\">meniscus</span> posteriorly, preventing it from becoming trapped and compressed between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> condyles.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old runner comes in with weakness when trying to lift his foot and numbness on the outside of his right leg after hurting his knee. Examination reveals weakness in dorsiflexion and tenderness over the lateral aspect of the popliteal fossa. Which of the following structures is most likely compressed in the popliteal fossa, leading to the patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tibial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Common peroneal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Popliteal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Common peroneal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/g9z5kH2qYWQ4EWbdRs0l1740484192.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly matches a boundary of the popliteal fossa with its associated structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superolaterally - Semimembranosus and semitendinosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferomedially - Medial head of the gastrocnemius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Roof of the popliteal fossa - Biceps femoris", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferolaterally - Popliteal surface of the femur", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inferomedially - Medial head of the gastrocnemius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uyXFroYvnDBa4XTcDMcY1740484140.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:497px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boundary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superolaterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Biceps femoris muscle <strong>(Options A&amp;C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superomedially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Semimembranosus, semitendinosus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferomedially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba48dd7d5316927771888f9d2acf56\">gastrocnemius</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferolaterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba48dd7d5316927771888f9d2acf56\">gastrocnemius</span> muscle and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d29d2aceee16927771953844ad203a\">plantaris</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the boundaries of the adductor canal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anteriorly bounded by the sartorius muscle, laterally by the rectus femoris.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posteromedially bounded by adductor longus and adductor magnus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Roofed by the iliotibial band and bounded posteriorly by the adductor brevis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medially bounded by the gluteus maximus and anteriorly by the vastus lateralis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posteromedially bounded by adductor longus and adductor magnus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Boundary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anterolaterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vastus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36527a0c691692777192ead7040c14\">medialis</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Posteromedially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adductor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> magnus muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anteromedially (Roof)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subsartorial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (dense <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">vastus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36527a0c691692777192ead7040c14\">medialis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> muscles)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles forms the lateral part of the floor of the femoral triangle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectineus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Iliacus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adductor longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sartorius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Iliacus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bn6qd6SUqj1ogLrI3em01740484009.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fbgaudkmvbIJwex5YTDH1740484063.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28 y/o male presents with knee pain and instability after a football injury. The Lachmann Test is performed to assess for an ACL tear. At what degree of knee flexion is the Lachmann Test typically performed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0 degrees", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "15-20 degrees", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "60-70 degrees", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "80-90 degrees", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 15-20 degrees", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gyNE5zy8RgF7luyz2vqb1740483962.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior Drawer Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lachmann Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This is a test to detect injury to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> ligament.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This is another test to detect injury to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> ligament.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Procedure</strong>: The patient is positioned supine, with the knee being tested flexed to 80β90Β°, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> forward <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66d1f5d3461692777200af5741a710\">traction</span> is then applied to the tibia. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Procedure: </strong>This test is considered better than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> drawer test.</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>In this test, the knee is maintained in 15Β° to 20Β° of flexion.</li>\n<li>One hand supports the thigh just above the knee, while the other holds the upper tibia.</li>\n<li>The degree of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b6a824410169277718856654be917\">glide</span> assesses the integrity of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (ACL).</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/gyNE5zy8RgF7luyz2vqb1740483962.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25 y/o male presents to the emergency after a sports injury involving a sudden pivot on his left knee. An MRI reveals a tear in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Which statement regarding the knee ligaments is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ACL is an extracapsular ligament.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral collateral ligament attaches to the patella.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The medial meniscus is wider anteriorly.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PCL prevents anterior displacement of the femur.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. PCL prevents anterior displacement of the femur.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3BWVKi0QFlUb5pZNFd8I1740483748.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vvHQH6Wh1Nxqtbv4WToO1740483777.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Extracapsular Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Intracapsular Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ligamentum Patellae:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Attaches from the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"615557ed3a169277719497f86e830b\">patella</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> tuberosity.</li>\n<li>Continuation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175fd4b3061692777196c7f28a4c53\">quadriceps</span> femoris tendon.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral (Fibular) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">Collateral</span> Ligament:</strong><strong> (Option B ruled out)</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cord-like structure attaching from the femur's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> to the fibula's head.</li>\n<li>The Popliteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> is located between this <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> meniscus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Medial (Tibial) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">Collateral</span> Ligament:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Flat band connecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface of the tibia.</li>\n<li>Firmly attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> meniscus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Oblique Popliteal Ligament:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Tendinous expansion from the semimembranosus muscle, strengthening the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> capsule.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Medial Meniscus</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Semicircular, wider posteriorly than anteriorly. <strong> (Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> margin adheres to the deep part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> ligament; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> fibres are continuous with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> ligament.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral Meniscus</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Circular.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> end is attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> via two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd6bdf5060169277719220c20cb189\">meniscofemoral</span> ligaments; separated from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> by the popliteus tendon.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">Cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">Ligament</span> (ACL): </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>It attaches to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"605903750116927771905ca0bfe3c7\">intercondylar</span> area of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> and ascends to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> condyle.</li>\n<li>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a50cd774d1692777186c56ec68eac\">displacement</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a50cd774d1692777186c56ec68eac\">displacement</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> when the knee is flexed.</li>\n<li>It is extrasynovial.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">Cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">Ligament</span> (PCL):</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>It attaches to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"605903750116927771905ca0bfe3c7\">intercondylar</span> area of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> and extends to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> condyle.</li>\n<li>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a50cd774d1692777186c56ec68eac\">displacement</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a50cd774d1692777186c56ec68eac\">displacement</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> when the knee is flexed.</li>\n<li>It is extrasynovial.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/3BWVKi0QFlUb5pZNFd8I1740483748.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscles are involved in the locking and unlocking of the knee joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hamstring muscles for both locking and unlocking", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Quadriceps femoris for locking and popliteus for unlocking", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Popliteus for both locking and unlocking", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Soleus for unlocking and hamstring for locking", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Quadriceps femoris for locking and popliteus for unlocking", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:621px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Locking of the Knee Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Unlocking of the Knee Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>When the foot is on the ground - the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> is locking.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>When the foot is on the ground <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> is unlocking.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phase of Motion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Terminal phase of extension.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Initial phase of flexion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Muscle Involved</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A, C &amp; D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Quadriceps femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Popliteus muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Knee Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb8b487941692777191804dbbefd9\">locked knee</span> becomes rigid.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>An unlocked knee can be further flexed.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ligament Tension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>All ligaments are taut.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>All ligaments are relaxed.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2bb6ddacfd169277718230a816b21f\">bearing</span> load during erect posture.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Facilitates the progress of locomotion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Lower Limb-Muscles And Nerve Supply Of The Hip Thigh And Gluteal Region - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 24</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 24 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following bones forms the posterior pillar of the medial longitudinal arch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Talus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Navicular", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcaneum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Metatarsals", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Calcaneum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LPVqDNlXXTwlcoumLAjQ1740557124.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cojdfdwY8HJYQX8l87fD1740557165.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify X.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Linea semilunaris", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Linea alba", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spino-umbilical line", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Addisonβs plane", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Linea semilunaris", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iIseyIg1pqJ8diWznOKe1740557008.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/24BvSjxAYcTtJWZXH6WS1740557030.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5CmBMz967RAR4mialkwa1740557061.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KnN17LWJeDSuuFWJQGEZ1740557079.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with a foot drop and weakness in the dorsiflexion of the great toe. He mentions a recent history of a herniated lumbar disc. There is decreased sensation over the dorsum of the foot and the first web space between the great toe and the second toe. Which dermatome and root value are most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L5", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1yoD82ze4174NwxPOpDz1740547339.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IGTEOPaK94tmFIcYuLHj1740547362.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Dermatome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heel (Skin on the heel)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> nerve has two branches</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve <strong>S1</strong> towards the<strong> little toe</strong>.</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve<strong> L5</strong> towards the<strong> great toe</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The popliteal region, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh (middle), calf, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral foot, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot</strong> (Little toe)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1 <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sural nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First web space </strong>(Dorsum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L5 <strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial aspect of leg</strong> (Medial malleolus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L4 <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Saphenous nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inguinal region</strong> (Proximal lower limb)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L1 <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ilioinguinal nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65280a763b1692777188eb28595e8b\">Genitofemoral</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior thigh</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L2, L3, L4</p>\n<p>(Lateral to medial)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial thigh</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L2, L3, L4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Perineum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2, S3, S4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the muscle/muscle head that is not included in the hamstring group of muscles.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No options available", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "Unknown", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eNdsSFxJ7JbelKnCNyDm1740547787.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/d6suysGtBw2JkbJa5thp1740547826.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/s7CHg5SfWW6mxpJP07CZ1740547841.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nEeVo3ilk4XjYtrgMiEi1740547855.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sJ7bNOlTuARu2OEfsv7x1740547870.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0j6diFTrXv9j7ANrxn3g1740547906.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:673px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(a) Long head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(b) Short head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(c) Semitendinosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(d) Semimembranosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/d6suysGtBw2JkbJa5thp1740547826.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/s7CHg5SfWW6mxpJP07CZ1740547841.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/nEeVo3ilk4XjYtrgMiEi1740547855.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/sJ7bNOlTuARu2OEfsv7x1740547870.png\" width=\"400\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:696px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Semitendinosus </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Semimembranosus</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Biceps Femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ischial tuberosity</strong> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8bf4cfec0c1692777185c41a7ddc29\">common tendon</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> femoris</li>\n<li>Inserts on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> (pes anserinus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ischial tuberosity</strong> (long, flat tendon)</li>\n<li>Inserts on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> and forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> popliteal ligament</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Long head</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong>: <strong>Ischial tuberosity</strong> (common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> with semitendinosus)</li>\n<li><strong>Short head</strong><strong> (Option B):</strong> From <strong>Linea aspera</strong></li>\n<li>Inserts on head of fibula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior to semimembranosus</li>\n<li>Proximally overlaps popliteal vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Overlaps popliteal vessels</li>\n<li>Lies deep to semitendinosus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Covered by gluteus maximus</li>\n<li>Lies superficial; deep to it are semimembranosus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> magnus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> division</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> division</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long head: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> nerve (tibial division)</li>\n<li>Short head:<strong> common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> nerve</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexes knee</li>\n<li>Extends hip</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of lower leg</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexes knee</li>\n<li>Extends hip</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of lower leg</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexes knee</li>\n<li>Extends hip</li>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of lower leg</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Active knee <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Active knee <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Active knee <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is/are supplied by the Nerve to the obturator internus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gamellus inferior and obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gamellus superior and obturator internus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Quadratus femoris and obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Obturator internus only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gamellus superior and obturator internus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MpK7qsfQtpWw67lQ7Wt11740556833.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">Pelvic</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and surrounding bones</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> On the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface</strong> of the <strong>greater trochanter</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Main supply: gemellar branches of the<strong> internal pudendal artery</strong></li>\n<li>Intrapelvic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1dda64711f169277718783486957de\">extrapelvic</span> parts: branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> internus</strong> <strong>(L5, S1, S2)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laterally rotates</strong> the extended thigh.</p>\n<p>Abducts the flexed thigh.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:646px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Gemellus Superior </strong><br/>\n\t\t\t(smaller than G. inferior)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Gamellus Inferior</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> spine</li>\n<li>Blends with the upper border of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> tendon</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> surface of the greater trochanter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Arises from the upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> tuberosity</li>\n<li>Blends with the lower border of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> tendon</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Medial surface of the greater trochanter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplied by <strong>internal pudendal artery</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery, and sometimes superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly by the <strong>medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> internus</strong> <strong>(L5, S1, S2)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris </strong><strong>(L4, L5, S1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Assists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the thigh</li>\n<li>May assist in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the flexed thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rotates the extended thigh laterally</li>\n<li>May contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the flexed thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> tuberosity</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Trochanteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of the femur</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris</strong><strong> (L4, L5, S1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> rotation</strong> of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gluteus muscle </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Innervation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip flexor, abductor; stabilizes pelvis; assists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9025b2cfe9169277719002ab4a9a5e\">in knee</span> extension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus maximus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip extension; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> rotation; assists in stabilizing pelvis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus medius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip abductor; stabilizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> during single-leg stance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus minimus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip abductor; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78dfa6942216927771971d0733476f\">rotator</span> of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Piriformis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve and branches from S1 and S2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laterally rotates the extended thigh; abducts the flexed thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obturator Internus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laterally rotates the extended thigh; abducts the flexed thigh.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obturator Externus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve (L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the thigh; stabilizes hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gemellus Superior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laterally rotates the extended thigh; assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the flexed thigh.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gemellus Inferior</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laterally rotates the extended thigh; assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the flexed thigh.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Quadratus Femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris, (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Quadratus femoris </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Quadriceps femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior pelvis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Front of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of knee and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of hip</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following structures do not pass through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pudendal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal pudendal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nerve to obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KZTQY6nP3OuuIZ1sd9Vc1740556556.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> notch/foramen/gateway of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> notch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The piriformis, emerging from the pelvis, fills the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> almost completely. It is the key muscle of the region.</li>\n<li>Structures passing above the piriformis are:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Structures passing below the piriformis are:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> vessels</li>\n<li>Sciatic nerve</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the thigh</li>\n<li>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris</li>\n<li><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> </strong><strong>(Option C) </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Internal pudendal vessels </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong><strong> </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Pudendal nerve </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tendon of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> internus</li>\n<li><strong>Pudendal nerve </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Internal pudendal vessels </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong><strong> </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The upper and lower parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> are filled up by the origins of the two gemelli muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old athlete presents with difficulty climbing stairs and rising from a seated position. Upon examination, there is weakness in hip extension. Which muscle is most likely affected, and what is the nerve supply?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Psoas major; Anterior rami of L1, L2, L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus maximus; Inferior gluteal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gluteus maximus; Superior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sartorius; Femoral nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gluteus maximus; Inferior gluteal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:595px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Psoas major (chief flexor)<strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L1, L2, L3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Iliacus (chief flexor)</li>\n<li>Sartorius<strong> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Rectus femoris</li>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve (L2, L3)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus maximus (chief extensor)<strong> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstring muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and minimus (chief abductors)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adductor longus</li>\n<li>Adductor brevis</li>\n<li>Adductor magnus (chief adductors)</li>\n<li>Gracilis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Double nerve supply (Femoral nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Medial rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> (chief <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rotators)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Lateral rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Piriformis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S1, S2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator externus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> and</li>\n<li>Associated gemelli,</li>\n<li>Quadratus femoris (These muscles are generally termed short rotators)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a clinical setting, a physician suspects a weakness in the gluteus maximus muscle. Which of the following functions would not be affected by this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extension of flexed thigh", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Raising trunk after stooping", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stabilization of pelvis during quiet standing", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Stabilization of pelvis during quiet standing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1d0cmRNti6JPWeVSwNNK1740549308.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p20MmepL25kqddgPNMmG1740549328.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Features </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Largest and most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region</li>\n<li>Broad, thick, and quadrilateral</li>\n<li>Has an overlying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> fascia</li>\n<li>Fascicular architecture with large bundles of fibres separated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> septa</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gluteal surface of the ilium</strong> behind<strong> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> line</strong></li>\n<li>Outer slope of the <strong>dorsal segment of ilium</strong></li>\n<li>Dorsal surfaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7ea5b85641692777198096c6c80c2\">sacrum</span> and ilium</li>\n<li>Sacrotuberous ligament</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Insertions </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>3/4th of the muscle into the <strong>iliotibial tract</strong></li>\n<li>1/4th of the muscle into the <strong>gluteal tuberosity</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Primarily supplied by the <strong>inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (β 2/3)</strong></li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</li>\n<li>Additional supply from the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5afc9732fd1692777195b9482bf3c2\">perforator</span> of profunda femoris and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</li>\n<li>Minor branches from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> femoral, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> sacral, and internal pudendal arteries.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Innervated by the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Extends </strong>flexed thigh <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Stabilizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"053afdc7031692777187c2079a86a3\">gait</span> (vs Option D) </strong></li>\n<li>Active in raising trunk after stooping <strong> (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Active in<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> and abduction</strong> of the thigh <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Stabilizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c52e41aa91692777189b7b8847c4f\">iliotibial</span> tract</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The gluteus maximus is generally inactive during\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Quiet standing</li>\n<li>When swaying forward at the ankle joints</li>\n<li>When bending forward at the hip joints to touch the toes</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tested by hip extension against resistance in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> position with knees flexed</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/1d0cmRNti6JPWeVSwNNK1740549308.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/p20MmepL25kqddgPNMmG1740549328.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old runner complains of difficulty flexing his knee after long-distance running. He reports that once his knee locks in an extended position, it takes effort to initiate flexion again. On examination, you notice that the patient struggles to begin flexion from full extension. Which muscle is likely impaired?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Quadriceps femoris", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Popliteus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biceps femoris", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vastus medialis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Popliteus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KIC3cxHTxXs01EwJmCTV1740549124.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:638px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biceps femoris</li>\n<li>Semitendinosus</li>\n<li>Semimembranosus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Quadriceps femoris <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of flexed leg</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Popliteus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Semimembranosus</li>\n<li>Semitendinosus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of flexed leg</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biceps femoris <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Locking</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vastus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36527a0c691692777192ead7040c14\">medialis</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unlocking</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Popliteus <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Locking</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Unlocking</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> phase of extension.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> during the initial phase of the flexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is brought about by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175fd4b3061692777196c7f28a4c53\">quadriceps</span> femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is brought about by the popliteus muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Locked knee becomes rigid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unlocked knee can be further flexed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All ligaments are taut</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All ligaments are relaxed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The iliotibial tract provides attachment to which of the following muscles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus medius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tensor fasciae latae", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both B and C", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Both B and C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gYqD5mEFO7fk4qKZ8zv21740556977.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not participate in the cruciate anastomosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior gluteal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Medial circumflex femoral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral circumflex femoral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deep femoral artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Deep femoral artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FtouqEksqOQ9G4Ml9X4m1740556945.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The femoral nerve splits into anterior and posterior divisions, which are separated by which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Femoral vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral circumflex femoral artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inguinal ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Obturator artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lateral circumflex femoral artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which two nerves provide the dual innervation of the pectineus muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Obturator Nerve and Femoral Nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sciatic Nerve and Tibial Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial Pectoral Nerve and Lateral Pectoral Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous Nerve and Radial Nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Obturator Nerve and Femoral Nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Pectoralis Major </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sternocostal Head</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">Pectoral</span> Nerve (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clavicular Head</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">Pectoral</span> Nerve (C5, 6, 7)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subscapularis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper &amp; Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">Subscapular</span> Nerves (C5, 6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brachialis </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, 6, 7) (medial)</li>\n<li>Radial Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8, T1) (lateral)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor Digitorum Profundus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">Interosseous</span> Branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> Nerve (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pectineus </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator Nerve (L2, 3, 4)</li>\n<li>Femoral Nerve (L2, 3, 4)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Adductor Magnus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adductor Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior Division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">Obturator</span> Nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hamstring Part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial Branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> Nerve (L4, 5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Biceps Femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long Head</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial Branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> Nerve (L4, 5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short Head</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> Nerve (L4, 5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Digastric muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior belly</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to mylohyoid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior belly</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following regarding the marked structure is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nerve to obturator internus passes above it", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Innervated by L5, S1 nerve roots", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pudendal nerve passes below it", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is a medial rotator of the hip joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pudendal nerve passes below it", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xTeifLqhhXzXNeB5t76c1740556416.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mjBIFmtfAImCc3CKjwIM1740556435.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZqHfPXalVDiQPBLaV7Dg1740556508.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7ea5b85641692777198096c6c80c2\">sacrum</span> (3 digitations)</li>\n<li>Gluteal surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5de488ab116927771895eec252498\">ilium</span> near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</li>\n<li>Capsule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e5164b7d61692777198fcbb77e4ad\">sacroiliac</span> joint</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Medial side of the upper border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2029fa511692777188fef4dab16c\">greater trochanter</span> of the femur</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb956c3e316927771959407683905\">piriformis muscle</span> emerges from the pelvis, almost <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> completely and is the key muscle of the area.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures running superior to piriformis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve and vessel <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Structures running <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> to piriformis. </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve and vessels <strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Greater trochanter</li>\n<li>Sciatic nerve</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of thigh</li>\n<li>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris</li>\n<li>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> internus<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Internal pudendal vessels</li>\n<li><strong>Pudendal nerve (Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZqHfPXalVDiQPBLaV7Dg1740556508.png\" width=\"4168\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Main supply:<strong> Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Contributions: Gemellar branches of internal pudendal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> sacral artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervated by <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> and <strong>ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S1 and S2 </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Laterally rotates extended thigh</strong> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Abducts flexed thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>No isolated testing; assess for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> by having the seated subject <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc4da2fb151692777180dc699ae203\">abduct</span> thighs (buttock pain indicates potential involvement)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old male is being examined for abnormal gait. His Trendelenberg sign is positive. What is false about testing for the Trendelenburg sign?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The side of the hip that droops down is the unaffected side", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The gluteus medius and minimus muscles are affected", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The patients have a characteristic lurching gait", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The uncompensated Trendelenburg sign is elicited with a walking patient", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The uncompensated Trendelenburg sign is elicited with a walking patient", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BNys4tEMFOap176iZqnk1740549388.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/q715V16c1JXQtHamK6m41740549422.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:683px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">Fasciae</span> Latae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Gluteus Medius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Gluteus Minimus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: Outer lip of the <strong>iliac <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> </strong>extending from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of the crest.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>: <strong>Iliotibial tract</strong> 3β5 cm below the level of the greater trochanter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <strong>Gluteal surface of the ilium</strong> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Oblique ridge on the <strong>lateral </strong>surface of the <strong>greater trochanter.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> surfaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5de488ab116927771895eec252498\">ilium</span> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> </strong>aspect of the <strong>Greater trochanter</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Between gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and sartorius</li>\n<li>Covered by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Covered by gluteus maximus (posterior third)</li>\n<li>Deep to gluteus minimus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to gluteus medius</li>\n<li>Related to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> capsule</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mainly from <strong>lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Supplied by superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Main trunk and deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> arter</strong>y</li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve </strong>(L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> </strong>and <strong>abductor</strong></li>\n<li>Stabilizes pelvis</li>\n<li>Helps maintain extended knee</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of thigh</strong></li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> during single-leg stance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial</strong> and <strong>lateral </strong>rotation of thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Depression below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient reports pain and decreased sensation along the posterolateral aspect of the lower leg, extending onto the lateral side of the foot, following an ankle sprain. Which nerve is most likely injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sural nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Saphenous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Sural nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DRoUTRHDCEXZuEMjNMlz1740546992.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old man is involved in a car accident and sustains a fracture to the ischial tuberosity. He now presents with weakness in knee flexion and hip extension, with intact sensation. Which muscle group and nerve are likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Quadriceps; femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hamstrings; sciatic nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adductors; obturator nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gluteal muscles; superior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hamstrings; sciatic nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BMPEXBk9QlKfwKsS2xxp1740548182.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/suiwBT0ptWy3XcfZidU41740548215.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structures in the given image:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a) Semitendinosus, b) Biceps femoris, c) Popliteal artery, d) Tibial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a) Semitendinosus, b) Biceps femoris, c) Tibial nerve, d) Popliteal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a) Biceps femoris, b) Semitendinosus, c) Popliteal artery, d) Tibial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a) Biceps femoris, b) Semitendinosus, c) Tibial nerve, d) Popliteal artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. a) Biceps femoris, b) Semitendinosus, c) Tibial nerve, d) Popliteal artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bhFtFYjQQy2w1Xpaas1d1740548053.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Vq18u9PffcoOblJZtkAe1740548105.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9XCOeXKcXIxjsQZa820v1740548133.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:586px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Boundaries </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superomedial</strong>: Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superolateral:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">Biceps</span> Femoris</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inferomedial:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> head of Gastrocnemius</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inferolateral:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba48dd7d5316927771888f9d2acf56\">Gastrocnemius</span> and Plantaris</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Floor</strong> (anterior wall): Formed by the popliteal surface of the femur, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d86b5d3351692777190224c62427b\">knee joint</span> capsule, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> popliteal ligament, and popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> covering the popliteus muscle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Roof </strong>(posterior wall): Formed by the popliteal fascia, containing the short saphenous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerves (posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the thigh, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the thigh, sural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c3efbee661692777184685e54c75e\">communicating</span> nerve).\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>All structures pierce the roof except the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the thigh.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Contents:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and branches</li>\n<li>Popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and tributaries</li>\n<li>Tibial nerve and branches</li>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve and branches</li>\n<li>Popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</li>\n<li>Popliteal fat pad</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Structures:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the thigh (terminal part)</li>\n<li>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Terminal part of the short saphenous vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arrangement of Key Structures (NVA/AVN pattern)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Upper part: Nerve, Vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (lateral to medial)</strong></li>\n<li>Middle part: Nerve, Vein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (superficial to deep)</li>\n<li>Lower part: Artery, Vein, Nerve (lateral to medial)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following sets of muscles is referred to as \"guy rope\" muscles that stabilise the bony pelvis on the femur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Gracilis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Semimembranosus, Sartorius, Adductor magnus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semimembranosus, Gracilis, Sartorius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/whvLxQ6XkQ5GVnuHAhZM1740548001.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Guy rope muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>1. Sartorius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>2. Gracilis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>3. Semitendinosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compartment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> compartment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> compartment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> compartment</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sciatic nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> and knee flexion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Knee <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> and hip extension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine (ASIS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> ramus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ischial tuberosity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface of the tibia</strong>.<br/>\n\t\t\t(<strong>Pes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ea71514cd16927771815cdf3e22ce\">anserinus</span> or Goosefoot tendon</strong> is the broad, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aafcd83017169277718572c4961c20\">conjoined</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> formed by these 3 muscles, inserting on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> tibia)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male presents with difficulty in adducting his thigh after sustaining an injury during a soccer match. Upon examination, weakness in adduction and medial rotation of the thigh is noted. Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for these actions, and what is its nerve supply?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectineus; Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gracilis; Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adductor longus; Obturator nerve (posterior division)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adductor part of adductor magnus; Obturator nerve (posterior division)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Adductor part of adductor magnus; Obturator nerve (posterior division)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uXeDBInZSDoXZQJVm9TQ1740547573.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eLZWCc933VRFtrRzR7yk1740547596.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:683px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pectineus</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pecten pubis</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0354d9311692777197f5d925a08c\">ramus</span> of the pubis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Line extending from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0404f7b31816927771912f2b470952\">lesser trochanter</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> aspera</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adduction of the thigh</li>\n<li>Flexion of thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gracilis</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09cc11ccda1692777196f75bd122ee\">pubis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ac5f3d6ea16927771900382da99e5\">ischiopubic</span> ramus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the <strong>medial surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca6af868811692777200ce067e9db9\">tibia</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obturator nerve </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adduction of thigh</li>\n<li>Flexion and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of leg</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor longus</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body of the pubis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle 1/3rd of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> aspera</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor brevis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0354d9311692777197f5d925a08c\">ramus</span> of the pubis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pectineal lines and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> aspera</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction of thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor magnus </strong></p>\n<p>(largest muscle of this compartment)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstring part: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1a6cc2141692777190c8b28c7c3a\">inferolateral</span> part of the <strong>ischial tuberosity</strong></li>\n<li>Adductor part: outer part of the <strong>ischiopubic ramus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adductor part: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> margin of <strong>gluteal tuberosity</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> aspera, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">supracondylar</span> line</li>\n<li>Hamstring part: <strong>Adductor tubercle</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Adductor part:</strong> By the <strong>obturator nerve</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Hamstring part</strong>: By the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> part of <strong>sciatic nerve</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Adduction </strong>and <strong>medial rotation</strong> of thigh</li>\n<li>Weak extension of hip joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not the action of the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexion of knee", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexion of thigh", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extension of knee", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexion of leg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Extension of knee", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4PF9HLXdRFeXqrOyfWvO1740547418.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9yA4SuICtJKpK4Khbqsd1740547449.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eohv5n7gAb7tznAnq3L91740547487.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KXnuBWuPjGNd7kZnEGVo1740547523.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:504px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175fd4b3061692777196c7f28a4c53\">Quadriceps</span> femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(a) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">Rectus</span> femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> and extension of the knee joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(b) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">Vastus</span> lateralis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of the knee joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(c) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">Vastus</span> medialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of the knee joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(d) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">Vastus</span> intermedius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of the knee joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Articularis genu</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulls up the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d86b5d3351692777190224c62427b\">knee joint</span> during its extension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. Sartorius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hip: Flexion, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> rotation</li>\n<li>Knee: Flexion, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rotation</li>\n<li>Leg: Flexion<br/>\n<strong>(Options A, B, D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">Tensor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (different from the rest)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abduction of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male presents with leg pain and weakness after a heavy deadlift. He reports heaviness in his feet, difficulty standing on his toes, and performing calf raises. Neurological examination reveals weakness in plantar flexion, inability to flex his toes and diminished ankle reflexes. Which spinal cord segments are primarily involved in this patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L4, L5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S1, S2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L2, L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L3, L4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. S1, S2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Segments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles innervated</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Psoas major</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L2, L3 </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gracilis, pectineus, sartorius</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L3, L4 </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Quadriceps femoris, adductors of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4, L5 </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> anterior, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> posterior</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L5, S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> hallucis longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> digitorum longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1, S2 <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteus maximus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> femoris, <strong>gastrocnemius</strong>, <strong>soleus</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2, S3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum longus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> hallucis longus, interossei</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Joints</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Movements</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hip joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion, adduction, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> <strong>(L2, L3)</strong></li>\n<li>Extension, abduction, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> <strong>(L4, L5)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Knee joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extension<strong> (L3, L4)</strong></li>\n<li>Flexion <strong>(L5; S1)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ankle joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsiflexion<strong> (L4, L5) </strong></li>\n<li>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> <strong>(S1, S2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foot</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Invertors <strong>(L4, L5)</strong></li>\n<li>Evertors <strong>(L5, S1)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with a foot drop following a recent knee injury. Which of the following nerves, part of the sacral plexus, is most likely injured, leading to the inability to dorsiflex the foot?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tibial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Common peroneal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pudendal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Common peroneal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tlYdHKoqe0Js6MqN77nG1740547252.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sciatic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The largest nerve in the body, derived from both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions of L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen, passing beneath the piriformis muscle, and travels down the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh muscles. It divides into two key branches:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tibial Nerve (Anterior Division) (Option B):</strong> Innervates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> leg and foot muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve (Posterior Division):</strong> Innervates muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> leg.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong><em>Clinical Note</em></strong>: Injury to the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve can result in foot drop, a condition characterized by difficulty lifting the front part of the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pudendal Nerve (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> divisions of S2, S3, and S4.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels out of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> and into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea5dd28db71692777195ee64c2f690\">perineum</span> via the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides motor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the perineum, including muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> floor and external genitalia.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is crucial for maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a066f5cd41692777185d94552ea42\">continence</span> and sexual function.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions of L4, L5, and S1.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> via the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen, superior to the piriformis muscle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae, which are responsible for hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6694ddb1db1692777199c9a1e38bf0\">stabilization</span> during walking.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions of L5, S1, and S2.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> to the piriformis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervates the gluteus maximus, the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> of the hip joint.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">Femoral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Nerve (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions of S1, S2, and S3.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels alongside the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve, exiting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the skin on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh and lower buttocks.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of tingling and numbness in the outer aspect of his right thigh. He reports that the symptoms worsen when he sits for prolonged periods and improves when he stands or walks. Upon examination, there is a sensory deficit in the lateral thigh region. Which nerve root value is primarily involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L1 and L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L2 and L3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L2, L3 and L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L4 and L5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. L2 and L3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/O5HaEvIKrsMbpBHJ7eK41740547144.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nibeYVba24nZMKgV1fx91740547180.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obturator Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> divisions of L2, L3, and L4.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> foramen.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervates the muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh (adductors) and provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the skin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Femoral Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> divisions of L2, L3, and L4. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It passes under the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> of the thigh.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thigh (such as quadriceps) and provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thigh and part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> leg.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">Femoral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> divisions of L2 and L3.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It courses laterally across the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f34a53cc571692777189ba3fcb9974\">iliacus muscle</span> and under the inguinal ligament.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Provides purely <strong>sensory </strong>innervation to the skin over the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the thigh.</strong></li>\n<li>This nerve is particularly important in conditions such as <strong>meralgia paresthetica,</strong> where it can become compressed, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7020a23961692777200b1237ae429\">tingling</span> and pain in the outer thigh.</li>\n<li>Most commonly injured during Mc Roberts manure &amp; Laproscopic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf1b2a8bc16927771899480554f5a\">hernia</span> surgery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 34 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Lower Limb-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 37</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 37 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Abduction at the hip joint is done by", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus medius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Quadratus femoris", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gluteus medius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which artery is being palpated in the image shown below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsalis pedis artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior tibial artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4LQbg50HEZ2VJw811BrE1747900747.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/neL6xOMOe67e0XZQ1u1r1746083790.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Palpation Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Popliteal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> malleolus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Behind <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> malleolus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Evaluated in PAD (absent in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> diseases)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Popliteal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> leg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficult to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5aabcb1ee8169277719447f2dd6c2c\">palpate</span> directly</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> of the leg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsalis Pedis Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs along <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of foot</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> hallucis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> tendon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Commonly used in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> assessments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Popliteal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in popliteal fossa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep in the popliteal fossa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can be affected in popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"025e317c8116927771870f34a94b56\">entrapment</span> syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery? 1. Superior gluteal artery 2. Inferior gluteal artery 3. Superior vesical artery 4. Middle rectal artery 5. Inferior vesical artery 6. Vaginal artery", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,3,4,6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,3,4,5,6", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,4,5,6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 2,3,4,5,6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/mriIgF2vrX6mcVs6zEbU1745383364.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0mIq1tkFkkXyrQjNneBJ1747804268.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Division</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Division</strong> (Primarily supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs, perineum, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery, superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> artery, middle rectal artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> artery, internal pudendal artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Division</strong> (Primarily supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> wall and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa80dac4bb1692777189c5526da5b1\">iliolumbar</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> sacral artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A boy with a history of a fall from a tree presents with a lurching gait and dragging of his feet. Which of the following structures are involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/QInpwKpyxc4VGknL7wcE1747132395.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LGisDkcvnt2ofMeYFRfo1745566271.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sqejmXrF7Wx7SDv9Ye7c1745566287.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:683px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tensor Fasciae Latae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus Medius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus Minimus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: Outer lip of the <strong>iliac <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> </strong>extending from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of the crest.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>: <strong>Iliotibial tract</strong> 3β5 cm below the level of the greater trochanter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <strong>Gluteal surface of the ilium</strong> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Oblique ridge on the <strong>lateral </strong>surface of the <strong>greater trochanter.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> surfaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5de488ab116927771895eec252498\">ilium</span> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> </strong>aspect of the <strong>Greater trochanter</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Between gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and sartorius</li>\n<li>Covered by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Covered by gluteus maximus (posterior third)</li>\n<li>Deep to gluteus minimus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to gluteus medius</li>\n<li>Related to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> capsule</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mainly from <strong>lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Supplied by superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Main trunk and deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> arter</strong>y</li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve </strong>(L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> </strong>and <strong>abductor</strong></li>\n<li>Stabilizes pelvis</li>\n<li>Helps maintain extended knee</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of thigh</strong></li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> during single-leg stance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial</strong> and <strong>lateral </strong>rotation of thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Depression below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which nerve is most likely to be affected in a patient who underwent a coronary bypass graft with the great saphenous vein and is now experiencing paresthesia and sensory loss over the inner side of the leg and foot?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Saphenous nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sural nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Saphenous nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A muscle is attached to the area marked in the given Image. What is the action of this muscle on the hip joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexion and medial rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adduction and lateral rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abduction and medial rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extension and lateral rotation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Extension and lateral rotation", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Q1GqoSXisIWLSNgKCBXS1746529328.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:595px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Psoas major (chief flexor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L1, L2, L3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Iliacus (chief flexor)</li>\n<li>Sartorius<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Rectus femoris</li>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve (L2, L3)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus maximus (chief extensor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstring muscles</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and minimus (chief abductors)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adductor longus</li>\n<li>Adductor brevis</li>\n<li>Adductor magnus (chief adductors)</li>\n<li>Gracilis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Double nerve supply (Femoral nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Medial rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> (chief <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rotators)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Lateral rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Piriformis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S1, S2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator externus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> and</li>\n<li>Associated gemelli,</li>\n<li>Quadratus femoris (These muscles are generally termed short rotators)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The artery that is palpated between the medial malleolus and the calcaneal tendon is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsalis pedis artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior tibial artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/79PnTxS5f198iXbVyn4c1747982168.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\"&gt;Posterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\"&gt;tibial&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has lost sensation over the dorsum of the foot and medial four toes. There is the associated difficulty of eversion of the foot. Which nerve injury is likely to be the reason for this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deep peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superficial peroneal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Common peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior tibial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Superficial peroneal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\"&gt;Superficial&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\"&gt;peroneal&lt;/span&gt; nerve</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Injury of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Injury of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">Superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Injury of Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Eversion completely affected</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4883591b16927771863aa94323f0\">dorsiflexion</span> β foot drop</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>No loss of complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> (because of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> supplied by deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve is intact)</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of great toe</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> four toes</li>\n<li>Paralysis of all muscles of sole</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> supply over sole</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Sensory loss on major part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> side of foot and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> side of foot and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> side of little finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inversion not completely affected because <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> functional</li>\n<li>Loss of extension of great toe</li>\n<li>Loss of extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> four toes</li>\n<li>Sensory loss on the area between great and second toe</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the labelled tarsal bone in the image below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcaneus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cuboid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Navicular", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Talus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Navicular", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/YDFHxxEuzuBga7UD5gQw1747982424.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qMou6JgLx4goQQfb5zTF1747982510.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bhR6vmrIUEjxZ2FC5ML31746784497.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AXBhxQuPk6agl5XAIv551746784504.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uSsf6sQa2aZc2gK16aw91746784700.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bone Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Description &amp; Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Tarsals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Provide mechanical support and structure to the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"18\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Proximal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Talus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Transmits body weight to the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Articulates at three joints:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Superiorly: Ankle joint (tibia/fibula)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Inferiorly: Subtalar joint (calcaneus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anteriorly: Talonavicular joint (navicular)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Calcaneus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b07a8f84ed1692777200d49cca6177\">tarsal</span> bone, forms the heel.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Articulates at two joints:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Superiorly: Subtalar joint (talus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anteriorly: Calcaneocuboid joint (cuboid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Intermediate Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Navicular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Boat-shaped; articulates with talus, cuneiforms, and cuboid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> attachment.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Distal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Cuboid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral; articulates with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b77c76861692777183e8bcbc3c5a\">calcaneus</span> and fourth/fifth metatarsals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Features a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3aedca1e41692777202041463429b\">fibularis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> tendon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Cuneiforms (3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial, intermediate, lateral; wedge-shaped.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Help <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> arch; attach to various muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Metatarsals</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>I-V (1-5)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Connect tarsals to phalanges; numbered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to lateral.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Have a head, neck, shaft, and base; facilitate movement and support.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Phalanges</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Great Toe: 2 (proximal, distal)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Toes 2-5: 3 each (proximal, intermediate, distal).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> has a base, shaft, and head; provide structure to toes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structure in the given image", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ischial spine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior superior iliac spine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior inferior iliac spine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ischial tuberosity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anterior superior iliac spine", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NFkyZCIi3RgfSHdAwsqb1712732145.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MpAxR8yfZ1H1RJvJkDy81712732164.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The dermatome of the area marked in the given below image is-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "L5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dW4YA03Mk9igH9n5RKqd1747900653.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/adwun5KC8pEjJjkSiyVK1746083433.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jHOMAnOXS8Vsnrqftdf01746083433.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:353px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inguinal region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thigh and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> knee</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial leg and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> malleolus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of foot, great toe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral foot, sole, little toe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior thigh and leg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S3-S5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perineum and anal region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked tendon in the diagram:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor hallucis longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor hallucis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extensor digitorum longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tibialis anterior", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Extensor hallucis longus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/syd77p5CYjC77YvDpc7v1712733906.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option :A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Foot drop is caused by damage to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Common peroneal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tibial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sciatic nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Common peroneal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Femoral Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Weakness of quadriceps, decreased knee jerk</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Sciatic Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Foot drop, decreased ankle jerk</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Foot drop, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Tibial Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss on the sole of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>Obturator Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Weakness of hip adductors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked bony process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capitulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Olecranon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trochlea", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radial head", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Radial head", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IUlvgxT7dCf0Jp1ylV261724829884.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\"&gt;Radial&lt;/span&gt; h\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Foot eversion is caused by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor digitorum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peroneus longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tibialis anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tibialis posterior", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Peroneus longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastrocnemius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (S1-S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plantarflexion of the foot, assists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9025b2cfe9169277719002ab4a9a5e\">in knee</span> flexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Soleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (S1-S2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plantarflexion of the foot, stabilizes the ankle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cd19952761692777185af9b7666f0\">cuneiform</span> and first metatarsal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsiflexion of the foot, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor digitorum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of toes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of the toes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4883591b16927771863aa94323f0\">dorsiflexion</span> of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of toes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (S2-S3)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the toes, plantarflexion of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peroneus longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> cuneiform</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eversion of the foot, plantarflexion of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peroneus brevis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fifth metatarsal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eversion of the foot, plantarflexion of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve (L4-L5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inversion of the foot, plantarflexion of the foot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle is supplied by the both tibial and common peroneal nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gracilis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Biceps femoris", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adductor longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adductor magnus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Biceps femoris", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor digitorum longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor hallucis longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibularis (Peroneus) tertius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibularis (Peroneus) brevis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibularis (Peroneus) longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastrocnemius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Soleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor hallucis longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibialis posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abductor hallucis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum brevis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Quadratus plantae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abductor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lumbricals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Interossei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The action of the muscle attached to the marked area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adduction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abduction", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extension", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Abduction", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eDFWPmrk3SqvuQwOnAat1712733841.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Location of Attachment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Action(s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Iliopsoas</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Lesser trochanter</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Flexion of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Rectus femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine (AIIS)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Flexion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> and extension of the knee</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gluteus minimus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anterior surface of greater trochanter</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Abduction and internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gluteus Medius</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Lateral surface of greater trochanter</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Abduction and internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gluteus maximus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Posterior surface of the femur</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Extension and external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Piriformis</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anterior surface of the sacrum</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Obturator internus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Medial surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> foramen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gemellus superior</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ischial spine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gemellus inferior</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ischial tuberosity</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Quadratus femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Intertrochanteric crest</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of the hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle is not involved in the inversion of foot?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tibialis anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tibialis posterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Peroneus longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extensor hallucis longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Peroneus longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C.\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tibialis Anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca4c4e935616927771849e13b0396f\">condyle</span> of tibia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> tibia, and fibula</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cd19952761692777185af9b7666f0\">cuneiform</span> and base of first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Primary muscle for foot inversion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tibialis Posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Interosseous membrane, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> tibia, and fibula</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Assists in foot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> and plantarflexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor Digitorum Longus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Posterior tibia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of toes 2-5</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Assists in foot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of toes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor Hallucis Longus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Posterior fibula</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of great toe</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Assists in foot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of great toe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Peroneus Longus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Head and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> two-thirds of fibula</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cd19952761692777185af9b7666f0\">cuneiform</span> and first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Assists in foot eversionΒ and plantarflexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Peroneus Brevis</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Lower two-thirds of fibula</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Tuberosity of fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Assists in foot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94fdb58dbf16927771904508108f50\">inversion</span> and plantarflexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which compartment of the leg is the neurovascular bundle NOT present?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral compartment", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior superficial compartment", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior deep compartment", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior compartment", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior superficial compartment", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which nerve supplies the Gluteus maximus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior gluteal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inferior gluteal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:595px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Psoas major (chief flexor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L1, L2, L3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Iliacus (chief flexor)</li>\n<li>Sartorius<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Rectus femoris</li>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve (L2, L3) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus maximus (chief extensor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstring muscles</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and minimus (chief abductors)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adductor longus</li>\n<li>Adductor brevis</li>\n<li>Adductor magnus (chief adductors)</li>\n<li>Gracilis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Double nerve supply (Femoral nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Medial rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> (chief <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rotators)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Lateral rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Piriformis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S1, S2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator externus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> and</li>\n<li>Associated gemelli,</li>\n<li>Quadratus femoris (These muscles are generally termed short rotators)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Patient presenting with pain in back of thigh and leg after lifting heavy weights. Which segment is involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. S2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient diagnosed with sciatica had tender hamstrings. Which of the following supplies a hybrid muscle, which is spared in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Femoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Common peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tibial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Obturator nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The muscle attached to the marked bony structure is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ilio-psoas", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gluteus medius", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sartorius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ilio-psoas", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lO38ZyPThMtZr5CThlXh1747652638.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Bgh7gLR8JcGxEWvUcug81747652719.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Muscle inserted on lesser trochanter?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Psoas major muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Psoas minor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Piriformis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Psoas major muscle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/fl0vGkTH3v5zqknr6nAl1747653412.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9ZjKK7RMiQieySOvqiit1747653464.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the muscle that is defective in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Piriformis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Obturator internus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WRiTlGHOqjlUdovfd63O1747373283.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A surgical procedure is performed on the great saphenous vein, around 2.5 cm anterior to the medial malleolus. Which of the following structures is most likely to be injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Saphenous nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sural nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deep peroneal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tibial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Saphenous nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the given image, the physician is trying to palpate which of the following arteries?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsalis pedis artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral plantar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior tibial artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qb38AZo3jP2U5cb4qEBT1747373753.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9tTTBUjyBOhyb7GWyO671747373785.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old female, who works as a maid complained of knee pain and swelling. Which of the following area gets damaged in Housemaidβs knee?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tZQkpl5h1B7y3U4rYotB1692704965.jpeg"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - B (Prepatellar bursa)\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Behind the medial malleolus and in front of Achilles which artery is present?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peroneal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsalis pedis artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Posterior tibial artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\"&gt;Posterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\"&gt;tibial&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Lateral plantar nerve supplies which of the following muscles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis, Flexor hallucis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis, Extensor digitorum brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Abductor hallucis, Abductor digiti minimi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Abductor digiti minimi, Adductor hallucis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Abductor digiti minimi, Adductor hallucis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c8PzhakC8klf6k4UEABO1745992248.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Injury at which of the following marked sites causes failure of dorsiflexion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lkrLSnIXb9nQddi2VthM1745904830.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/2tls9B13KEv1a23RC0mr1745904831.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hyDCSV8r136MKnKeAtcf1745307432.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hi1J9hkbKhx0hAVsHXPS1745307432.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sciatic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Origin and Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The thickest nerve in the body.</li>\n<li>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L4βS3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves.</li>\n<li>Exits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> below the piriformis and descends between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2029fa511692777188fef4dab16c\">greater trochanter</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> along the back of the thigh.</li>\n<li>Divides into the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> and common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerves</strong> above the popliteal fossa.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Undivided Trunk:</strong> Supplies all muscles of the back of the thigh (hip extension, knee flexion).</li>\n<li><strong>Tibial Nerve: </strong>Innervates leg muscles (flexion) and foot muscles (plantar flexion).</li>\n<li><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve:</strong> Supplies leg muscles (dorsiflexion).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tibial Nerve:</strong> Supplies skin on the back of the calf, heel, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> border of the foot, and sole.</li>\n<li><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Nerve: </strong>Supplies skin on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> surfaces of the leg and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot (except for the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">peroneal</span> nerve area).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Clinical correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Injury of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Causes: Penetrating wounds, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> hip dislocation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> fractures, total hip replacement, misplaced injections in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region.</li>\n<li>Clinical Features:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Inability to extend the thigh and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73eb6a06aa1692777202a9f27fafa2\">flex</span> the knee (hamstring paralysis).</li>\n<li>Loss of all movements below the knee (foot drop) leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dec14fe921692777202dc55958a46\">flail</span> foot and high-stepping gait.</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation on the back of the thigh, entire leg, and foot (except for the saphenous nerve area).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sciatica:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shooting pain along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve distribution (buttock, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> thigh, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> leg, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot).</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Compression/irritation of L4βS3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64d06f977116927771936e3af9572f\">nerve roots</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b73c28601692777188f2aae28838\">herniated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> discs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuropathy:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Entrapment in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb956c3e316927771959407683905\">piriformis muscle</span> can lead to piriformis syndrome.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old female, who works as a maid complained of knee pain and swelling. Which of the following area gets damaged in Housemaidβs knee?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gxZMXYaiKrI9mUimCROt1747377900.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following arteries is palpated in the image shown below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsalis pedis artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior tibial artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lHejgKU1anBs03dlhqnO1712726962.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4cPsw87X1H3L6pvXlyny1712727423.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is not supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus medius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus minimus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Piriformis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tensor fasciae latae", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Piriformis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ksZzNp5ddt3X9DAv7JwV1745241401.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">Fasciae</span> Latae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus Medius</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gluteus Minimus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin</strong>: Outer lip of the <strong>iliac <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> </strong>extending from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of the crest.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion</strong>: <strong>Iliotibial tract</strong> 3β5 cm below the level of the greater trochanter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <strong>Gluteal surface of the ilium</strong> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Oblique ridge on the <strong>lateral </strong>surface of the <strong>greater trochanter.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> surfaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5de488ab116927771895eec252498\">ilium</span> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Insertion: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> </strong>aspect of the <strong>Greater trochanter</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Between gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and sartorius</li>\n<li>Covered by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Covered by gluteus maximus (posterior third)</li>\n<li>Deep to gluteus minimus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to gluteus medius</li>\n<li>Related to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> capsule</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mainly from <strong>lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Supplied by superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</strong></li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Main trunk and deep branch of <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> arter</strong>y</li>\n<li>Trochanteric anastomosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve </strong>(L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve</strong> (L4, L5, S1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hip <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> </strong>and <strong>abductor</strong></li>\n<li>Stabilizes pelvis</li>\n<li>Helps maintain</li>\n<li>extended knee</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of thigh</strong></li>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> during single-leg stance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abducts</strong> thigh</li>\n<li><strong>Medial</strong> and <strong>lateral </strong>rotation of thigh</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Testing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Depression below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> against resistance</li>\n<li>Abduction against resistance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the ligament that links the medial cuneiform bone to the base of the second metatarsal bone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chopart", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spring", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lisfranc", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deltoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lisfranc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5XWJq6vPODGMb82o4iUs1745242004.png"], "explanation": "\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li><li>β³ Apley and Solomonβs System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 10th Edition, Page 960. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448147/</li><li>β³ Apley and Solomonβs System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 10th Edition, Page 960.</li><li>β³ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448147/</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the tarsal bone labeled in the image below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcaneus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cuboid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Navicular", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Talus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Navicular", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hk9nHxwpHZs6d19pVoFi1747900519.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AS3Yl31bPJQbk6Op8QGk1746081827.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CWS18YWbc0J2dHOYSqv91747900536.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bone Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Description &amp; Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"19\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Tarsals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Provide mechanical support and structure to the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Proximal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Talus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Transmits body weight to the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Articulates at three joints:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Superiorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b1d5d7f916927771821f94581a42\">Ankle joint</span> (tibia/fibula)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Inferiorly: Subtalar joint (calcaneus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anteriorly: Talonavicular joint (navicular)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Calcaneus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b07a8f84ed1692777200d49cca6177\">tarsal</span> bone, forms the heel.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Articulates at two joints:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Superiorly: Subtalar joint (talus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anteriorly: Calcaneocuboid joint (cuboid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Intermediate Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Navicular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Boat-shaped; articulates with talus, cuneiforms, and cuboid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> attachment.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Distal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Cuboid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral; articulates with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b77c76861692777183e8bcbc3c5a\">calcaneus</span> and fourth/fifth metatarsals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Features a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3aedca1e41692777202041463429b\">fibularis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> tendon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Cuneiforms (3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial, intermediate, lateral; wedge-shaped.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Help <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> arch; attach to various muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Metatarsals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>I-V (1-5)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Connect tarsals to phalanges; numbered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to lateral.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Have a head, neck, shaft, and base; facilitate movement and support.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Phalanges</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Great Toe: 2 (proximal, distal)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Toes 2-5: 3 each (proximal, intermediate, distal).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> has a base, shaft, and head; provide structure to toes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The prevention of lateral dislocation of the patella during knee flexion is by-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vastus medialis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Patellar ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gracilis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rectus femoris", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vastus medialis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in Patellar Stability</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vastus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36527a0c691692777192ead7040c14\">Medialis</span> (VMO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exerts a <strong>medial pull</strong> on the patella, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> displacement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Patellar Ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"615557ed3a169277719497f86e830b\">patella</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> but does <strong>not prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> dislocation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gracilis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh muscle responsible for hip adduction, <strong>not involved in patellar stability</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rectus Femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A major knee extensor, but <strong>does not prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> displacement</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 47 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Lower Limb-Vascular Supply Of Lower Limb - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 15</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is incorrect about the highlighted area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It consists of a superficial part and a deep part.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prone to injuries in eversion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Excessive tensile forces cause avulsion fracture.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It's crossed by tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Prone to injuries in eversion.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yjYCu1fB3SgRzGpeJFB71740482125.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/41Yw2i82Y6PJ8H4C4oi21740482142.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/s0Yuzp4OFK38DRUHIrZl1740482161.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 42-year-old woman complains of difficulty adducting her toes. Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for adducting the lateral three toes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adductor halucis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dorsal interossei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plantar interossei", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adductor digitorum brevis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Plantar interossei", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fvkexRdWgxgl1cetW8fQ1740482463.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jpmd0f4yCbm1ZwUTawcv1740482484.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1zhuYVqJFSUhIQdhjsi11740482506.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wZlFbopVDVvYh44oYAuQ1740482530.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old athlete complains of difficulty in flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joint and extension at the interphalangeal joint of the second toe. Which of the following statements is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First lumbrical is affected and is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "First lumbrical is affected and is supplied by the medial plantar nerve.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Second lumbrical is affected and is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Second lumbrical is affected and is supplied by the medial plantar nerve.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. First lumbrical is affected and is supplied by the medial plantar nerve.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xOXdTcBfr2tCuJL6dQnF1740482594.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7KOGqOKXmwYuzRm5ZYLY1740482617.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man presents with complaints of claudication and cramping pain in his left lower limb while walking short distances, which is relieved by rest. On further examination, his left dorsalis pedis pulse is diminished, and he has cool skin on the affected leg. Doppler ultrasound reveals significant atherosclerosis at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. Which of the following arteries, if most affected by this condition, is likely responsible for the reduced blood flow to his lower limb?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal iliac artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior epigastric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "External iliac artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal pudendal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. External iliac artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6acr6utmd4sHV1SOHppX1740482669.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During surgery for a femoral shaft fracture, the surgeon notes damage to the vastus lateralis muscle. Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the vastus lateralis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ascending branch of femoral circumflex artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ascending branch of medial femoral circumflex artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transverse branch if medial femoral circumflex artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A9Am5Cp8IArV5FES1Ou91740482814.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/s748RA8v5a6hDcx8m2ZG1740482834.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function/Anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascends along <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae1f940691692777190975910d696\">intertrochanteric</span> line, under <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies greater trochanter, forms anastomotic ring around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> neck (with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> artery)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Descends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> femoris, along <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">vastus</span> lateralis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">vastus</span> lateralis, anastomoses with superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (at knee)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes laterally, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">vastus</span> intermedius, pierces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc508a511c1692777201573a224e0e\">vastus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"130e8b9d6316927771915f03326b51\">lateralis</span> near greater trochanter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fb96d08421692777181e532c3c653\">anastomosis</span> (with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> circumflex, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> gluteal, and first perforating arteries)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function/Anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">quadratus</span> femoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> anastomosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascends on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ac98fdcea1692777187f01ce40a57\">externus</span> tendon, reaches trochanteric fossa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anastomoses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> arteries, supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c28d031bd31692777189aa73411316\">hip joint</span> via the acetabular branch.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Involved Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trochanteric anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trochanteric fossa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascending branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> circumflex, superior/inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> arteries, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> circumflex, first perforating artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cruciate anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4bb41d0e016927772003539a49a35\">trochanter</span> (inferior)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse branches of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> circumflex, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery, first perforating artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is experiencing discomfort in the lower limb due to venous insufficiency. Which of the following mechanisms aid in the venous return of blood from the lower limb to the heart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deep fascia limits muscle expansion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contraction of calf muscles leads to compression of superficial veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased intrathoracic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vasodilation of superficial veins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Deep fascia limits muscle expansion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vein Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Great Saphenous</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> in the body; originates on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> foot, ascends along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> leg and thigh to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> vein; significant for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> return and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> grafts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small Saphenous</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> foot, ascends posteriorly along the leg, drains into the popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> in the fossa.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old female presents to the emergency department with a swollen right leg and pain following a long-haul flight. Doppler ultrasound confirms a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the right calf. Which statement about the anatomy of the deep veins of the lower limb is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The anterior tibial vein runs alongside the fibular artery.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The medial and lateral plantar veins contribute to the formation of the popliteal vein.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Perforating veins carry blood from deep veins to superficial veins.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The fibular veins drain directly into the femoral vein.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The medial and lateral plantar veins contribute to the formation of the popliteal vein.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/T5RwTcd2wHkpP7N2R3Nx1740482913.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connections</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receive blood from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> veins via perforating veins equipped with valves for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2daab7b745169277720159fde9723a\">unidirectional</span> flow.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Venous Return Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Critical for returning blood to the heart; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> during muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> (especially calf muscles) propels blood upward (muscle pump).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important in conditions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"712bb2d2b716927771867d5505033c\">Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> Thrombosis</span> (DVT) and potential complications such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> embolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plantar Digital Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originate in toes, contributing to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> veins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">Metatarsal</span> Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Run in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"557a93441a169277719087fa26089c\">intermetatarsal</span> spaces, connecting with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> veins via perforating veins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">Plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">Venous</span> Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b05b6d1692777192a18bc2396f\">metatarsal</span> veins; gives rise to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> veins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">Plantar</span> Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Course alongside corresponding arteries; contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> veins. They contribute to the formation of the popliteal vein. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a7ff3e34716927771914c22e9fe4e\">malleolus</span> by the union of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> veins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accompany the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fibular Veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Run alongside the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Popliteal Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by the union of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> veins and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3f5142f22169277720272cecbf67c\">fibular</span> vein; ascends to become <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Femoral Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the thigh; receives blood from popliteal vein, profunda femoris vein, and long saphenous vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Profunda Femoris Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains deep structures of the thigh; merges with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> vein.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female presents with symptoms of heaviness and visible varicose veins primarily affecting her left leg. Duplex ultrasonography reveals dilation of the great saphenous vein (GSV) with incompetent valves. She is scheduled for vein stripping surgery. Which of the following statements regarding the anatomical features of the GSV compared to the small saphenous vein (SSV) is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The GSV has fewer valves than the SSV, making it less prone to varicosities", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The GSV originates from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch of the foot", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The GSV is a continuation of the medial marginal vein.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The GSV pierces the deep fascia to drain into the popliteal vein.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The GSV is a continuation of the medial marginal vein.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/49Pz46uaonHZiVHrFY6M1740482949.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot, as a continuation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> marginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ascends in front of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> malleolus</li>\n<li>Runs along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> leg</li>\n<li>Courses behind the knee</li>\n<li>Inclines forward in the thigh</li>\n<li>Passes through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5741fe4ee2169277719868dd0a7685\">saphenous opening</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> vein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tributaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> of the foot</li>\n<li>Medial marginal vein</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> vein</li>\n<li>Calf vein</li>\n<li>Accessory saphenous vein</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the thigh</li>\n<li>Superficial epigastric, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> iliac, and external pudendal veins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains 10-20 valves, more concentrated in the leg <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Commonly used in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> grafting, especially for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> bypass</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the foot from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ascends behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> malleolus</li>\n<li>Runs along the calf</li>\n<li>Drains into the popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> after piercing the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tributaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> tributaries from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> foot, heel, and back of the leg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connections</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Communicates with deep veins and connects with GSV through branches</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains 7-13 valves, with one near its termination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Termination Variability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May join GSV, bifurcate, or drain into other veins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female presents with burning pain and tingling in the plantar aspect of her foot. She reports that the symptoms worsen with prolonged standing and improve with rest. You tap over the region just behind the medial malleolus, and the patient experiences tingling and numbness radiating into the sole of her foot. The underlying cause of her symptoms is likely related to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inadequate Blood Supply", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Compressive Neuropathy", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mortonβs neuroma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arthritis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Compressive Neuropathy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LqIwdpLHVEEvg9Nw9Y8k1740481558.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with difficulty wearing shoes and discomfort in her toes. She reports pain in the forefoot and has noticed that the tips of her toes frequently press into the ground while walking. On physical examination, the toes are bent at the middle and distal joints, with hyperextension at the base. The deformity worsens when wearing tight shoes. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the description of the deformity?.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Claw toe", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hammer toe", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mallet toe", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bunion toe", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Claw toe", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DLMjIVIiWrjmBdOx63cX1740481657.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z8BODOTz9zjruW5PWUOP1740481703.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tE4dSrk1iM8a5t9qbCpS1740481757.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MN52amobXyDAe4AO7NY41740481782.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a fall from a height. He complains of severe pain in the heel and inability to bear weight on his foot. On physical examination, there is swelling and tenderness at the heel. Which bone is most likely affected?.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcaneus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Talus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Navicular", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cuboid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcaneus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FU2JEVpIc6GOTOzuHnm31740481859.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GmevxrM5OvH0asAL9KOs1740481894.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lR4gN7hrn730OvvyDP881740481947.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zGOKpE9o6QO2NXlu2kBB1740481973.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Bone Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description &amp; Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"19\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Tarsals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Provide mechanical support and structure to the foot.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Proximal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Talus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmits body weight to the foot.</li>\n<li>Articulates at three joints:</li>\n<li>Superiorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b1d5d7f916927771821f94581a42\">Ankle joint</span> (tibia/fibula)</li>\n<li>Inferiorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d205eb28916927771997a96a2124f\">Subtalar</span> joint (calcaneus)</li>\n<li>Anteriorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d4313808f1692777200ecb48a2328\">Talonavicular</span> joint (navicular)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Calcaneus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b07a8f84ed1692777200d49cca6177\">tarsal</span> bone, forms the heel.</li>\n<li>Articulates at two joints:</li>\n<li>Superiorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d205eb28916927771997a96a2124f\">Subtalar</span> joint (talus)</li>\n<li>Anteriorly: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f3d9865d16927771837a8756676b\">Calcaneocuboid</span> joint (cuboid)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Intermediate Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Navicular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Boat-shaped; articulates with talus, cuneiforms, and cuboid.</li>\n<li>Has a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3292cfbbdb169277720182a7b986e4\">tuberosity</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d3a7e876e1692777200a1e15f025f\">tibialis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> attachment.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Distal Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cuboid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral; articulates with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b77c76861692777183e8bcbc3c5a\">calcaneus</span> and fourth/fifth metatarsals.</li>\n<li>Features a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3aedca1e41692777202041463429b\">fibularis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> tendon.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cuneiforms (3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial, intermediate, lateral; wedge-shaped.</li>\n<li>Help <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> arch; attach to various muscles.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Metatarsals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>I-V (1-5)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Connect tarsals to phalanges; numbered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to lateral.</li>\n<li>Have a head, neck, shaft, and base; facilitate movement and support.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Phalanges</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Great Toe: 2 (proximal, distal)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Toes 2-5: 3 each (proximal, intermediate, distal).</li>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> has a base, shaft, and head, providing structure to toes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male marathon runner presents with complaints of foot pain after long-distance runs. On examination, the foot shows a well-formed arch, and palpation reveals tenderness along the medial aspect of the foot. An X-ray confirms a normal medial longitudinal arch structure. Which of the following statements incorrectly describes the function or anatomy of the medial longitudinal arch in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Provides better shock absorption.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The bony keystone is Talus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Has limited mobility", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Main joint is Talocalcaneonavicular joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Has limited mobility", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FFTr0wsg8bWCe3ojriWj1740482039.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FxtlvdvqNtQyaHFs4t4n1740482063.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">Longitudinal</span> Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">Longitudinal</span> Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Height</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Higher</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lower</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Mobility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>More mobile, resilient</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Limited mobility, more rigid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Shock Absorption</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Functions as a shock absorber(Option A rule out)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Transmits weight</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Anterior End</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Heads of 1st, 2nd, 3rd metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Heads of 4th, 5th metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Posterior End</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of calcaneum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of calcaneum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Summit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> surface of the talus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Articular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d29169e3169277720246b37b93ef\">facet</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f561d9b3a1169277719989c022cb08\">superior surface</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d82ed3c231692777183a2635ae3d7\">calcaneum</span> (at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d205eb28916927771997a96a2124f\">subtalar</span> joint)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Pillar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 1β3 metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Cuboid and 4th, 5th metatarsals</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Pillar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial half of calcaneum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral half of calcaneum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Main Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">Β \n\t\t\t<p>Talocalcaneonavicular joint(Option D rule out)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Calcaneocuboid joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bony Key Stone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Head of talus(Option B rule out)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Cuboid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Intersegmental Ties</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Spring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (Plantar calcaneo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b51a150cb1692777193ea9edb96b8\">navicular</span> ligament)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> ligament, Short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Tie Beams</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Medial part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> aponeurosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a19c0413216927771801f371db10e\">Abductor</span> hallucis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum brevis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> aponeurosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a19c0413216927771801f371db10e\">Abductor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum brevis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Slings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Tibialis posterior, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> hallucis longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> digitorum longus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Suspension Sling</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Tibialis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and peroneus longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Tibialis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and peroneus longus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient presents with difficulty in flexing the lateral four toes. On examination, it is noted that the action of the flexor digitorum longus tendon is intact. Which of the following muscles, in the second layer of the sole, assists the flexor digitorum longus during this action?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abductor hallucis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor digitorum brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Quadratus plantae", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lumbricals", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Quadratus plantae", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kgfEo7Hrb4p1iRtyZge41740482212.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jcDzPqUSdJ4Do5INsE731740482236.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XMBTPEWPMxlICaYxJ8EE1740482282.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jlzY5W6XBDEaU2XvIbc81740482400.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with a deep laceration on the posterior aspect of his knee after a road traffic accident. On surgical exploration, the popliteal artery is injured. Which of the following is not a direct branch of the popliteal artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior medial genicular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior tibial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibular artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fibular artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VNgdLjB0anCFOSAb7Vj81740482741.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscular branches</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> magnus and hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cutaneous branches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arise from the popliteal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> or indirectly from its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> branches.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Genicular branches:</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Five branches in total: two superior, two inferior, one middle.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pierces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> popliteal ligament, supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0faa43e76516927771851bff22a1e2\">cruciate</span> ligaments and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> of the knee.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> arteries <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wind around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"512283ec9816927772024c89478b7d\">femur</span> above the condyles, pass deep to the hamstrings.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4b74a920a16927771880dfefac916\">genicular</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wind around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> condyles, pass deep to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> ligaments of the knee, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> anastomoses around the knee.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Terminal Branches:</strong></p>\n<p>It<strong> terminates</strong> at the lower border of popliteus by dividing into <strong>the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong><strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> arteries </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a surgical procedure involving the reconstruction of the lower limb, the surgeon plans to use a perforator flap. Which of the following statements about perforating arteries is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Perforating arteries are exclusively found in the thigh region.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Musculocutaneous perforators run along intermuscular septa before supplying the skin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Perforating arteries can originate from major source arteries or adjacent vessels and are essential for flap surgery.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Septocutaneous perforators only supply the periosteum of bones.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Perforating arteries can originate from major source arteries or adjacent vessels and are essential for flap surgery.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rX9VaidQXx4O9R13pLLS1740483209.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bQBJi1isNmWoVgUetETf1740483242.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Application</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteal Region</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breast reconstruction; covering sacral/perineal defects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip and Thigh</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Versatile flaps from anterolateral, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f90b38d04f16927771818db430bf86\">anteromedial</span> thighs, TFL for various reconstructions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Knee and Leg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Useful for knee and lower leg defects; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">tibial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> flaps critical for reconstructions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ankle and Foot</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Local skin flaps preferred due to specialized skin structure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Miscellaneous-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 8</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Apart from the abdominal cavity, which body part is included in e-FAST?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pelvic Cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peripheral vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic cavity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dural and subdural spaces", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thoracic cavity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to GCS, a verbal score of 1 indicates:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No Verbal response", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inappropriate words", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Incomprehensible sounds", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oriented response", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. No Verbal response", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simplified Glasgow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">Coma</span> Scale (GCS) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Score</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Eye Opening (E)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To speech</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Verbal Response (V)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oriented</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5 <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confused conversation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inappropriate words</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3 <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomprehensible sounds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Motor Response (M)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obeys commands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Localizes to pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdraws from pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (decorticate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal extension (decerebrate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No response</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Most common site of peripheral aneurysm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Femoral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Popliteal artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is absent in cases of massive blood transfusion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DIC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Febrile transfusion reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypercalcemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thrombocytopenia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypercalcemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:682px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications of massive blood transfusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothermia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transfusion of cold blood (stored at 4Β°C).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body temperature drops, leading to impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> mechanisms (coagulopathy), and worsening bleeding.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coagulopathy</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilution of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors and platelets due to transfusion; consumption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors by ongoing haemorrhage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired blood clotting, prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> time, thrombocytopenia, and increased risk of continued bleeding.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DIC</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2094828c1692777196941a65e6eb\">procoagulant</span> substances</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leads to haemorrhage due to depleted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7414bd02f216927771889b3e159ef4\">hemostatic</span> components, tissue hypoxia, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> due to microthrombi, or both.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Citrate Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large volumes of transfused blood contain citrate, which binds to calcium.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypocalcemia leads to muscle cramps, seizures, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypocalcemia</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and other blood products are preserved with <strong>citrate</strong>, an anticoagulant.</li>\n<li>Citrate binds to <strong>ionised calcium</strong> (CaΒ²βΊ) in the recipient's blood, reducing the free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> level - <strong>hypocalcemia</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presents as muscle spasms, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, and decreased myocardial contractility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium leaks from stored red blood cells into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> levels (hyperkalemia) can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, potentially leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrest.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypokalemia</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium may shift intracellularly once transfused red blood cells are metabolically revived.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Alkalosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">citrate</span> into bicarbonate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased pH (alkalosis) can lead to muscle twitching, irritability, and impaired oxygen release from haemoglobin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Acidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acid accumulation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowered blood pH (acidosis) leads to confusion, fatigue, rapid breathing, and worsened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">Acute</span> Lung Injury (TRALI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antibodies in transfused blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dddc752e1716927771807f985bb8bb\">activate</span> the recipient's immune response, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">inflammation</span> and fluid buildup in the lungs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-cardiogenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> oedema, presenting as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afafb9026e1692777186e3dd168fa8\">distress</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> within 6 hours of transfusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Associated Circulatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d02a99d051692777194aa3375023b\">Overload</span> (TACO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of transfused blood exceeds the patientβs capacity to manage, leading to fluid overload.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath, hypertension, and signs of heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iron Overload</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repeated transfusions lead to excessive accumulation of iron.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron deposits in organs (e.g., liver, heart, pancreas), lead to organ damage and failure over time.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hemolytic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ABO or Rh incompatibility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), causes fever, chills, hemoglobinuria, and potentially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure or shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allergic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reaction to proteins in transfused blood products.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symptoms range from mild itching, rash, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14ccc7cf1c1692777189d4fb9d1fb5\">hives</span> to severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6d717efa216927771819fee139235\">anaphylaxis</span> (airway constriction, low blood pressure, shock).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacterial Contamination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood products are contaminated during collection or storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sepsis, characterized by fever, chills, low blood pressure, and possibly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f67d7dde16927771985d3952058d\">septic</span> shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Febrile <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cbb73554631692777200444a9ea263\">transfusion</span> reaction</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is a non-hemolytic condition that is not completely understood but is believed to be caused by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> white blood cells in the blood unit or cytokines that accumulate during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fever, rigour, chills</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about ranula is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mucus extravasation cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bluish, translucent cystic swelling on the floor of the mouth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Marsupialization or excision is the treatment", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Ranula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A &amp; C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ranulas are a type of <strong>extravasation mucocele</strong>, caused by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> of the main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> or obstructed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> of the <strong>sublingual gland</strong>.</li>\n<li>They appear as <strong>bluish, translucent, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> on the floor of the mouth</strong> and resemble the belly of a frog.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Ph0t0happy\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC-BY-SA-3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ranula_human_09.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"513\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png\" width=\"573\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Commonly found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> floor of the mouth.</li>\n<li>When it extends through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscle, it presents as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a94c9109b016927771997aa2985457\">submental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> known as a<strong> \"plunging ranula.\"</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Typically soft, fluctuant, and painless unless infected.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Confirmed through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</li>\n<li>Ultrasound</li>\n<li>Aspiration of thick, sticky <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b0184a84d16927771981289924c2a\">saliva</span> differentiates it from a lymphangioma.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Excision of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> is preferred. </strong></li>\n<li>Incision, drainage, and marsupialisation have low success rates. Although <strong>marsupialisation</strong> is often adequate, it has a higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d849ebc9b1692777197d4af1fa8d2\">recurrence</span> rate compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> excision.</li>\n<li>OK-432 injection</li>\n<li>Botulinum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> injections</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"534\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png\" width=\"534\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the probable diagnosis for a patient who is taking steroids for psoriasis and is experiencing a low-grade fever only at night, weight loss, and an ulcer on her neck with undermined edges, as depicted in the provided image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Psoriasis flare-up", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tubercular lymphadenitis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lymphosarcoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Syphilis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tubercular lymphadenitis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1TH1dju86skmeaqbBBxB1747998760.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fEc4u0perN8HZQL6yWkS1747025426.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:688px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymph <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> TB (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Most common</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728e7607f31692777187291e007a0b\">extrapulmonary</span> TB presentation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk Groups</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HIV-positive individuals, Immunosuppressive individuals, children, and non-Caucasian women.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causative Organism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Previously M. bovis; now mainly M. tuberculosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Painless </strong>swelling in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes, usually <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53765334f31692777199cf434360de\">supraclavicular</span> (historically called scrofula).</li>\n<li><strong>Early disease: Discrete nodes</strong></li>\n<li>Advanced disease: Matted, nontender mass, possible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> draining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99368d5fef1692777183ea405bed67\">caseous</span> material.</li>\n<li>Pulmonary disease in &lt;50% of cases.</li>\n<li>Systemic symptoms are uncommon except in HIV-positive patients.</li>\n<li>Non-specific reaction β Matting β Cold <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">Abscess</span> β Collar stud <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">abscess</span> β Sinus formation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fine-needle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"831d67ad8a1692777182763ca62e4b\">aspiration</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"754ab07a2e1692777183ed178c883d\">biopsy</span> (80% yield) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> biopsy.</strong></li>\n<li>Granulomatous lesions may or may not contain AFBs.</li>\n<li>Cultures are positive in 70β80% of cases.</li>\n<li>HIV-positive patients: Poorly organised or absent granulomas; higher bacterial loads increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552e9ef8811692777186997018b858\">diagnostic</span> yield.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Differential Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infectious diseases</li>\n<li>Lymphomas</li>\n<li>Metastatic carcinomas</li>\n<li>Rare disorders: Kikuchiβs disease, Kimuraβs disease, Castlemanβs disease.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman comes to the OPD with a history of a lump in the left breast. On clinical examination, the size of the lump in the left breast is 9x10 cm with the following appearance and no axillary lymphadenopathy. The histopathology of the biopsy from the lump shows increased stromal cellularity and typical leaflike architecture. What is your likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phyllodes tumour", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Giant fibroadenoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inflammatory carcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ductal carcinoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phyllodes tumour", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d79JUMsTq9YVRORpAoQE1747116110.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the diagnosis from the given abdominal x-ray?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ureterocoele", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pelvic bone fracture", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rectal foreign body", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bladder stone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Rectal foreign body", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MyC6v9qsXI7vAK7gc0TR1748163282.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Brainstem Cranial Nerves And Cerebellum - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 26</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 26 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which cerebellar zone is mainly associated with processing proprioceptive information?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Archicerebellum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Paleocerebellum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Neocerebellum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibulocerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Paleocerebellum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/V4ZkYFjXu8RvpfWGOQOZ1740380848.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which pathway involves inhibitory projections originating from the cerebellar nuclei, contributing to the regulation of motor activity and coordination?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rubrospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nucleo-olivary pathway", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventral spinocerebellar tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibulospinal tract", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Nucleo-olivary pathway", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9mL5rULKA35BP4Sq1CUZ1740382339.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cerebellar Output</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Excitatory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">Brainstem</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (via Glutamate)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Purkinjee cells to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">Cerebellum</span> (via GABA)</p>\n<p>Cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">Nuclei</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Olive: Nucleo-Olivary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (via GABA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about cerebellar circuitry is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Climbing fibres directly excite Purkinje cells by forming extensive synaptic connections.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mossy fibres excite Purkinje cells through granule cells, creating a diffuse excitatory effect.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Purkinje cells send excitatory signals to deep cerebellar nuclei.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stellate, basket, and Golgi cells serve as inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellar cortex.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Purkinje cells send excitatory signals to deep cerebellar nuclei.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/N4bh2rYD9GTbWG4qYgdm1740382270.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a sudden onset of severe vertigo, bilateral hearing loss, and tinnitus. He also exhibits facial weakness on the right side and demonstrates ataxia when attempting to walk. An MRI performed to evaluate the condition is given below. Which artery is most likely affected in this patientβs condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vertebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8DafZQ38homHcFs55lAR1740382146.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iKhvacItk1kpXMfH2NES1740382155.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of fibres enter the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Olivo-cerebellar fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar fibres", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinocerebellar fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibulo-cerebellar fibres", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar fibres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:627px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Afferent fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">Cerebellum</span> Via</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Target and Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Climbing fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Olivo-cerebellar</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47e01c49d716927771954541c3c3c3\">peduncle</span> (decussates)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Excitatory terminals on Purkinje cells (glutamate)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mossy fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cerebro-ponto- cerebellar <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Middle cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47e01c49d716927771954541c3c3c3\">peduncle</span> (decussates)</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Excitatory terminals on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd69fc99d41692777188cc051aafa5\">granule</span> cells (glutamate), which are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> to Purkinje cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Spinocerebellar <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</li>\n<li>Superior cerebellar peduncle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Vestibulo-cerebellar <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures receives direct projections from the dentate nucleus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Premotor cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The anterior nucleus of the thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parietal cortex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The fastigial nucleus primarily projects to which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Red nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vestibular nuclei", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebral cortex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vestibular nuclei", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/S4BDMDWdFj0kl5urt5px1740382021.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3YjOqDwJtYSO4d7CAsXk1740382034.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KaCJA6iK58nU53iIndke1740382002.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Connections of Cerebellum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of cerebellum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cerebellar Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Centre</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neocerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dentate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> and Thalamus</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Paleocerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Globose and Emobliform</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> <strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Archicerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fastigial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibular Nuclei</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following intrinsic neurons are correctly matched with their respective layers in the cerebellar cortex?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1- Plexiform layers; Golgi cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2- Molecular layer; Purkinje cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2- Granular layer; Basket cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3- Granular layer; Golgi cells", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 3- Granular layer; Golgi cells", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UMxon2Haht89mW5SHaj71740381834.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XztGvoAeyoGcIOUTfOgu1740381882.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C0LqzlYggn9x5PWcEo7u1740381913.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Layers of the cerebellar cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Molecular (plexiform) layer</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Purkinje cell layer</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Granular layer</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It primarily contains numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77f797c5e8169277718535480fa7fd\">dendritic</span> branches from Purkinje cells, with relatively few widely spaced nerve cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It consists of a single row of large flask-shaped cells, the <strong>Purkinje cells</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer is made up of many closely packed small<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd69fc99d41692777188cc051aafa5\">granule</span> cells</strong>, along with a few larger <strong>Golgi cells.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>These nerve cells are of two types:</p>\n<p>(a) <strong>Basket cells </strong></p>\n<p>(b) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41b4e6c32f169277719986f77fbe28\">Stellate</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The axons of Purkinje cells are the only output from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c584f1d6a16927771847eabd3ce01\">cerebellar cortex</span> and have an <strong>inhibitory</strong> effect on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"892754df9f169277719002da27f662\">intracerebellar</span> nuclei.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi cells are<strong> inhibitory</strong> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> cells are <strong>excitatory.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following deep cerebellar nuclei is primarily involved in the smooth execution of skilled voluntary movements?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fastigial nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Emboliform nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Globose nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dentate nucleus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Dentate nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ztcje9M2ZmZ3m4lF2MVb1738582723.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deep Cerebellar nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dentate Nucleus</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Emboliform Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Globose Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fastigial Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Largest and most lateral.</li>\n<li>Receives input from the <strong>neocerebellum.</strong></li>\n<li>Involved in coordinating skilled, voluntary movements, especially of the limbs.</li>\n<li>Efferent fibres exit through the <strong>superior cerebellar peduncle</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oval-shaped, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e0c09f9e461692777185212f4de159\">dentate</span> nucleus.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f664fc7916927771871f22f534db\">emboliform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> combined with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5427de034f16927771889df8a51f68\">globose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> is called <strong>Nucleus Interposus.</strong></li>\n<li>Receives input from the <strong>paleocerebellum.</strong></li>\n<li>Plays a role in general motor coordination.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rounded, positioned between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f664fc7916927771871f22f534db\">emboliform</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2ce83b6121692777202ad833f7437\">fastigial</span> nuclei.</li>\n<li>Also part of the <strong>paleocerebellum.</strong></li>\n<li>Works together with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f664fc7916927771871f22f534db\">emboliform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> for motor control.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Most medial, near the midline.</li>\n<li>Receives input from the <strong>archicerebellum</strong>, specifically the flocculonodular lobe.</li>\n<li>Important for balance, posture, and coordinating head and eye movements.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the significance of the second decussation of the ventral spinocerebellar tract within the cerebellum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enables contralateral proprioceptive processing", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ensures ipsilateral proprioceptive termination", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Blocks incorrect proprioceptive signals", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Causes all fibres to terminate bilaterally", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ensures ipsilateral proprioceptive termination", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "From which anatomical structure does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract originate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior horn of the spinal cord", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cerebellar cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medulla oblongata", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior thoracic nucleus (Clarke's column)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Posterior thoracic nucleus (Clarke's column)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OQr7og1ZaqTDuCem2enj1740380970.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cerebellar peduncle is primarily composed of only afferent fibres?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior cerebellar peduncle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle cerebellar peduncle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior cerebellar peduncle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Middle cerebellar peduncle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lztoZyy5bSwSaXU7mdXA1740380933.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cerebellar Peduncles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Efferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior cerebellar peduncle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">Spinocerebellar</span> Tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> fibres from dentate, emboliform, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2ce83b6121692777202ad833f7437\">fastigial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5427de034f16927771889df8a51f68\">globose</span> nuclei</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle cerebellar peduncle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pontocerebellar Mossy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ace01719a1692777202ddafcebbc4\">Fibre</span> Pathway</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> fibres</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47e01c49d716927771954541c3c3c3\">peduncle</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">Spinocerebellar</span> Tract</li>\n<li>Olivocerebellar Tract</li>\n<li>Reticulocerebellar Tract</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Few efferents from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata, mainly to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> formation.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cerebellar lobe is associated with maintaining balance and controlling eye movements?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flocculonodular Lobe", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The anterior lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The posterior lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neocerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Flocculonodular Lobe", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zGF8iqXaui1vvOKcrByw1740380881.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VtUeTjQulPYnLSXjs1bu1740380891.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the correct option.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "6- Trigeminal nerve; 7- Trochlear nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "5- Abducens nerve; 3- Vagus nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1- Hypoglossal nerve; 2- Facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4- Vestibulocochlear nerve; 8- Optic Nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 5- Abducens nerve; 3- Vagus nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/09PwV3ymNi6v9BAc2DRW1740379828.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OIdejNFtuie2wCyeAYBe1740379859.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p6faMyhf39qFhWZkoXJ81740379869.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following neural columns with their corresponding cranial nerve nuclei. 1. General Somatic Efferent (GSE) A) Nucleus ambiguus 2. Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) B) Edinger-Westphal nucleus 3. General Visceral Efferent (GVE) C) Oculomotor nucleus 4. Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) D) Nucleus of the solitary tract", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-A, 2-B, C-3, 4-D", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">Efferent</span> (GSE)</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The GSE column controls muscles derived from somites, specifically the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83b138c27e16927771993110e65f52\">striated</span> muscles.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">Oculomotor</span> nucleus</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>In the brainstem, it is represented by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> like the <strong>oculomotor nucleus</strong>, which innervates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d57c304c01692777187da125d18d8\">extraocular</span> muscles, facilitating eye movement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Special Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> (SVA)</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The SVA column is responsible for processing special <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information related to taste.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>D) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9729ba172a1692777198c816c4ad9c\">solitary</span> tract</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>In the brainstem, the <strong>nucleus of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9729ba172a1692777198c816c4ad9c\">solitary</span> tract</strong> receives taste signals from the tongue, transmitted by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves like the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerves.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. General Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">Efferent</span> (GVE)</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The GVE column regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> functions, particularly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> innervation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B) Edinger-Westphal nucleus</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The <strong>Edinger-Westphal nucleus</strong> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> is part of this system, controlling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> and lens accommodation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. Special Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">Efferent</span> (SVE)</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The SVE column innervates muscles derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb3fde922016927771830912ac2fcf\">branchial</span> arches, responsible for functions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1788e0d4301692777199d457616bd4\">swallowing</span> and speech.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> ambiguus</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>The <strong>nucleus ambiguus</strong> provides motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to muscles involved in these actions, via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves like the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> nerves.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly arranges the brainstem nuclei from medial to lateral in the brainstem?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oculomotor nucleus β Trochlear nucleus β Edinger Westphal nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoglossal nucleus β Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus β Nucleus tractus solitarius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Motor nuclei of Trigeminal β Motor nuclei of Facial β Abducent nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nucleus ambiguus β Hypoglossal nucleus β Nucleus tractus solitarius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hypoglossal nucleus β Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus β Nucleus tractus solitarius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/saXYFlsI2dXVYTy7vkNR1740380752.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which nuclei belong to the Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) column?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cochlear and vestibular nuclei", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoglossal and abducens nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nucleus ambiguus and facial nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cochlear and vestibular nuclei", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/saKPySq3eZE1K5Sj4mGe1740380668.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gtnHxiG4JuUt07Brc0671740380679.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Neural column <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">Nuclei</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">Cranial</span> Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GSE</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Efferent)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SVE</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(Special Visceral Efferent)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GVE</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(General Visceral Efferent)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GVA/SVA</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(General/Special Visceral Efferent)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GSA</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Afferent)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SSA</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(Special <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Afferent)</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oculomotor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (III)</li>\n<li>Trochlear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (IV)</li>\n<li>Abducent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (VI)</li>\n<li>Hypoglossal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (XII)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nerve (V)</li>\n<li>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve (VII)</li>\n<li>Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X, XI)</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Edinger Westphal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (III)</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb26affbb9169277719877fd91c6db\">salivatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (VII)Β </li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb26affbb9169277719877fd91c6db\">salivatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (IX)</li>\n<li>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">Vagus</span> (X)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65decc8b65169277720160605b350f\">Tractus</span> Solitarius</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(GVA - IX, X)</p>\n<p>(SVA - VII, IX)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nerve (V, IX, X)</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vestibular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (VIII)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Cochlear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (VIII)</strong></li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> (II).</li>\n<li>Olfactory bulb (I)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which artery is most commonly occluded, leading to medial medullary syndrome and lateral pontine syndrome, respectively?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery, PICA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery, Basilar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior spinal artery, AICA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vertebral artery, superior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior spinal artery, AICA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/F6IfpJc6SB3Xz4NXzbTB1740380537.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which arteries supply the posterior region of the superior medulla and pons respectively?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basilar Artery and Vertebral Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior Spinal Artery and Posterior Spinal Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior Cerebellar Artery and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3nMtui3UJYCXYbT89h3X1740380282.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PYdufasMUeuPen4hnsNn1740380296.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which artery supplies the posterior region of the midbrain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Basilar Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior Choroidal Arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior Cerebral Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior Cerebellar Artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Superior Cerebellar Artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Vt4PCiGJtUhg2zodrzk81740380250.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The baroreceptor reflex that helps regulate blood pressure involves general visceral afferent (GVA) fibres from which of the following receptors and pathways?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Carotid body via the glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aortic bodies via the vagus nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carotid sinus via the vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pulmonary arteries via the glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Aortic bodies via the vagus nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BcKCZFXtB7dqsf3frcqf1740380221.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The nucleus of the solitary tract receives ______ sensations from the carotid body and carotid sinus primarily through _____ nerve.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "General Somatic Efferent; Vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Special Visceral Afferent; Facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "General Visceral Afferent; Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Special Somatic Efferent; Trigeminal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. General Visceral Afferent; Glossopharyngeal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TRoHNYVFxsvPFc2IFkCU1740380183.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the jaw jerk reflex is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a spinal reflex initiated by tapping the jaw.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It involves the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus as an integration centre.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The efferent pathway includes the mandibular nerve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is a monosynaptic reflex involving a single synapse.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is a spinal reflex initiated by tapping the jaw.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BvNK90dxFneiloDXMuDX1740380151.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nuclei of the trigeminal nerve is primarily responsible for proprioceptive sensations from the muscles of mastication?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Main Sensory Nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spinal Nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesencephalic Nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Motor Nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Mesencephalic Nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TlrsNYBUINIWbJkGGogi1740380103.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FQ6XSgF3F4zZyowKV1Cl1740380092.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sensory component of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>The motor component of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">Trigeminal</span> Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carries pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dfc9bfb34d1692777196105fe5da3c\">proprioception</span> from the face.</li>\n<li><strong>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> </strong>- touch and pressure. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Spinal nucleus</strong> - pain and temperature. It extends till C2 of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</li>\n<li><strong>Mesencephalic nucleus</strong> - proprioception.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The motor nucleus</strong> receives inputs from both cerebral hemispheres, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> formation, and the red <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and forms a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2207398c591692777182d7ac096dbc\">arc</span> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"722dfab4551692777192ec9f24aedf\">mesencephalic</span> nucleus.</li>\n<li>Supplies muscles of mastication-\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Temporalis</li>\n<li>Masseter</li>\n<li>Lateral pterygoid</li>\n<li>Medial pterygoid</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Other muscles like\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Tensor tympani</li>\n<li>Tensor veli palatini</li>\n<li>Mylohyoid</li>\n<li>Anterior belly of digastric</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding damage to the midline brainstem nuclei is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Damage to the oculomotor nucleus can result in the eye looking laterally and ptosis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Injury to the trochlear nucleus leads to difficulty in upward gaze and may cause a compensatory head tilt to the same side.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Damage to the abducens nucleus results in medial strabismus, causing the affected eye to turn inward.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesion of the hypoglossal nucleus leads to weakness and atrophy of the tongue on the affected side.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Injury to the trochlear nucleus leads to difficulty in upward gaze and may cause a compensatory head tilt to the same side.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65 y/o patient presents with sudden dizziness, difficulty swallowing, ipsilateral loss of temperature sensation on the face, contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in the trunk, ipsilateral ataxia, and giddiness. Which anatomical structure is responsible for the ipsilateral loss of temperature sensation on the face of this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinothalamic tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spinal nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior cerebellar peduncle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibular nuclei", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Spinal nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kboaMKd23MAACeaKXwUm1740379992.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 36 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Cerebrum And Associated Structures - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 17</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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MRI reveals a complete absence of the corpus callosum. Which of the following is not typically associated with this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Intellectual disability", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Seizures", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemispatial neglect", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyperactivity and impulsivity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hemispatial neglect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WwFWBOkeW04pKqkyrbd11740242259.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is part of the complete syndrome triad associated with Anterior Choroidal Artery Syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bilateral hemiplegia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contralateral hemisensory loss", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ipsilateral homonymous hemianopia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Contralateral hemisensory loss", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The labyrinthine artery arises from which of the following arteries?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal carotid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External carotid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vertebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Basilar artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Basilar artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d3vqmwXUjduKB6cDrgz61740242445.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the image below, which structure is labeled as the rostrum of the corpus callosum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Structure A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Structure B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Structure C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Structure D", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Structure D", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bHiy0sgvSvPHBQQXo2oc1740242337.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jV0h8UDQystr8o1B1wNC1740242373.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 year old patient presents with rapid weight gain and persistent hunger despite adequate food intake. MRI reveals a lesion in the hypothalamus. Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei, when lesioned, is most likely to cause an uncontrolled appetite and extreme obesity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior Hypothalamic Area", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventromedial nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral hypothalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Suprachiasmatic Nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ventromedial nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mlUDqTHnZEc8yAEWixwd1740242123.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Area/Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Hypothalamic Area &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c1e7a7890169277719690e6275dad\">Preoptic</span> Area </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influences <strong>parasympathetic responses</strong> (e.g., lowers blood pressure, slows heart rate, <strong>heat regulation</strong>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can disrupt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f36a7c49d116927772002856c83dc1\">thermoregulation</span> and lead to hyperthermia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates <strong>sympathetic responses</strong> (e.g., increases blood pressure, accelerates heart rate, <strong>cold regulation</strong>).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May cause impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> responses and issues with stress response.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">Hypothalamus</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as the <strong>hunger &amp; thirst</strong> centre; stimulates food intake.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8deb4a7e2b1692777181c91be40ed9\">anorexia</span> and significant weight loss.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Hypothalamus- Ventromedial nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as the <strong>satiety centre</strong>; inhibits eating.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Causes uncontrolled <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4a253810c1692777181f708ba3dc6\">appetite</span> and extreme obesity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supraoptic &amp; Paraventricular Nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"699f9aa3cf1692777201b501b79deb\">vasopressin</span> and oxytocin; regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2108d4f8a21692777202226f391d3b\">water balance</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11e24b369816927771974383c7e17c\">reproductive</span> functions.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can disrupt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2108d4f8a21692777202226f391d3b\">water balance</span> and lead to diabetes insipidus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Suprachiasmatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d2d14b32a1692777184597558c86a\">circadian</span> rhythms and biological clocks.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can disrupt sleep-wake cycles and lead to insomnia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the function of the Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus within the Ventral Group Nuclei?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Influences motor activities by connecting with the premotor cortex.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Receives sensory information from the cerebellum and red nucleus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Receives trigeminal and gustatory pathways.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Projects to the primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Receives trigeminal and gustatory pathways.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following thalamic nuclei is concerned with recent memory and emotional tone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial geniculate body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior Thalamic Nuclei", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsomedial Nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral geniculate body", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anterior Thalamic Nuclei", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ULYhzhTFdrkKlwFzH51E1740242046.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5wGqZE96VRHx5GK8De6W1740242197.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Medial part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral part</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thalamic nuclei.</li>\n<li>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb92e26cc1692777191e07381a5c6\">mammillothalamic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> nuclei.</li>\n<li>Reciprocal connections with cingulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> and hypothalamus.</li>\n<li>Functions related to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> system.</li>\n<li><strong>Concerned with emotional tone and recent memory.</strong></li>\n<li>It is a part of the Papez circuit</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains the large dorsomedial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and smaller nuclei.</li>\n<li>Two-way connections with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25bc983c6716927771967f68667610\">prefrontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and hypothalamic nuclei.</li>\n<li>Interconnected with all other thalamic nuclei.</li>\n<li>Responsible for integrating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> (somatic, visceral, olfactory) information with emotional and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2a2319d681692777199792417b5e2\">subjective</span> states. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Subdivided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> tiers.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Dorsal Tier:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Includes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> nucleus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> nucleus, and pulvinar.</li>\n<li>Interconnections with other thalamic nuclei, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobe, cingulate gyrus, occipital, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobes.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Ventral Tier:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclei arranged in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e178c3ebab16927771858e82265326\">craniocaudal</span> sequence</li>\n<li>Further divided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> anterior, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> nuclei</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62 year old patient presents with sudden onset of right-sided weakness and facial droop. Neurological examination reveals upper motor neuron signs with weakness in both the arm and leg on the right side. MRI confirms an infarct in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory involving the genu of the internal capsule. Which of the following tracts passes through the genu?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corticobulbar tract", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corticospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinothalamic tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medial lemniscus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Corticobulbar tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EYeYTcdC1HKuSiOape8C1740241983.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:582px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Tracts Affected in Lesions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (ACA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> limb</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corticopontine tract</strong> affecting communication between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Heubner's Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> limb</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corticopontine and frontopontine tracts</strong>: Impaired voluntary movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Middle Cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (MCA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> limb</li>\n<li>Genu</li>\n<li>Posterior limb</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corticobulbar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> (genu)</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> muscle weakness and motor deficits in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</p>\n<p><strong>Corticospinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> (posterior limb)</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">Contralateral</span> limb weakness or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">Carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (ICA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies depending on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5afc9732fd1692777195b9482bf3c2\">perforator</span> origin, affecting similar tracts as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c78db47a01692777192b079f1bfca\">MCA</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5f2c46551169277718080fe2e7664\">AChA</span> supplies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea77d01ce1692777184854450c378\">Choroidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (AChA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> limb</li>\n<li>Retro-lenticularΒ </li>\n<li>Sub-lenticular portions</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corticospinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> (posterior limb)</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">Contralateral</span> motor deficits</p>\n<p><strong>Optic radiations (retro-lenticular part)</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d01e44abab16927772010db8725801\">Visual field</span> defects</p>\n<p><strong>Auditory radiations (sub <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df51c758db169277719193cf727a06\">lenticular</span> part)</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">Auditory</span> processing issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following tracts passes through the genu of the internal capsule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corticospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corticonuclear tract", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Optic radiation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Auditory radiation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Corticonuclear tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EE7y9hDLrrs9b1dUT6G81740241899.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anterior limb</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Retrolentiform part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sublentiform part</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Frontopontine fibres (Arnold's bundle)</li>\n<li>Corticorubral fibres</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Parietopontine,occipitopontine, and occipitotectal fibres</li>\n<li>Optic radiation <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporopontine fibres</li>\n<li>Auditory radiation (fibres from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> body to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex) <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Thalamic fibres to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and amygdala.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which sulcus is involved in separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral Sulcus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Central Sulcus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcarine Sulcus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parieto-occipital Sulcus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Central Sulcus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nsNZ9RfSkQeGLTD43Yaw1738292006.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2N7WDkMgWpC3l8xQeizG1740240983.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/l1zLEL5hDi00xLIwqTC61740241031.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p8O1n8WBm6zoV1VMzRya1740241041.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lateral View </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Medial View</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/l1zLEL5hDi00xLIwqTC61740241031.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"na\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"na\" data-source=\"na\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/p8O1n8WBm6zoV1VMzRya1740241041.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Central Sulcus</strong>: Divides the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (anterior) from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (posterior).</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral Sulcus</strong>: Distinguishes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobes.</li>\n<li><strong>Pre-central Gyrus</strong>: Located in front of the central sulcus; it contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> motor cortex, which controls skeletal muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Post-central Gyrus</strong>: Located behind the central sulcus; houses the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> for general sensations (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception).</li>\n<li><strong>Insula</strong>: Found in the floor of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> sulcus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Central Sulcus</strong>: Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> (pre-central gyrus) from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> cortex.</li>\n<li><strong>Paracentral Lobule</strong>: Controls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> lower limb, pelvis, and perineum.</li>\n<li><strong>Calcarine Sulcus</strong>: Associated with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> visual cortex.</li>\n<li><strong>Limbic Lobe</strong>: Involved in emotions and memory.</li>\n<li><strong>Cingulate Gyrus</strong>: An arch-shaped <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4284e28bc116927771855465f4438c\">convolution</span> above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:654px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>I- Molecular layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d4f989c31692777193372189cfbb\">nonspecific</span> input signals from lower brain centers.<br/>\n\t\t\tControl the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> of stimulated areas.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>II- External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d4f989c31692777193372189cfbb\">nonspecific</span> input and sends axons to the opposite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>III- External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends axons to related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> areas on the opposite side through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum.</p>\n<p>The <strong>outer band of Baillarger</strong> is a part of this layer of <strong>cerebral cortex</strong>, specifically located in the <strong>motor cortex</strong> and <strong>somatosensory cortex</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>IV- Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The primary layer for receiving input <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signals, which then spread to the surface and deeper layers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>V- Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends large axons to distant nervous system parts like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, brain stem, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.<br/>\n\t\t\tControls signal transmission.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>VI- Fusiform/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61bad3c5dc1692777196997698f068\">polymorphic</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends axons to the thalamus.</p>\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> of incoming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical relations of the internal capsule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The anterior limb lies between the thalamus and the posterior part of the lentiform nucleus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The genu is located posterior to the head of the caudate nucleus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The medial boundary consists of the thalamus and the caudate nucleus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The retro lentiform part is situated above the lentiform nucleus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The medial boundary consists of the thalamus and the caudate nucleus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BXOrXGTzXvYo7p07lWbu1740241819.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-Putamen; B- Globus Pallidus; C- Caudate Nucleus; D- Subthalamic Nucleus; E- Substantia Nigra; F- Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Caudate Nucleus; B- Putamen; C- Thalamus; D- Globus Pallidus; E- Subthalamic Nucleus; F- Substantia Nigra", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Caudate Nucleus; B- Globus Pallidus; C- Substantia Nigra; D- Globus Pallidus; E- Thalamus; F- Subthalamic Nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A- Caudate Nucleus; B- Putamen; C- Globus Pallidus; D- Thalamus; E- Subthalamic Nucleus; F- Substantia Nigra", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A- Caudate Nucleus; B- Putamen; C- Thalamus; D- Globus Pallidus; E- Subthalamic Nucleus; F- Substantia Nigra", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/H4l2UMA26QAxyZ45Cj2A1740241719.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/udySiRxBn9TJjvozOZtV1740241729.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 70 year old female presents with tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Neurological examination reveals degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a specific region of the brain. Which component of the basal ganglia is primarily affected in this patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caudate Nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Putamen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Substantia Nigra", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Globus Pallidus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Substantia Nigra", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FSBcsaa39w7NNy1T1sxB1740241649.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Role/Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Caudate Nucleus</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> and internal capsule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C-shaped structure; contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> floor; forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99ffd110d21692777199613e666d8c\">striatum</span> with the putamen; receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> input.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Putamen</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basal forebrain, close to claustrum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> striatum; receives input from various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> areas and is involved in motor control.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Globus Pallidus</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basal ganglia; divided into internal and external segments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The primary output nucleus; is involved in movement control pathways (direct and indirect).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Subthalamic Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diencephalon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives input from external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus; projects to internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus; uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> (excitatory neurotransmitter) as part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f73e160ba1692777190d65065c95b\">indirect</span> pathway. Lesions in STN lead to hemiballismus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Substantia Nigra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain; divided into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bc4237fe3169277719497604c0f00\">pars</span> compacta and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bc4237fe3169277719497604c0f00\">pars</span> reticulata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9194a239ed1692777186bfe41c0e87\">dopamine</span> (crucial for smooth, coordinated movements); <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4f1758e2169277718697ae66f3dd\">degeneration</span> of neurons in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bc4237fe3169277719497604c0f00\">pars</span> compacta is implicated in <strong>Parkinson's disease</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nucleus Accumbens</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral striatum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in reward, motivation, and addiction; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to the brain's reward circuitry.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65 year old male presents with fluent but nonsensical speech and difficulty understanding spoken language. He is unaware of his language difficulties, and his reading and writing abilities are also severely impaired. Which type of aphasia is most likely present in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Global aphasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Broca's aphasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Wernicke's aphasia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anomic aphasia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Wernicke's aphasia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Global Aphasia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most severe form; few recognizable words, little/no comprehension</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common after stroke; may improve if brain damage is limited</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Broca's Aphasia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-fluent aphasia</p>\n<p>Severely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> speech output; can't speak fluently; short utterances (β€ 4 words)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Good comprehension, poor writing; speech is laborious</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Wernicke's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5386bf6216927771812526afb5e6\">Aphasia</span> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluent aphasia</p>\n<p>Impaired comprehension; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ea569c7fa16927772020c6e8eabc1\">fluent</span> but nonsensical speech</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Speech filled with jargon; severe reading/writing issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anomic Aphasia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficulty finding correct nouns/verbs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluent speech, speech filled with vague words; good comprehension/reading.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Conduction Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fasciculus, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faffdfe705169277720242bf7ee9b5\">white matter</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> connecting the Brocaβs and Wernickeβs areas.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficulty repeating sentences, trouble using phonemes correctly, and impaired ability to name objects.</p>\n<p>Language production and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> comprehension are largely intact.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Primary Progressive Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gradual decline in language skills due to neurodegenerative diseases.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c305b384216927771969ca4166493\">progression</span> in speech, comprehension, reading, and writing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mixed Non-fluent Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar to severe Broca's but with limited comprehension</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sparse, effortful speech; basic reading/writing skills</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the Brodmann areas with their respective functions: Brodmann Area Function a) BA 1, 2, 3 1) Primary visual cortex b) BA 4 2) Primary motor cortex c) BA 17 3) Primary somatosensory cortex d) BA 44, 45 4) Language production (Brocaβs area)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-1; b-2; c-4; d-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-3; b-2; c-4; d-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-3; b-2; c-1; d-4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-2; b-3; c-1; d-4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a-3; b-2; c-1; d-4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tziBZDzjtdNqWdLDp2JX1740241369.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Brodmannβs numbers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 1, 2, 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">Somatosensory</span> Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Processes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> information from the body.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postcentral gyrus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary Motor Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Controls voluntary movements via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> and cortico-nuclear tracts.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Precentral gyrus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 8 </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prefrontal Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Involved in planning and decision-making.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 17 </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary Visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> (V1)</strong></li>\n<li>Processes visual information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> nucleus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occipital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (calcarine sulcus, cuneus, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> gyrus).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 22</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language comprehension (<strong>Wernickeβs area</strong>)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> gyrus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 41</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> gyrus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 42</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjacent to BA 41</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 44 and 45</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Brocaβs area </strong></li>\n<li>Speech production.</li>\n<li>BA 44 (Opercular part): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a39c0ac2416927771992990d1db39\">Syntactic</span> processing (grammar).</li>\n<li>BA 45 (Triangular part): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c63481bec169277719894cba92261\">Semantic</span> processing (meaning).</li>\n<li>Left BA 44 is typically larger, reflecting language dominance.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 68 year old male presents with sudden onset weakness in his right arm and face, along with difficulty speaking. MRI reveals an ischemic stroke. Which artery is most likely involved in this patientβs stroke based on his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vertebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Middle cerebral artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hZghJ0t9hD95oe4l7gRl1740241305.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Surface Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> Supplied By</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Surface</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (primary), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (superomedial border), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (occipital lobe, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> gyrus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Medial &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Surface</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (largest area), middle cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (temporal pole, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> surface), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (remaining areas)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement correctly describes the representation of body parts in the motor and sensory homunculi?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In the motor homunculus, finer motor control areas like arms and legs have larger cortical regions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The sensory homunculus shows body parts with higher acuity, like fingertips, having smaller cortical areas.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both homunculi are in the precentral gyrus and represent the same body parts.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The motor homunculus in the precentral gyrus has larger areas for fine motor parts like hands and face.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The motor homunculus in the precentral gyrus has larger areas for fine motor parts like hands and face.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lpRUpFkA6y55B8aZMNIK1740241269.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Nervous System Development - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 12</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect about the organization of the nervous system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gray matter in the CNS is called a nucleus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "PNS ganglia are mostly derived from the neural tube.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "White matter in the CNS forms structures like tracts and fasciculi.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axons in the CNS are covered by oligodendrocytes, and in the PNS by Schwann cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. PNS ganglia are mostly derived from the neural tube.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UEDNtGWsyrqFmuwi3gtj1740234117.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PDIUFnIZfyPYv0A5sJei1740234129.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30 year old patient presents with sudden vision loss in one eye and pain during eye movement. The patient has a history of recurrent neurological symptoms and Imaging studies reveal inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve. The patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Why is the optic nerve affected in MS, despite being considered a peripheral nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The optic nerve is not affected by MS.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is an extension of the diencephalon and is myelinated by Schwann cells, which are affected in MS.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is an extension of the diencephalon and myelinated by oligodendrocytes, which are involved in MS.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It does not regenerate, making it more vulnerable to damage.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It is an extension of the diencephalon and myelinated by oligodendrocytes, which are involved in MS.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/s9HoMhpR06Ir7Rnx8BSI1740234235.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options correctly identifies the true statement about the formation of the neural tube? Neural plate β Neural groove β Neural tube The anterior neuropore closes on day 28 The posterior neuropore closes around day 25", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 is correc", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3 is correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 2 is correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 is correc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Mb7AgjHAZQGUCovo3Mmf1740234303.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CLoYPCIr3s6Rb54rvyC11740234343.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a characteristic of ectodermal placodes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Developing into the lens vesicle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Forming the olfactory epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Contributing to the development of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Directly gives rise to neurons in the Vestibulocochlear ganglion", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Directly gives rise to neurons in the Vestibulocochlear ganglion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Important Placodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypophysial Placode</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms Rathkeβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> (future <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> gland).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Olfactory Placode</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Develops into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> epithelium. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epibranchial Placodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contribute to facial, glossopharyngeal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> ganglia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Otic Placodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Develop into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b8deb0fe1692777190df5ce46525\">inner ear</span> (membranous labyrinth) structures. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trigeminal Placodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> ganglia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structural abnormalities is most commonly associated with the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Malformation of the vertebral arches", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Incomplete development of the basichondrocranium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Herniation of brain tissue through the skull", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fusion of the cranial sutures", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Incomplete development of the basichondrocranium", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/o1MNap46sqrjrYWOh4FP1740234399.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lDi3QzR1JbK6dmTyGXp81740234408.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Neural Tube Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anencephaly (Cranioschisis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> in the brain region, results in missing parts of the brain and skull.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Craniorachischisis Totalis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complete failure of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube to fuse, affecting both the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Spina Bifida</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube or failure of formation of vertebral arches leads to defects in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a common feature of craniorachischisis compared to rachischisis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Craniorachischisis results from failure of caudal neural tube closure, while rachischisis affects the entire tube.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Craniorachischisis exposes both the brain and spinal cord; rachischisis exposes only the spinal cord.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Craniorachischisis is less severe than rachischisis and affects only the vertebrae.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Craniorachischisis involves complete neural tube closure, while rachischisis exposes both the brain and spinal cord.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Craniorachischisis exposes both the brain and spinal cord; rachischisis exposes only the spinal cord.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ud7euvQ6kvTm1qDcmCjc1740234509.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/387fl1zxZ3L7ThnGdyKJ1740234517.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:562px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Rachischisis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Craniorachischisis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A type of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78d32c50611692777199c6c6b9b525\">spina</span> bifida where a portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord remains open.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube defect- involving exposure of both the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural Tube Involvement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs due to the failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube. <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs due to the failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of both the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> as well as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> portions of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Severity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe, but localised to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most severe</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Exposure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinal cord <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tissue is exposed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord are exposed.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagram</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ud7euvQ6kvTm1qDcmCjc1740234509.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/387fl1zxZ3L7ThnGdyKJ1740234517.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about spina bifida is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spina bifida occulta presents with an abnormal U or V shape in the vertebrae.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meningocele involves protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the defect.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diastematomyelia is rarely associated with spina bifida and splits the spinal cord.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The incidence of myelomeningocele has decreased due to prenatal diagnosis and termination options.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Meningocele involves protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the defect.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FHSWN3TreTH0EK6a5LSo1740234558.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spina Bifida Cystica</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves a visible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1405ad7b46169277718580acad7562\">cyst</span> containing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord or nerves protruding from the back.Two types:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Meningocele: </strong>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> containing only the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f171f7433d1692777192c344425c41\">meninges</span> and CSF, with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord intact.</li>\n<li><strong>Myelomeningocele: </strong>Sac contains both the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f171f7433d1692777192c344425c41\">meninges</span> and a portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord; the most severe form.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spina Bifida Occulta</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> is hidden under the skin, typically found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d710fe8461692777191d18505790c\">lumbosacral</span> or sacral regions; it affects ~5% of the population.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascent of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">Conus</span> Medullaris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">conus</span> medullaris normally ascends relative to the vertebral column. In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78d32c50611692777199c6c6b9b525\">spina</span> bifida, this ascent is impaired, leading to a tethered cord.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tethered Cord </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord is anchored at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> site, restricting normal upward movement, which can cause neurological complications.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diastematomyelia </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>An extremely rare condition where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord is split into two columns by a bony or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">cartilaginous</span> spur, often associated with tethered cord. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly pairs a brain region with its corresponding structure or function?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Myelencephalon: Develops into the cerebellum, involved in motor control and balance.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tectum: Located in the hindbrain and responsible for auditory and visual reflexes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypothalamus: Part of the diencephalon, regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep-wake cycles.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Frontal Lobe: Primarily involved in visual processing and spatial awareness.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypothalamus: Part of the diencephalon, regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep-wake cycles.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lbVpSAgRK6tscQ0ta62n1743852251.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Brain Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Functions/Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"12\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prosencephalon (Forebrain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diencephalon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relay <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1feb2a0a3016927771847db9449f75\">centre</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information, regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> system, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> functions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information to the cerebral cortex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypothalamus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep-wake cycles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> system</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epithalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0ddb3b3c1692777195823fa13daa\">pineal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> (melatonin production)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Subthalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in motor control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Telencephalon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms cerebral hemispheres, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> part in front of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebral Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher cognitive functions (language, memory, reasoning, movement)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Frontal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">Lobe</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Planning, decision-making, problem-solving, voluntary movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Parietal Lobe</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory information, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> awareness, navigation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporal Lobe</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Auditory processing, language comprehension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occipital Lobe</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visual processing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral Ventricles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluid-filled cavities for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99a9bf133e1692777184ec4b1011fe\">cerebrospinal</span> fluid circulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mesencephalon (Midbrain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebral Peduncles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"43359f84221692777184573d17f80a\">cerebrum</span> to the brainstem</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tectum <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Made of superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> colliculi.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tegmentum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of 5,6,7,8 nerves.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myelencephalon <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Develops into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0a86647fe1692777194962e864d8f\">oblongata</span> (breathing, heart rate)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metencephalon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> (signal relay) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> (motor control, balance)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the treatment of aqueduct stenosis is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ventriculoperitoneal shunting permanently cures aqueduct stenosis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endoscopic third ventriculostomy involves diverting CSF to the abdominal cavity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aqueduct stenosis can be treated with medications alone in most cases.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventriculoperitoneal shunting involves diverting CSF to reduce intracranial pressure.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting involves diverting CSF to reduce intracranial pressure.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Congenital: Developmental anomalies</li>\n<li>Acquired: Tumours, infections, trauma</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Headache, nausea, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"998fb41ebc1692777202e46891c4a7\">vomiting</span> (Due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> accumulation)</li>\n<li>Cognitive impairments due to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd42e0ddad1692777190d18c595ec5\">intracranial</span> pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>MRI or CT scans showing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95b84bf8de16927771812bd9541daf\">aqueduct</span> narrowing and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> enlargement.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Ventriculoperitoneal shunting</u>: Diverts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><u>Endoscopic third ventriculostomy</u>: Bypasses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">obstruction</span> (high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b361c37616927771979541177070\">relapse</span> rate) <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the cerebellar peduncles and corpora quadrigemina is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior cerebellar peduncles carry afferent signals from the cerebellum to the medulla.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle cerebellar peduncles transmit sensory information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla and aid in balance and posture.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior colliculi are involved in auditory processing and relay signals to the auditory cortex.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla and aid in balance and posture.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cerebellar Peduncles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Peduncle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Superior Cerebellar Peduncles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carry <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> (outgoing) signals from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> to the midbrain.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> to the midbrain.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It contains axons from the Dentate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f664fc7916927771871f22f534db\">Emboliform</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5427de034f16927771889df8a51f68\">Globose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the cerebellum.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movement planning and coordination.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Middle Cerebellar Peduncles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The main route for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> (incoming) signals to the cerebellum.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> to the pons.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides information about planned movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carry both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> fibres.</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>Connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It contains axons from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2ce83b6121692777202ad833f7437\">fastigial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the cerebellum.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information for balance and posture, and sends signals to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> formation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectum)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Colliculi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Superior Colliculi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in visual processing and eye movement control.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives input from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> nerves and visual processing areas.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coordinates head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Colliculi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> processing.</p>\n<p><strong>[musIC- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> Colliculus]</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives input from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> pathways.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Projects to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> signal relay.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the labelled structures in the given diagram.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Fornix; B- Hippocampus; C- Corpus Callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A β Fornix; B β Amygdala; C β Hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Fornix; B- Corpus Callosum; C- Hippocampus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A β Fornix; B β Hypothalamus; C β Amygdala", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A- Fornix; B- Corpus Callosum; C- Hippocampus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZZTbQHcHvWGS0rRHVCcs1738240913.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3i2Kesjlqr7PtO10ZMgJ1740235197.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:600px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Thalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Grey matter mass; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> and motor roles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fornix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A c-shaped <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ace01719a1692777202ddafcebbc4\">fibre</span> bundle; connects the hippocampal formations of the two sides. The main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of the hippocampus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Corpus Callosum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"293e8a71aa169277718465a7dbefbf\">commissure</span> of the brain; links the cerebra hemispheres.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Caudate Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The comma-shaped <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Choroid Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces CSF; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> network.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hippocampus </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seahorse-shaped (Curved and elongated); stores <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665a939aa01692777191ec9d3ba7db\">long-term memory</span> and is a part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> system.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the pathway of the Papez circuit?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cingulate cortex β Hippocampus β Mammillary bodies β Anterior thalamic nuclei β Fornix", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cingulate cortex β Mammillary bodies β Hippocampus β Fornix β Anterior thalamic nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hippocampus β Cingulate cortex β Anterior thalamic nuclei β Mammillary bodies β Fornix", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hippocampus β Fornix β Mammillary bodies β Anterior thalamic nuclei β Cingulate cortex", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hippocampus β Fornix β Mammillary bodies β Anterior thalamic nuclei β Cingulate cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7SfwV7wjZwohyAXkyixI1740235125.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Neuroanatomy - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 25</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 25 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding Weber syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lesion is in the oculomotor nerve fascicles and corticospinal fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hemiplegia is present on the opposite side of the lesion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "There is a lateral squint on the same side of the lesion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. None of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HgDZKxJxDP2HlHI0TzzD1740386943.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:574px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Topic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anatomy involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> region (cerebral peduncle) affecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve fascicles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesion location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basis pedunculi of the midbrain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical features</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3e67cebd51692777194f5257898e4\">palsy</span> (ptosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> dilation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of eye) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> hemiplegia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pathophysiology</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> hemiplegia; damage to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae7e8fa7d31692777194e3d4325f6b\">oculomotor</span> nerve fascicles causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> third nerve palsy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Signs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e69f1c7691692777188a80c8ffd0d\">hemiplegia</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> third nerve pals</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The PNS relays impulses in neurons away from the viscera.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The sympathetic nervous system has thoracolumbar outflow.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Erection is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tearing is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The PNS relays impulses in neurons away from the viscera.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Parasympathetic Nervous System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sympathetic Nervous System</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Outflow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Craniosacral outflow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracolumbar outflow <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Preganglionic Neuron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the midbrain, pons, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata, and S2βS4 segments of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> horn of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord from Th 1β12 and L 1β2 segments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Preganglionic Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longer, myelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter, myelinated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relay of Impulses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs in neurons close to viscera</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs in neurons a little away from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93943f6ee2169277720298325fd255\">viscera</span> they supply</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Postganglionic Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short, nonmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long, nonmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfcae0fcde1692777196b3a20c4465\">Preganglionic</span> Endings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28ec2061691692777196c06b1c0fd4\">Postganglionic</span> Endings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adrenaline (except sweat glands, where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a79a62c36e169277718062f9630d56\">acetylcholine</span> is used)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Postganglionic Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93943f6ee2169277720298325fd255\">viscera</span> are supplied, do not supply blood vessels of skeletal muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93943f6ee2169277720298325fd255\">viscera</span> are supplied; the exception is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b77587bb116927771990fc50f3904\">suprarenal</span> gland, which is supplied by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfcae0fcde1692777196b3a20c4465\">preganglionic</span> fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heart rate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mildly decreased</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urinary bladder</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voiding (decreased tone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> tone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bowel motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased motility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lungs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bronchoconstriction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bronchodilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sweat glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sweating</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pupils</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constriction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sexual functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Erection <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ejaculation, orgasm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lacrimal glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tearing <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where does the hypothalamospinal tract terminate before synapsing with the second-order neurons?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior cervical ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior cervical ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior horn of the spinal cord", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wcDUnzqk07RnITdzg34C1740385266.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following options are branches of the internal carotid artery except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ophthalmic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior choroidal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior communicating artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A9JB1SbqBrEwZdTSCJJU1740385635.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Areas supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ophthalmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contents of orbit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c3efbee661692777184685e54c75e\">communicating</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crus cerebri, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> tract, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df35a1de7169277718920c3c385cf\">hypophysis</span> and hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea77d01ce1692777184854450c378\">choroidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a4a970c4b1692777184108b0b09c8\">cerebri</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87b317afbd16927771844e0e534940\">choroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> horn of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior cerebral artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep branches supply part of the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> nuclei.</li>\n<li>Cortical branches supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surface of the hemisphere.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle cerebral artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep or perforating branches supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> limb of the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> and part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> nuclei.</li>\n<li>Cortical branches supply temporal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobe.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A transverse section of the medulla oblongata at the level of the motor (pyramidal) decussation reveals modifications to the typical spinal cord structure. Which of the following changes is observed at this level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Formation of the medial lemniscus from second-order axons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Crossing of corticospinal fibres from the anterior funiculi", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Presence of the vestibular nuclei near the fourth ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Appearance of the inferior olivary complex lateral to the pyramid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Crossing of corticospinal fibres from the anterior funiculi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DZy6KJkgDhMqOegt8fo81740385880.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dfb76e26c16927771855c6df807b9\">Decussation</span> Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corticospinal fibers crossing, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> grey column divides, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> gracilis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">spinocerebellar</span> tracts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dfb76e26c16927771855c6df807b9\">Decussation</span> Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus, internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fibers forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> lemniscus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa9349bf41692777194f3ea36ab45\">olivary</span> complex, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">spinocerebellar</span> tracts, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve tracts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudal End of Fourth Ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased grey matter, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (IX, X, XI, VIII), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa9349bf41692777194f3ea36ab45\">olivary</span> complex, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33c210f1a81692777197a38b4d0a96\">restiform</span> body carrying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the correct match of brainstem components with the respective cranial nerve nuclei that originate from them? Column A Column B a. Midbrain 1. Trigeminal nerve b. Pons 2. Oculomotor nerve c. Medulla oblongata 3. Glossopharyngeal nerve d. Pontomedullary junction 4. Facial nerve", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Components of brainstem</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cranial nerves nuclei</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Midbrain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor (III) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f7da4c42416927772009a27698e64\">trochlear</span> (IV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trigeminal (V)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medulla oblongata</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glossopharyngeal (IX), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> (X), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> (XIcr) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6983fc06461692777189328d72b4e7\">hypoglossal</span> (XII)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pontomedullary junction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abducens (VI), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> (VII) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b774537d0c1692777201dee32072fe\">vestibulocochlear</span> (VIII)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following findings is not a clinical manifestation of Wallenberg syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Contralateral ataxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Horner's syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Contralateral body pain and temperature loss", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Contralateral ataxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/l0kZrko6MZOiflIZB42w1740386999.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anatomical location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Presenting clinical feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus ambiguous gives fibers to IX, X, and XI <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> pain and temperature loss <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral body pain and temperature loss <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibular nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertigo</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle, spino cerebellar tracts, and part of cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0842a8a59f1692777182f44d334dda\">ataxia</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic fibres descend from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> to cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> horn of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hornerβs syndrome <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong>, comprising ptosis, enophthalmos, miosis, and anhydrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerve palsy would suggest a lesion affecting the structures within the interpeduncular fossa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oculomotor nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Oculomotor nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KL3sNTefjd1hbDPsTYyl1740386918.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following options is correctly matched for the alphabet labeled in the below image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Pyramid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B- Trochlear nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C- Basilar sulcus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D- Olive", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. D- Olive", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5hEvsquBwRSUqT4zuMTA1738297474.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ccMp5HBLYXsllUMQ7TvB1740386659.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with a severe infection of the face. Which of the following venous structures could allow the infection to spread to the cavernous sinus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior petrosal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior ophthalmic vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior petrosal sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Basilar plexus of veins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inferior ophthalmic vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2P0LTwfgN9EGVae9yGKe1740386096.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6Uy7JH3bXDo9L1Ogv9ST1740386124.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p54eMxf1S4Q4zqT7IcOR1740386137.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with symptoms of headache and visual disturbances. Imaging studies reveal a large clot in the superior sagittal sinus. Which of the following statements about the superior sagittal sinus is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It drains directly into the internal jugular vein.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It runs along the midline, attached to the falx cerebri, and drains into the confluence of sinuses.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is located in the falx cerebelli and connects with the occipital sinus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It receives blood from the diploic veins within the cranial bones.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It runs along the midline, attached to the falx cerebri, and drains into the confluence of sinuses.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BFXTAaUdokcNQPObz3T51740385977.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ArEMFgu73XeD3q4FvM1a1740385994.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Along midline, attached to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a4a970c4b1692777184108b0b09c8\">cerebri</span> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confluence of sinuses, usually right side <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"862a709fba1692777198c35e274398\">sagittal</span> sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower edge of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebri</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continues as straight sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straight sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Junction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a4a970c4b1692777184108b0b09c8\">cerebri</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938698a58716927772008b0843f4a5\">tentorium</span> cerebelli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transverse sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Along <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938698a58716927772008b0843f4a5\">tentorium</span> cerebelli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continue as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sigmoid sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>From <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Becomes internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occipital sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebelli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88204184f916927771840c8ffcea6b\">confluence</span> of sinuses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cavernous sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plexiform, on either side of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives blood from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">ophthalmic</span> veins, drains via superior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intercavernous sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects the two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> sinus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> into internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af7ff6c5fd1692777190f88c20b21b\">jugular</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphenoparietal sinuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Under lesser wings of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basilar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Over clivus, connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34f284128d1692777183e1cf6e17d7\">cavernous</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> sinuses</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Marginal sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encircles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> magnum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 56-year-old patient presents with difficulty speaking, swallowing, and hoarseness of voice. On examination, there is noticeable wasting of one side of the tongue and weakness in the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The patient also exhibits contralateral hemiplegia and contralateral loss of sensation. Which of the following lesions is most likely responsible for these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Multiple sclerosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meningioma of the cerebellum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medullary infarct", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vestibular schwannoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Medullary infarct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysarthria, dysphagia, dysphonia, tongue wasting, muscle weakness/wasting.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral hemiplegia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> hemianesthesia, cerebellar signs, nystagmus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d9d0d4abe31692777190f27bfd9349\">internuclear</span> ophthalmoplegia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Space-occupying tumours (e.g., meningiomas), gliomas, demyelination, stroke.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Illustrative Case</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brown-SΓ©quard syndrome shows the effect of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> location on neurological deficits.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the corticonuclear tract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It terminates exclusively in the spinal cord with an ipsilateral projection.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It descends through the internal capsule and pons, terminating on cranial nerve nuclei with a contralateral projection.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It controls involuntary movements of the head and neck muscles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The term \"corticobulbar\" is more accurate than \"corticonuclear\" for describing its function.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It descends through the internal capsule and pons, terminating on cranial nerve nuclei with a contralateral projection.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At the level of the facial colliculus, the fibres of which cranial nerves form a loop around the abducens nucleus, creating the colliculus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trigeminal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoglossal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Facial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6LTekE4AiCOP47IacSV91740385781.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Section</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dorsal Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ventral Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">Colliculus</span> Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fasciculus: beneath fourth ventricle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> sulcus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial lemniscus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"879f3da46a169277719497d18b5251\">ovoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a533b2d59f1692777196694dbb1b2a\">pontine</span> tegmentum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abducens nucleus: sends fibres ventro-laterally and caudally</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trapezoid body fibers and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> cross midline along <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> lemniscus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve nucleus: ventral, lateral, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"493415137f1692777180adce8b5447\">abducens</span> nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72891a28811692777200adab7f11f2\">tegmental</span> tract: longitudinally through mid-pontine tegmentum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facial nerve fibres curve dorsally and laterally over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"493415137f1692777180adce8b5447\">abducens</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (facial colliculus) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pontine nuclei: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b32e60f29a16927771963de1f70fd5\">pontocerebellar</span> fibres <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> middle cerebellar peduncle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47e01c49d716927771954541c3c3c3\">peduncle</span> (restiform and juxtarestiform bodies): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"372f8a661016927771993a9755d398\">superolateral</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Descending fibres (frontopontine, corticospinal, parieto-temporo-occipito-pontine): longitudinally through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> pons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trigeminal Nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">Nuclei</span> Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior cerebellar peduncle: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> wall of fourth ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> lemnisci: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00ab88c6091692777185ea2685fa40\">convex</span> lemniscal arch, separating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"179c453c141692777200a24c41363a\">tegmentum</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> pons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> velum: roof of fourth ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trapezoid body fibres and nuclei: curve across midline in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> tegmentum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior fovea: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> margin of fourth ventricle, overlies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mesencephalic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c94b3faab16927771861e13308510\">dorsolateral</span> tegmentum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:583px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Section Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">colliculus</span> (lower pons)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fourth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"917735df371692777199b5cb55eed4\">stria</span> medullaris</li>\n<li>Facial nerve fibres <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> colliculus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal aspect (lower pons)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fasciculus</li>\n<li>Abducens and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> nerve nuclei</li>\n<li>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral aspect (lower pons)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial lemniscus</li>\n<li>Trapezoid body and nuclei</li>\n<li>Pontine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b32e60f29a16927771963de1f70fd5\">pontocerebellar</span> fibres</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trigeminal nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (mid pons)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Superior cerebellar peduncle</li>\n<li>Motor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Mesencephalic tract</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral aspect (mid pons)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lemniscal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> lemnisci)</li>\n<li>Trapezoid body fibres and nuclei</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following conditions is associated with lesions at the level marked in the midbrain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Weberβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Benediktβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parinaudβs syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HcwdtZqL7T7hvVaZ6P1l1740385723.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/j4waKX7zv03dLopMnEEO1740385745.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is not correct regarding lemniscus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a collection of axons running in the spinal cord", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The lateral lemniscus is a part of the auditory pathway", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal leminiscus is affected in wallenberg syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spinal lemniscus carries pain and temperature sensation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is a collection of axons running in the spinal cord", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man diagnosed with B12 deficiency presents with difficulty maintaining balance. On examination, he shows a loss of vibration and fine touch sensation in his lower limbs, while pain and temperature sensations are intact. Which of the following pathways is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral Spinothalamic Tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral Spinothalamic Tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tract of Goll", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Corticospinal Tract", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tract of Goll", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VBgOvgujdcJX5oCPiSAv1740384854.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QZNVbMXJSrz9pIgyYLWq1740384837.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Column</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Descending tracts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ascending tracts</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior white column</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior corticospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> reticulospinal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior spinothalamic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral white column</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral corticospinal, rubrospinal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> reticulospinal, hypothalamospinal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral spinothalamic, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> spinocerebellar, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> spinocerebellar, spinotectal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior white column(Dorsal column)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ <strong>Fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll)</strong></p>\n<p>β’ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">Fasciculus</span> cuneatus (tract of Burdach)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fasciculus Gracilis:</strong> Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from the lower limbs <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Fasciculus Cuneatus:</strong> Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from the upper limbs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pressure</li>\n<li>Tactile discrimination</li>\n<li>Vibration</li>\n<li>Conscious Proprioception</li>\n<li>Stereognosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuronal Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1st Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion</li>\n<li><strong>2nd Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata</li>\n<li><strong>3rd Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the thalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:560px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types </strong><strong>(Options A &amp; B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">Spinothalamic</span> Tract: Carries pain and temperature sensations</li>\n<li>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">Spinothalamic</span> Tract: Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7d9ee9a751692777185de5098800a\">crude</span> touch and pressure sensations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>1st Order Neuron: Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion</li>\n<li>2nd Order Neuron: Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</li>\n<li>3rd Order Neuron: Located in the thalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">Corticospinal</span> Tract: Contains about 90% of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> fibers</li>\n<li>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">Corticospinal</span> Tract: Contains the remaining fibers</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Controls fine and skilled voluntary motor activities, such as threading a needle</li>\n<li>Works in conjunction with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a236a19d47169277718549b241724f\">corticobulbar</span> (corticonuclear) tracts</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuronal Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives axons from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"43359f84221692777184573d17f80a\">cerebrum</span> (upper motor neuron, UMN type of fibers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects of Damage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Damage to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">Pyramidal</span> System: Causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ce806f0111692777198eedf1b5824\">spastic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of skeletal muscles below the level of the lesion</li>\n<li>Damage to Lower Motor Neurons: Causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28003a82c1692777202475273e346\">flaccid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> at the level of the lesion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following arteries is primarily responsible for supplying the sublenticular part of the internal capsule, which carries auditory fibres?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Recurrent branch of anterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Direct branches from the internal carotid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Branch of anterior choroidal", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Branch of posterior communicating", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Branch of anterior choroidal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CAPYTcstHJ4HqT5zwKok1740385607.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old presents with sudden-onset left-sided weakness, primarily affecting the arm and face. On examination, he has difficulty with speech, displaying both expressive and receptive aphasia. He also shows left-sided facial drooping and an inability to move his left upper limb effectively. Sensation is relatively intact in his lower limb. Which artery is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle cerebral artery (MCA)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Basilar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Middle cerebral artery (MCA)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Artery Affected Areas Involved Clinical Manifestations</li><li>β³ Artery Affected</li><li>β³ Artery Affected</li><li>β³ Artery Affected</li><li>β³ Areas Involved</li><li>β³ Areas Involved</li><li>β³ Areas Involved</li><li>β³ Clinical Manifestations</li><li>β³ Clinical Manifestations</li><li>β³ Clinical Manifestations</li><li>β³ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) (Option A) Medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes, corpus callosum Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb) Urinary incontinence, Personality changes (frontal lobe involvement), Transcortical motor aphasia (dominant hemisphere)</li><li>β³ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) (Option A)</li><li>β³ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)</li><li>β³ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)</li><li>β³ (Option A)</li><li>β³ (Option A)</li><li>β³ Medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes, corpus callosum</li><li>β³ Medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes, corpus callosum</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb) Urinary incontinence, Personality changes (frontal lobe involvement), Transcortical motor aphasia (dominant hemisphere)</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb) Urinary incontinence, Personality changes (frontal lobe involvement), Transcortical motor aphasia (dominant hemisphere)</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb)</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb)</li><li>β³ Urinary incontinence,</li><li>β³ Urinary incontinence,</li><li>β³ Personality changes (frontal lobe involvement),</li><li>β³ Personality changes</li><li>β³ Transcortical motor aphasia (dominant hemisphere)</li><li>β³ Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) (Option C) Lateral surface of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, internal capsule Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (face and upper limb &gt; lower limb) Aphasia (dominant hemisphere), Hemineglect (non-dominant hemisphere), Homonymous hemianopia Gaze preference towards the side of the lesion</li><li>β³ Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) (Option C)</li><li>β³ Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)</li><li>β³ Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)</li><li>β³ (Option C)</li><li>β³ (Option C)</li><li>β³ Lateral surface of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, internal capsule</li><li>β³ Lateral surface of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, internal capsule</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (face and upper limb &gt; lower limb) Aphasia (dominant hemisphere), Hemineglect (non-dominant hemisphere), Homonymous hemianopia Gaze preference towards the side of the lesion</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (face and upper limb &gt; lower limb) Aphasia (dominant hemisphere), Hemineglect (non-dominant hemisphere), Homonymous hemianopia Gaze preference towards the side of the lesion</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (face and upper limb &gt; lower limb)</li><li>β³ Contralateral weakness and sensory loss (face and upper limb &gt; lower limb)</li><li>β³ Aphasia (dominant hemisphere),</li><li>β³ Aphasia</li><li>β³ Hemineglect (non-dominant hemisphere),</li><li>β³ Homonymous hemianopia</li><li>β³ Gaze preference towards the side of the lesion</li><li>β³ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) (Option B) Occipital lobe, inferior part of temporal lobe, thalamus Contralateral homonymous hemianopia , Visual agnosia , Thalamic pain syndrome, Cortical blindness (if bilateral), Memory deficits (if temporal lobe is involved)</li><li>β³ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) (Option B)</li><li>β³ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)</li><li>β³ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)</li><li>β³ (Option B)</li><li>β³ (Option B)</li><li>β³ Occipital lobe, inferior part of temporal lobe, thalamus</li><li>β³ Occipital lobe, inferior part of temporal lobe, thalamus</li><li>β³ Contralateral homonymous hemianopia , Visual agnosia , Thalamic pain syndrome, Cortical blindness (if bilateral), Memory deficits (if temporal lobe is involved)</li><li>β³ Contralateral homonymous hemianopia , Visual agnosia , Thalamic pain syndrome, Cortical blindness (if bilateral), Memory deficits (if temporal lobe is involved)</li><li>β³ Contralateral homonymous hemianopia ,</li><li>β³ Contralateral homonymous hemianopia</li><li>β³ Visual agnosia ,</li><li>β³ Visual agnosia</li><li>β³ Thalamic pain syndrome,</li><li>β³ Cortical blindness (if bilateral),</li><li>β³ Cortical blindness</li><li>β³ Memory deficits (if temporal lobe is involved)</li></ul>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:632px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Areas Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (ACA)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Contralateral weakness and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss (lower limb &gt; upper limb)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Urinary incontinence, </strong></li>\n<li><strong>Personality changes </strong>(frontal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> involvement),</li>\n<li>Transcortical motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5386bf6216927771812526afb5e6\">aphasia</span> (dominant hemisphere)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle Cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (MCA)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral surface of the frontal, temporal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, internal capsule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Contralateral weakness and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss (face and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0bc1ae5070169277720193a2852d9c\">upper limb</span> &gt; lower limb)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Aphasia</strong> (dominant hemisphere),</li>\n<li>Hemineglect (non-dominant hemisphere),</li>\n<li>Homonymous hemianopia</li>\n<li>Gaze preference towards the side of the lesion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (PCA)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occipital lobe, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobe, thalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Contralateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0600a6b52316927771899e12e7ec86\">homonymous</span> hemianopia</strong>,</li>\n<li><strong>Visual agnosia</strong>,</li>\n<li>Thalamic pain syndrome,</li>\n<li><strong>Cortical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf284485b71692777183c57876bed2\">blindness</span> </strong>(if bilateral),</li>\n<li>Memory deficits (if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> is involved)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the artery highlighted in blue in the following image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior communicating artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior communicating artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior communicating artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eiJ68cpipBjWLheYBdbW1740385519.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Dct6H6NtzI9FFm6u8GaF1740385318.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with Hornerβs syndrome, but notably, the patient does not exhibit anhidrosis. Based on the absence of anhidrosis, which of the following is the most likely location of the lesion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First-order neuron (central)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Second-order neuron (peripheral)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Third-order neuron (postganglionic)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior cervical ganglion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Third-order neuron (postganglionic)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y7cPeXfzFnmWIt06ca1o1740385213.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PRAWdAQVFXXchKQw2Oor1740385196.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about prevertebral/paravertebral ganglia is/are true? Prevertebral ganglia are also known as collateral ganglia. Prevertebral ganglia are a part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Paravertebral ganglia supply the abdominal viscera. The celiac ganglion is a paravertebral ganglion.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "I only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "I and III only", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "II, III and IV only", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. I only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/C0eFXrE6ZTkGTKNK5A3S1740385057.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Prevertebral Ganglia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Paravertebral Ganglia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alternate Names</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Also known as <strong>collateral ganglia</strong> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa535e24116927771969be11a453b\">preaortic</span> ganglia. <strong>(Statement I)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Also known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> chain ganglia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both are part of the <strong>sympathetic nervous system.</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Statement II ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior to the aorta, close to major arteries like the celiac, superior mesenteric, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric arteries.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjacent to the vertebral column, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> chains on either side of the spine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Associated with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and related to major arteries.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms a chain along the spine, with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c3517ca0916927771844343d81474\">coccygeal</span> regions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies <strong>abdominal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs,</strong> controls visceral functions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d8ba3cb3169277719543eceaf072\">peristalsis</span> and secretion.</p>\n<p><strong>(</strong><strong>Statement III ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <strong>thoracic viscera,</strong> blood vessels, skin, sweat glands, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff1eff91d169277718206eea7060c\">arrector</span> pili muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Preganglionic Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receive <strong>preganglionic fibers from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves </strong>(e.g., greater, lesser, least splanchnic).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfcae0fcde1692777196b3a20c4465\">preganglionic</span> fibers from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord segments (T1-L2) via <strong>white <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> communicantes.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Postganglionic Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postganglionic fibers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> plexuses like the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2b5c161b71692777184c75775751a\">celiac</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3df9929201692777189f8ca429cf1\">hypogastric</span> plexus, supplying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postganglionic fibers distributed via <strong>grey <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> communicantes</strong> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves and target skin, blood vessels, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> viscera.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Notable Ganglia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes the <strong>celiac, superior mesenteric, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aabc6a117c16927771816500bfdf1c\">aorticorenal</span> ganglia.</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Statement IV ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes <strong>cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ganglia, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> impar.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are myelinated.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Postganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are unmyelinated", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Most sweat glands are sympathetic and adrenergic.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found in sympathetic ganglia.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Most sweat glands are sympathetic and adrenergic.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tbM27FEHHuYtAAEiiLho1740384987.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 64-year-old woman presents with progressive weakness in her left leg. On examination, you observe that her left leg has decreased muscle tone, and shows significant muscle atrophy. Given these findings, which of the following additional signs is likely to be present?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Exaggerated Deep Tendon Reflexes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Positive Babinski Sign", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscle Spasticity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fasciculations", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fasciculations", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:452px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LMN Paralysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>UMN Paralysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle Tone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Type of Paralysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Flaccid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spastic <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle Atrophy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs later</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No atrophy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction of Degeneration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not seen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Tendon Reflexes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exaggerated <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Side of Affected Body</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Babinski Sign</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fasciculation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient presents following a fall from a ladder. The patient exhibits specific neurological symptoms: loss of pain and temperature sensation in the left leg, difficulty identifying the position of the right leg with eyes closed, and complete loss of sensation at the T12 level of the trunk on the right. Which of the following statements is false for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of proprioception in the right leg occurs due right dorsal column.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loss of pain in the left leg occurs due to the left spinothalamic tract.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Damage to the ventral nerve roots at the T12 level results in loss of sensation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spastic paralysis of the right leg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Loss of pain in the left leg occurs due to the left spinothalamic tract.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/E2OQAzGoN3DoZihhGDeq1740384914.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 62</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 62 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A woman with right-sided loss of sensations of both the upper and lower limb complains of shooting pain from her fingers to the right shoulder and a burning sensation when touching cold water. Motor functions are normal. Which of the following structures is likely to be involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/CFDpGDCVVJVZETakAyGZ1747132998.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fFgnVPcncBiCPzeLcKAs1745572717.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transmits pain and temperature sensations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decussation (Crossing)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crosses to the opposite side at the level of entry in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascends in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord β synapses in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> β projects to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lesion Effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of the lesion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options are included in the limbic system? 1. Amygdala 2. Hippocampus 3. Thalamus", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the cranial nerve that arises from the marked part.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oculomotor nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Abducens nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/lQ2u8D16qthKsl6g5QN41746689518.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7A5EAG50Vzh1X3700noR1745243609.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/nCf2H2LIDWcgsWk8GUai1745243585.png"], "explanation": "\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li><li>β³ Snellβs Clinical Neuroanatomy, 8th edition, Page 196, 197 BD Chaurasia Neuroanatomy, Volume 4, Page 56, 57</li><li>β³ Snellβs Clinical Neuroanatomy, 8th edition, Page 196, 197</li><li>β³ BD Chaurasia Neuroanatomy, Volume 4, Page 56, 57</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange in sequence the structures involved in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia:- 1. Striatum 2. Globus pallidus 3. Substantia nigra 4. Thalamus 5. Cortex", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3,4,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "5,4,2,31", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5,1,2,3,4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3,4,2,5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 5,1,2,3,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/n6uuhKPayVvyEQ0w1xdM1747147427.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Direct Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indirect Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates motor activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppresses motor activity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Input</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excitatory input from the cerebral cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excitatory input from the cerebral cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Striatum (caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and putamen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Striatum (caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and putamen)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Striatum Output</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits internal segment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus (GPi)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits external segment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus (GPe)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GPi/SNr Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of thalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of thalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamus Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased thalamic activation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased thalamic activation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhanced motor activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced motor activity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subthalamic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> (STN)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not directly involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> from GPe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Neostriatum consists of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caudate nucleus and globus pallidus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Globus pallidus and putamen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Caudate nucleus and putamen", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Caudate nucleus and putamen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Includes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Striatum (Neostriatum)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> + Putamen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main input center of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, receives input from the cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lentiform nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Putamen + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">Globus</span> pallidus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2952dfc311692777187fa773bcc9f\">extrapyramidal</span> motor system, regulates movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Globus pallidus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal (medial) and External (lateral) segments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main output structure, modulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"796296167f1692777200ce476599bf\">thalamocortical</span> circuits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subthalamic nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the diencephalon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in modulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> output</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substantia nigra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the midbrain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces dopamine; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4f1758e2169277718697ae66f3dd\">degeneration</span> leads to Parkinsonβs disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man is accompanied by his wife to the Neurology OPD. His wife expressed concern about her husband's condition and they were directed to this facility by a local doctor. According to the doctor's note, the patient is unable to repeat spoken words but can comprehend them and respond appropriately by nodding. The patient also experiences difficulty in naming people and writing. The doctor referred the patient to a specialized facility for a CT brain scan. As the intern on duty, you would inform the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) that this condition could be indicative of a brain lesion in which specific area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arcuate fasciculus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior commissure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fornix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Arcuate fasciculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aphasia Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Area Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Broca's Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (Broca's area)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-fluent speech, difficulty forming sentences, good comprehension, and poor writing/speech output.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wernicke's Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (Wernicke's area)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluent speech with normal grammar, but speech is nonsensical or meaningless, poor comprehension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conduction Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arcuate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> (connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficulty repeating words or phrases, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ea569c7fa16927772020c6e8eabc1\">fluent</span> speech with errors, good comprehension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Global Aphasia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Widespread damage to left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d702dfe10816927771881b37be4e4a\">hemisphere</span> (Broca's, Wernicke's, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fasciculus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe communication deficits: non-fluent speech, poor comprehension, and inability to repeat.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At what level does the spinal cord end in infants?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "L3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "L4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. L3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Age Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spinal Cord <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">Termination</span> Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fetus (24 weeks)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends to <strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> development stage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Newborn (Infants)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ends at <strong>L3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9af4bb5919169277719688aaf3f8e7\">puncture</span> site selection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adults</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ends at <strong>L1-L2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Safe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9af4bb5919169277719688aaf3f8e7\">puncture</span> site is <strong>L3-L4 or L4-L5</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In this image of basal ganglia, all of the following are correctly labeled except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-Caudate nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2-Globus pallidus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3-Putamen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4-Internal capsule", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 4-Internal capsule", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q3sgdlIKhaZAoocMUDMD1747901006.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZrGkiCMje06JRa91JK8A1746094002.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudate nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor processes, learning, associative functions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ventricle, near thalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Putamen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates movements, influences learning</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the striatum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Globus pallidus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibitory control of movements</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial to putamen, part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b053edc5951692777191ef548602ef\">lentiform</span> nucleus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal capsule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains motor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> pathways</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d14ed8c1216927771832ccea0c79f\">caudate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b053edc5951692777191ef548602ef\">lentiform</span> nucleus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory relay station</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, near third ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Fibers from the marked structure end in which of the following areas of the thalamus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reticular nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventral lateral nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior nucleus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/SDGfjovaM2FmlTWD5eAj1747125806.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/sZcS6OAx4BI6HJiORH9d1745386544.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mammillary bodies (part of the hypothalamus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mammillothalamic tract</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target in Thalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> of the thalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Memory processing, part of the Papez circuit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage leads to memory deficits (e.g., Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which level does the nerve supply for the marked structure arise?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Red nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sub thalamic nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decussation of pyramidal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Olivary nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Red nucleus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/aSM8hwWtoGHjS7fmJQxI1747059096.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Structure</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Function</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Oculomotor Nucleus</strong> (Midbrain)</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4>Origin of CN III, controls most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d57c304c01692777187da125d18d8\">extraocular</span> muscles</h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Red Nucleus</strong> (Midbrain)</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4>Regulates motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> and eye movements via rubro-oculomotor pathways</h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Edinger-Westphal Nucleus</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> fibers for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> and accommodation</h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">Rectus</span> Muscle</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4>Controlled by CN III, responsible for <strong>adduction</strong> of the eye</h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Blood Supply</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4>Supplied by <strong>paramedian branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and PCA</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Clinical Correlation</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Oculomotor nerve palsy</strong> causes <strong>ptosis, mydriasis, and eye <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> (\"down and out\")</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old boy was brought to the casualty with seizures. The pediatrician tries to do CSF sampling. What are the structures punctured by the pediatrician while piercing through the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scalp, dura mater, arachnoid mater", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scalp, epicranium, dura mater", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Scalp synchondral membrane, dura mater, arachnoid mater", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pericranium, dura mater, endocranium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Scalp, dura mater, arachnoid mater", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/17CWgVZIGZ1MnrKIT3Oy1747046427.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intersection of <strong>frontal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Closure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>12-18 months</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CSF sampling</strong> in neonates</p>\n<p><strong>Cranial ultrasound</strong> to assess <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"018823377416927771896f6aa736a4\">hydrocephalus</span> or hemorrhage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Pierced</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Scalp β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">Dura</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> β <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">Arachnoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaae314d6f1692777191e3350c8ade\">mater</span> β CSF space</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Why Not Endocranium?</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f70fe08da169277718793a67e19eb\">endocranium</span> is part of the <strong>bone</strong>, which is <strong>not yet ossified</strong> at the fontanelle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the defect in the given image:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Open neural tube defect", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meningoencephalocele", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Occult Spina bifida", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Encephalocele", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Open neural tube defect", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/v0jD5lGGTQKHCZ9AG8fC1741088212.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:674px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Failure of proper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube &amp; covering mesoderm/ectoderm; <strong>most common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> anomaly.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Primary NTDs have <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dcd91eadf1692777193a72a442f37\">multifactorial</span> inheritance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Maternal risk factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Alcohol, radiation exposure, IDDM, valproate, carbamazepine, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> deficiency.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Types of NTDs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly,</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f30740eaeb16927771978fc4c375eb\">regression</span> syndrome, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"532334711316927771865e5309b763\">dermal</span> sinus, tethered cord, syringomyelia, diastematomyelia, lipoma, iniencephaly.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Spina bifida occulta</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Midline <strong>defect of vertebral bodies without <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08b787c5a41692777196c0e16b3805\">protrusion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord or meninges</strong>; usually <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d1a9a79f701692777182066af09044\">asymptomatic</span> and not of consequence.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Craniorachischisis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Rare <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88900fc4c61692777191a66457050a\">malformation</span> with <strong>skull and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> bone defects</strong>; <strong>brain and nerves exposed</strong>; may have other defects like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51aedf4b7a1692777189224a776ed8\">imperforate</span> anus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Meningocele</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Meninges herniate</strong> through vertebral arches or sacrum; <strong>spinal cord norma</strong>l. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1adaaa6ded16927772023e7fe0c856\">Fluctuant</span> midline mass that may<strong> transilluminate.</strong> Surgery may be delayed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d1a9a79f701692777182066af09044\">asymptomatic</span> cases with normal neuro findings and skin covering.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Myelomeningocele</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Most common in<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d710fe8461692777191d18505790c\">lumbosacral</span> region</strong>; sac-like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> structure with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tissue; 80% develop <strong>hydrocephalus with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">type II</span> Chiari malformation.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anencephaly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> of calvarium, meninges, and scalp; associated with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552c5ff93a16927771977cf35eac28\">rudimentary</span> brain due to failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f4bb4632d16927771975d96e35378\">rostral</span> neuropore.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Iniencephaly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Retroflexion of head </strong>with <strong>occipital and upper spine defects,</strong> nearly absent neck; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> can range from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca09d35fbc1692777180daa0f01405\">acrania</span> to minimal defect.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prenatal diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Detailed ultrasound, <strong>MSAFP</strong> (maternal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> Ξ±-fetoprotein), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c0fb943ce16927771815ddeb9824d\">amniotic</span> fluid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63b92227451692777180db3901b72f\">acetylcholinesterase</span> (<strong>AChE</strong>).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prevention</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.4 mg <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"778971b8f5169277720391773cc8fa\">folic acid</span> daily for <strong>all women of childbearing age</strong>; 4 mg daily for high-risk women (prior affected child).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Risk of recurrence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3-4% after 1 affected child; 10% after 2 affected children.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Surgery for defect; VP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"950826ab361692777198366a25dfbf\">shunt</span> if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"018823377416927771896f6aa736a4\">hydrocephalus</span> present. Open lesions should be closed within 24 hours. Antibiotics if infection is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with vision loss. On radiological investigation, an aneurysm causing damage to the optic chiasma was noted. Which of the following arteries is most likely to be the artery that is causing the damage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior communicating artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior choroidal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior communicating artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/CLltIBDSWORNEoQtbGtI1746447005.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The type of fibers present in the fornix are:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Association and commissural fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Association and projection fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Commissural and projection fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Association fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Association and commissural fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Commissural fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Projection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Association</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>They connect one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d702dfe10816927771881b37be4e4a\">hemisphere</span> to the opposite side, linking corresponding (homotopic) or different (heterotopic) areas. Eg:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Corpus Callosum</strong>: The largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"935fe383981692777184d257bc8571\">commissural</span> structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, located at the bottom of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fissure.</li>\n<li><strong>Anterior Commissure</strong>: A smaller <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> of nerve fibres crossing the midline at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> terminalis.</li>\n<li><strong>Fornix</strong>: Composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> fibres, it connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce110705616927771896c58ac81b5\">hippocampus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> bodies in the hypothalamus. It connects the hippocampal formations of the 2 sides</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Projection fibres</strong> connect the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed2f4c790516927771840d0d99e9f4\">cerebral cortex</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4960c2ad8169277719913d61ad2a9\">subcortical</span> structures, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord, and include both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> (corticofugal) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> (corticopetal) fibres.</p>\n<p>These fibres converge in the <strong>corona radiata</strong>, pass through the <strong>internal capsule</strong>, and are flanked by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d14ed8c1216927771832ccea0c79f\">caudate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> medially, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b053edc5951692777191ef548602ef\">lentiform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> laterally.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Association tracts connect different areas within the same hemisphere.</p>\n<p><strong>Eg: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">Arcuate</span> fasciculus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The neurotransmitter secreted by the area marked in the given image is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Noradrenaline", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Dopamine", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OBtcFF614W764JSu6cBO1745842630.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZvQoOmTi2NwQh9MQvz5P1745842698.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The medial lemniscus is a continuation of which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinothalamic tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spinocerebellar tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinotectal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fasciculus gracilis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fasciculus gracilis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8wYV0W8wVBQ8yEQD4HIp1745486040.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fasciculus Gracilis:</strong> Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from the lower limbs <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Fasciculus Cuneatus:</strong> Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from the upper limbs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pressure</p>\n<p>Tactile discrimination</p>\n<p>Vibration</p>\n<p>Conscious Proprioception</p>\n<p>Stereognosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuronal Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1st Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion</p>\n<p><strong>2nd Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata</p>\n<p><strong>3rd Order Neuron:</strong> Located in the thalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle occurs at which level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Midbrain", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diencephalon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medulla", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Midbrain", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is the probable location of the lesion in a patient who has presented with weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of the face along with loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left leg?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral pons", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial pons", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral medulla", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lateral medulla", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kvRVfvc6NOi4JSdttjIN1745236300.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\"&gt;Lateral&lt;/span&gt; medu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with clinical features of ataxia and incoordination. This is due to thrombosis of which artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle cerebral artery (MCA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal carotid artery (ICA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PmJBOdVdnDqS34r4sfRo1746516309.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not used for the identification of the facial nerve trunk?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retrograde dissection from distal branch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tragal pointer", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior belly of digastric", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ots5P2Djn6A8KM2ApWZI1746516522.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Entry into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">Parotid</span> Gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The main trunk enters on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1b0b6b9c716927771966dfdac754d\">posteromedial</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Division of Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Divides within the gland, <strong>behind and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> to the retromandibular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> </strong>and external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (ECA).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temporofacial vs. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea57afffa1692777184390211b80c\">Cervicofacial</span> Trunks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Temporofacial trunk:</strong> Contains <strong>more axons</strong> but fewer fascicles.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cervicofacial trunk:</strong> Contains <strong>more fascicles</strong> but fewer axons.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">Parotid</span> Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The trunks branch further to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42d0553c3916927771944110a6f15b\">parotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> (pes anserinus) from which the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> branches arise.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Terminal Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An exhausted man was brought to the casualty with minimal response. He had a progressive history of weakness in his body for 2 days with facial droop, and slurring speech. Which vessel is likely to be thrombosed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Middle cerebral artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jjIuY0D40Nnc53xV3Yys1747980437.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:645px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Occlusion: Affected Areas and Deficits</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Anterior cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Medial aspect of hemisphere</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>- <strong>Paracentral lobule:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">Contralateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> loss in the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8ed8e0fb61692777187c860f7056f\">extremity</span> and perineum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> weakness and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae01203b4169277718914c4efe843\">hyperreflexia</span> in the lower extremity, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> incontinence</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Middle cerebral artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lateral surface</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Frontal lobe:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">Contralateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> weakness and weakness in upper limb, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2421c657771692777185af1b7b59c3\">conjugate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of the eye to the affected side, Broca aphasia</li>\n<li><strong>Temporal lobe:</strong> Deafness, Wernicke aphasia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> hallucinations</li>\n<li><strong>Parietal lobe:</strong> Gerstmann syndrome (dominant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d702dfe10816927771881b37be4e4a\">hemisphere</span> lesion), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81203ae99a1692777188b245ee4376\">hemi</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc4fd945b61692777193cadcf42cfb\">neglect</span> syndrome (nondominant hemisphere)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Posterior cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Occipital lobe, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> aspect of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobe, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c808950f11692777199ccd2c1f2c1\">splenium</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Occipital lobe: </strong>Contralateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0600a6b52316927771899e12e7ec86\">homonymous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64341b503a1692777188b9a3b26c59\">hemianopia</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebad8eb48c1692777191b5de5d04a1\">macular</span> sparing</li>\n<li><strong>Temporal lobe:</strong> Incapacity to create and store new memory</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked in the below image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caudate nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Insula", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lentiform nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Third ventricle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lentiform nucleus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ICUZcIMXC9q2NWxeuGFV1747981092.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3VWGLMFcBFK1SPm4snGn1747129207.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/csS6lRr8OWIkTxcbgbWL1747129207.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which structure is not present in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tail of the caudate nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fimbriae", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collateral eminence", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tail of the caudate nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Tail of the &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d14ed8c1216927771832ccea0c79f\"&gt;caudate&lt;/span&gt; nucleu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the nerve passing through the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oculomotor nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abducens nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trochlear nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ophthalmic division", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Oculomotor nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/61glRZsrbU1Ni7RPK3XA1741768151.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/602NjJUyXTwQPRVibk7q1741768224.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NtYaPpT0WqzMUfxbrtD61741768245.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lw0reMY2P05qz7wWmqMB1741219302.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cranial Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CN III</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (interpeduncular fossa)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through the <strong>cavernous sinus</strong>, then through the <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfe6beb7131692777194500ac5f2d2\">orbital</span> fissure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior rectus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> rectus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> rectus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> oblique, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">Levator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f6407581c1692777194e86eb9904c\">palpebrae</span> superioris</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pupil <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> (via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> ganglion)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CN III <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3e67cebd51692777194f5257898e4\">palsy</span> causes <strong>ptosis, down-and-out gaze, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> dilation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The nerve passing through the red arrow marked region has been lesioned. Which of the following will be the clinical presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of sensation in the mucosa of nasopharynx", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loss of sensation in maxillary area of face", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of sensation in jaw area", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of sensation in scalp and nose", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Loss of sensation in scalp and nose", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hesLTOIZA7NfAxBRxXi31726836158.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iPeorruCaHaCTwQD6sEB1727178229.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Loss of sensation in &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038a2a2fd4169277719894dc7db4bb\"&gt;scalp&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 year old female presented with lesion below shown. This would result in which kind of field abnormality?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homonymous hemianopia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Complete blindness", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Single vision field loss", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bitemporal hemianopia", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aU27nrhSbdxn5ITPdC0T1724830232.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b17da47ce16927771831d5dde3af3\"&gt;Bitemporal&lt;/span&gt; h\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the arrow marked nerve:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial pectoral nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral pectoral nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Long thoracic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoracodorsal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Medial pectoral nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1VNXqBHG5TqVFLORUcpB1724927859.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\"&gt;Medial&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\"&gt;pectoral&lt;/span&gt; nerv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ptosis in hornerβs syndrome is due to paralysis of which muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior tarsal muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Orbitalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Orbicularis oculi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphincter pupillae", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superior tarsal muscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Superior &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b07a8f84ed1692777200d49cca6177\"&gt;Tarsal&lt;/span&gt; Muscle (MΓΌller's Muscle)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the effects of a lesion in Brodmann area 22?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Expressive aphasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Receptive aphasia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Poor repetition of language", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Poor naming", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Receptive aphasia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with loss of sensation on lateral 3 1 / 2 hand and thenar atrophy. Which nerve is involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Median", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Median", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vw2h1kwYR18cs1NvGVrX1747657121.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Dysfunction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Dysfunction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Deformity/Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> muscles (thumb opposition), <strong>flexor muscles</strong> of forearm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of sensation in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3.5 fingers (thumb, index, middle, half of the ring finger)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ape hand</strong> (thenar atrophy), <strong>Carpal tunnel syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar Nerve </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> hand muscles (especially interossei), <strong>hypothenar muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of sensation in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 1.5 fingers (little and half of the ring finger)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Claw hand</strong>, <strong>Hypothenar atrophy</strong>, <strong>Cubital tunnel syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial Nerve </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to extend wrist and fingers (wrist drop)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of sensation over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the hand</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wrist drop</strong>, <strong>Saturday night palsy</strong>, <strong>Radial tunnel syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN) </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73eb6a06aa1692777202a9f27fafa2\">flex</span> thumb and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ee643d13c1692777190386314a416\">index finger</span> (loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> phalanges)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss (pure motor neuropathy)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inability to make \"OK\" sign</strong> (difficulty flexing thumb and index finger)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Long Thoracic Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\">serratus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> muscle, affecting scapular movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Winged scapula</strong> (scapula protrudes from the back)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An elderly woman reports difficulty in buttoning her shirt and increased clumsiness during daily activities. On examination, she is unable to make an 'O' shape by opposing her thumb and index finger. Which of the following muscles is most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Opponens pollicis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palmar interossei", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Abductor pollicis brevis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thenar muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ <strong>Abductor pollicis brevis</strong></p>\n<p>β’ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> pollicis brevis</p>\n<p>β’ Opponens pollicis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ Abducts thumb</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>β’ Flexes thumb</p>\n<p>β’ Opposes thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AbPB: <strong>Median nerve</strong> (recurrent branch)</p>\n<p>FPB: Dual (Median + Ulnar)</p>\n<p>OP: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> (variable)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothenar muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a19c0413216927771801f371db10e\">Abductor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</p>\n<p>β’ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi brevis</p>\n<p>β’ Opponens <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls movement of little finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (deep branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbricals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ 1st &amp; 2nd (lateral)</p>\n<p>β’ 3rd &amp; 4th (medial)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flex MCPs and extend IP joints</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral 2: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> nerve</p>\n<p>Medial 2: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Palmar interossei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ Three muscles (unipennate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction of fingers (PAD)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (deep branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal interossei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ Four muscles (bipennate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abduction of fingers (DAB)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (deep branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor pollicis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ Oblique and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> heads</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adducts the thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (deep branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Palmaris brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β’ One small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tenses skin over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (superficial branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An absent gag reflex can result from injury to which cranial nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "9 and 10", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "10 and 7", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "7 and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "5 and 9", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 9 and 10", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β 9\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structure:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal capsule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Body of fornix", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Globus pallidus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral ventricle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Internal capsule", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/UxI42UU7dSkK20lHCm341747652173.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/zNP3n6tv04vjHhtr2LqD1747652251.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "While administering epidural anesthesia, which structure is not punctured before injecting the drug?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supraspinous ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interspinous ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ligamentum flavum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arachnoid mater", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Arachnoid mater", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/44Anokmd0dzLXRU47Ubr1747381370.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9gxU0Zd34MBiV6cY51Sq1747381370.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which artery is involved in Lateral medullary syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/uSPYONdstdssmAccVFzV1746167003.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Jibtet9BNwjBZRnYAQk91745991438.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presenting clinical feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus ambiguous gives fibers to IX, X, and XI <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> pain and temperature loss</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral body pain and temperature loss</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibular nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertigo</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle, spino cerebellar tracts, and part of cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral ataxia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic fibres descend from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> to cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> horn of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hornerβs syndrome, comprising ptosis, enophthalmos, miosis, and anhydrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following: A) Glossopharyngeal nerve 1) Shrugging of shoulder B) Spinal accessory nerve 2) Touch sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue C) Facial nerve 3) Chewing D) Mandibular nerve 4) Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p>A) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">Glossopharyngeal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p>2) Touch sensation from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> one-third of the tongue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>1) Shrugging of shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>4) Taste from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> two third of the tongue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>D) Mandibular nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3) Chewing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>CN</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Olfactory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Smell (only CN without thalamic relay to cortex)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Sensory</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Optic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Sight</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Sensory</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Oculomotor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Eye movement (SR, IR, MR, IO), pupillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> (sphincter pupillae), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0682eacfc1692777180ad2c556c19\">accommodation</span> (ciliary muscle), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"819ddea9e51692777187cdff06b437\">eyelid</span> opening (levator palpebrae)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Trochlear</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Eye movement (SO)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Trigeminal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Mastication, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> sensation (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions), somatosensation from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> 2/3 of tongue, dampening loud noises (tensor tympani)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Both</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Abducens</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>VI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Eye movement (LR)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Facial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>VII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Facial movement, eye closing (orbicularis oculi), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> volume <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c0c4e41b31692777192be0fbfce62\">modulation</span> (stapedius), taste from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> 2/3 of tongue (chorda tympani), lacrimation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3c45b71f616927771983a1da80a25\">salivation</span> (submandibular and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> glands)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Both</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Vestibulocochlear</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>VIII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Hearing, balance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Sensory</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Glossopharyngeal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>IX</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Taste and sensation from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> 1/3 of tongue, swallowing, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3c45b71f616927771983a1da80a25\">salivation</span> (parotid gland), monitoring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> body and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> chemo- and baroreceptors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">elevation</span> of pharynx/larynx (stylopharyngeus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Both</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Vagus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>X</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Taste from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7813a61d5816927771991abd685f88\">supraglottic</span> region, swallowing, soft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0f278b4b416927771943c92485603\">palate</span> elevation, midline uvula, talking, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f02e74e821692777185a0c005c508\">cough</span> reflex, parasympathetics to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc7b2d1e616927772006f92a97503\">thoracoabdominal</span> viscera, monitoring aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> chemo- and baroreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Both</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Accessory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>XI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Head turning, shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Hypoglossal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>XII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Tongue movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The marked structure relays efferents to which nucleus of the thalamus? [", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior nucleus of thalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral nucleus of thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventro-postero-lateral nucleus of thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior nucleus of thalamus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior nucleus of thalamus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/GDH8D2qIx6MsCLvKrjTE1746167887.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is derived from the marked point in the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ribs", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kidneys", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal root ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parietal pleura", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ribs", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/UiDYYEmJYVgdo6VHRT4Q1746168015.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6LZecURQI9zJwvnftzw51746168171.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nwPf6e0J3h7oM43FguRl1745993827.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G3rxdL2EgQHMCqnC3i041745993827.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0cVuGwn4Ark30lSwEXt41745993827.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:701px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e9e45d5f116927771943474ef6d10\">Paraxial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">Mesoderm</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Plate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">Mesoderm</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">Intermediate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">Mesoderm</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located on either side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2526bc3aa1692777193815af16a7b\">notochord</span> and becomes thick.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms a thinner layer located laterally.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> strip found between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e9e45d5f116927771943474ef6d10\">paraxial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> plate mesoderm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Somitomeres:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> and muscles of the head and jaw.</li>\n<li><strong>Somites: </strong>Form <strong>midline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> skeleton, skeletal muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"521e76df7d1692777186faf836b3f8\">dermis</span> of back.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Somatopleuric (parietal) layer: </strong>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue of the body wall and limbs, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00a7c7094b16927771811aa4aaf64b\">appendicular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70f596ae8f16927771983211d9e56f\">skeleton</span> bones , muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"521e76df7d1692777186faf836b3f8\">dermis</span> of periphery.</li>\n<li><strong>Splanchnopleuric (visceral) layers: </strong>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue and smooth muscle layers of the gut, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3739d892c1692777184b2e134615c\">circulatory</span> system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It forms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urinary and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> systems.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the blood supply of the marked area in the given image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior cerebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qeywxXPAmT2pU7tGGmE51746168635.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:652px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blood Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Medulla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> artery</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> artery</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> cerebellar artery</li>\n<li>Medullary branch from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Pons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> cerebellar artery</li>\n<li>Pontine branch from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> artery</li>\n<li>Superior cerebellar artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Midbrain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior cerebral artery</li>\n<li>Superior cerebellar artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Thalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c3efbee661692777184685e54c75e\">communicating</span> artery</li>\n<li>Posterior cerebral artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Cerebellum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> cerebellar artery</li>\n<li>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> cerebellar artery</li>\n<li>Superior cerebellar artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the neural columns in medial-to-lateral order in the floor of fourth ventricle 1. Special somatic afferent 2. Special visceral afferent 3. General somatic afferent 4. General somatic afferent", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "VA, GSA, GVA, SSA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "SSA, GSA, SVE, GVA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GSA, SSA, SVA, GSA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c9xQDxPnchfacnOUGFDt1746086113.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iuDCH9hwinuCYozgtkKv1745213380.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The patient presented with ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in the face, Horner's syndrome, and Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in the body. Which artery is involved in the syndrome based on clinical features?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Basilar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KAO0OzO4K7ceOQIFjT0s1745933466.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VAicdCtqaRtJVZCIyExG1745214290.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presenting clinical feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus ambiguous gives fibers to IX, X, and XI <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> of muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> pain and temperature loss</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral body pain and temperature loss</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibular nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertigo</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle, spino cerebellar tracts, and part of cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral ataxia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic fibres descend from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> to cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> horn of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hornerβs syndrome, comprising ptosis, enophthalmos, miosis, and anhydrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the vertebral level shown by the arrow in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L2-L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L4-L5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L5-S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L3-L4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. L4-L5", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/vrmru4nfKsRSRee7p5bd1747378267.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ If the blue line is at the L4-L5 level, then this option is correct. L4-L5 refers to the intervertebral space between the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) and the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). This is a common area for vertebral numbering and is often used as a reference point in medical and anatomical contexts.</li><li>β³ L2-L3 (Option A): This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. The L2-L3 level would be higher up on the spine, and if the blue line is visibly at L4-L5, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ L2-L3 (Option A):</li><li>β³ L5-S1 (Option C): This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. L5-S1 refers to the intervertebral space between the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the first sacral vertebra (S1), which is lower down the spine. If the blue line is at L4-L5, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ L5-S1 (Option C):</li><li>β³ L3-L4 (Option D): This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. L3-L4 refers to the intervertebral space between the third lumbar vertebra (L3) and the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4). If the blue line is visible at the L4-L5 level, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ L3-L4 (Option D):</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old patient presents with a swelling below the ear and complains of pain in the lobule of the ear. The patient also reports difficulty in completely closing the left eye and experiences trouble while eating food. What nerve is most likely to be damaged in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Greater Auricular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Facial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/xyaw7U8zAy03bT5qYAmn1747396315.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/m2oNUI9iRldXhI7ehrVc1746180454.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4GwGtYckH9WDiz5dFASw1746180454.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:900px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Auricle (Pinna)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>External Auditory Meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic cartilage, except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"633bbec0f916927771913a073bbea5\">lobule</span> (fibrofatty tissue)</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cartilaginous part (Outer 1/3)</strong> with hair and ceruminous glands</li>\n<li><strong>Bony part (Inner 2/3),</strong> with thin skin continuous with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane, lacks hair and glands.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concha </strong>(Depression leading to the external meatus)</li>\n<li><strong>Helix</strong> (Prominent rim with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> limbs)</li>\n<li><strong>Antihelix (</strong>Parallel ridge to the helix)</li>\n<li><strong>Tragus &amp; Antitragus</strong> (Separated by inter-tragic notch)</li>\n<li><strong>Cymba Conchae</strong> (Above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653381031a1692777185f2d7287a66\">crus</span> of helix)</li>\n<li><strong>Lobule</strong> (Soft, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"384d0cc3641692777202e927a4d222\">fleshy</span> part below antitragus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Surface</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower third: <strong>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve (C2, C3)</strong></li>\n<li>Upper two-thirds:<strong> Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)</strong></li>\n<li>Concha:<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">Auricular</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> (CN X) (Aldermanβs Nerve)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p><strong>Medial Surface</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower third: <strong>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e825a1e928169277718206e4709c41\">auricular</span> nerve</strong></li>\n<li>Upper two-thirds:<strong> Lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> nerve (C2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Roof &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Wall: </strong>Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)</li>\n<li><strong>Floor &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> Wall: </strong>Auricular branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> (CN X)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>McEwenβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> (Cymba Conchae)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> landmark on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> bone to locate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a59fda103116927771912d5d76d293\">mastoid</span> antrum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Furuncles (cartilaginous part) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> to infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which pathway provides afferent fibers to the mammillary body, a structure located beneath the brain's surface?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pituitary gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fornix", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fornix", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d9rCWNDEwoeXKS4QMIXT1715064639.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - F\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle among the following is not innervated by the structure labeled as A?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior rectus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior oblique", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial rectus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Levator palpebrae superioris (LPS)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Superior oblique", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/y8IejP5eLoslXrSZb5El1712129712.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Superior obliqu\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:525px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ocular Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects of Injury/Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior rectus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor nerve (III)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to elevate the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior rectus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor nerve (III)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to depress the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial rectus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor nerve (III)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to adduct the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral rectus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abducens nerve (VI)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc4da2fb151692777180dc699ae203\">abduct</span> the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior oblique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trochlear nerve (IV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to depress and intort the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior oblique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor nerve (III)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to elevate and extort the eye</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Levator palpebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oculomotor nerve (III)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The nerve of the second branchial arch is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trigeminal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vagal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Facial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\"&gt;Facial&lt;/span&gt; nerv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man is accompanied by his wife to the Neurology OPD. His wife expressed concern about her husband's condition and they were directed to this facility by a local doctor. According to the doctor's note, the patient is unable to repeat spoken words, but can comprehend them and respond appropriately by nodding. The patient also experiences difficulty in naming people and writing. The doctor referred the patient to a specialized facility for a CT brain scan. As the intern on duty, you would inform the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) that this condition could be indicative of a brain lesion in which specific area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arcuate fasciculus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior commissure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fornix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Arcuate fasciculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\"&gt;Arcuate&lt;/span&gt; fasciculu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure indicated in the provided image originates from the", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mamillary body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hippocampus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ndP3CWnocI4hv2g2FzxI1694691901.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D4gdVmEmVcdCGR77EAJS1712129571.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents to you with inability to form words but can make noises. He also knows what he wants to say. What area of the brain has been damaged in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Wernickeβs area", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brocaβs area", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heschlβs area", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Striate area", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Brocaβs area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following sensations is not perceived by the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Temperature", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Touch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proprioception", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Proprioception", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trigeminal Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trigeminal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> (located in the pons)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Route</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Emerges from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> and enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> ganglion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divides into three main branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c09776e61f1692777194db295c590f\">Ophthalmic</span> branch: supplies sensation to the forehead, upper eyelid, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> cavity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Maxillary branch: supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, upper lip, cheek, and maxillary teeth</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. Mandibular branch: supplies sensation to the lower lip, chin, jaw, and mandibular teeth</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Function</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensory: Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b03f19a70169277718860e03c9a89\">general sensation</span> (touch, pain, and temperature) from the face and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> membranes of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> and oral cavities</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor: Innervates the muscles of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7beec9567a1692777191ec123e0989\">mastication</span> (jaw movement) and certain muscles in the floor of the mouth</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the wrongly marked structure in the diagram.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C-Hypothalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "B- Fornix", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D-Cerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. C-Hypothalamus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2jqXstvYXgU9TbHyA1Au1694691819.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hr2J6XzaTx4xxZ192UFk1712129496.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - C-Hypothalamu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the destination of the relayed signals from the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caudate nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lentiform nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dentate nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Red nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dentate nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -Β \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Please identify the structure indicated in the image below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Midbrain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medulla oblongata", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spinal cord", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pons", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LdXyOVK2k0bbWc1fUp0I1691387404.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β P\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which is the last fontanelle to close?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Occipital", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mastoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following cranial nerve nuclei is not a part of the special visceral afferent (SVA) column?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trochlear nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Trochlear nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Β Trochlear nerv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Brocaβs area is situated in the_________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior temporal gyrus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Angular gyrus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Postcentral gyrus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inferior frontal gyrus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DQGI38MTsKVW3Na7ch2k1714998954.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β Inferior &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\"&gt;frontal&lt;/span&gt; gyru\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked B in the image given below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pineal gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Falx cerebri", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fornix", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pituitary gland", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fornix", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1re1CJIOjIHBvmcJCX6K1694676790.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a17eac40ea16927772034ca233cb84\"&gt;Fornix&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which fibre is marked by the arrow in the image given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Short association", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Long association", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Projection", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Commissural", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Projection", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AuGsUpcEy9vkQ2kNRmno1714997698.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/andYq0Qsu6AeCf1U5SaQ1716382402.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Proj\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Failure of closure of rostral neuropore at 25th day leads to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hydranencephaly", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rachischisis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anencephaly", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spina bifida", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anencephaly", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Anenceph\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The blood supply to the structure marked in the image is by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vertebral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal carotid artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior cerebral artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle cerebral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior cerebral artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zIgoRnU856wCwpjGNAKG1712129799.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;Anterior&lt;/span&g\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood Vessel</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Description</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">Carotid</span> Arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Major arteries that supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the brain. They divide into the middle cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> cerebral artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral Arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two arteries that merge at the base of the brain to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf3585c06f1692777182cba3cb4c97\">basilar</span> artery. They supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the brain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basilar Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by the merging of the two vertebral arteries; supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> and cerebellum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Circle of Willis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> arrangement of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the major arteries. It helps provide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"337d16dac5169277718474b97f6e4a\">circulation</span> and equalize blood supply to different brain regions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle Cerebral Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Artery that supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, including areas involved in speech and motor control.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior Cerebral Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Artery that supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobes and parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior Cerebral Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Artery that supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the brain, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> lobes and parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c3efbee661692777184685e54c75e\">Communicating</span> Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects the two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> cerebral arteries in the Circle of Willis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c3efbee661692777184685e54c75e\">Communicating</span> Arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> cerebral arteries with the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> arteries in the Circle of Willis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A lesion of the structure marked in the image below causes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Contralateral hemiplegia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ataxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tinnitus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ipsilateral facial palsy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Contralateral hemiplegia", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yrahOu1LUVTGMD7K3Fpa1712129746.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\"&gt;Contralateral&lt;/span&gt; hemipleg\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brainstem Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects/Signs and Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medullary Pyramids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pyramid lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contralateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e69f1c7691692777188a80c8ffd0d\">hemiplegia</span> (paralysis of the opposite side of the body)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pons (Cranial Nerves)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cranial nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> lesions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> depending on the affected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> palsy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d1eb38ecf1692777200bb65bbdefb\">trigeminal</span> neuralgia)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Tectum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">colliculus</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired visual reflexes, such as difficulty in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb0986d331692777200ab09e1b2e8\">tracking</span> moving objects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Tegmentum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> and control of voluntary movements</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Tegmentum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substantia <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2fc45b6181692777193ed78c4835a\">nigra</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Tegmentum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Edinger-Westphal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired pupillary reflexes and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0682eacfc1692777180ad2c556c19\">accommodation</span> (light response and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fefa53d9f216927772037e31a651d7\">focusing</span> of the eyes)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midbrain (Tegmentum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Periaqueductal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4baa7caf471692777188e7f07ce90e\">Gray matter</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Altered pain perception, including diminished or absent response to pain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d702dfe10816927771881b37be4e4a\">hemisphere</span> lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ataxia (lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> of voluntary movements), intention tremors, balance issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vermis lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Truncal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0842a8a59f1692777182f44d334dda\">ataxia</span> (difficulty in maintaining upright <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and balance)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reticular Formation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reticular activating system lesion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Altered consciousness, coma, sleep-wake cycle disturbances</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A woman presented with sudden onset of dysphagia, dysarthria, and gait ataxia. MRI revealed an acute infarct in the right dorsolateral medulla. What is the likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dejerineβs anterior bulbar syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wallenberg syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Babinski-Nageotte syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Weber syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Wallenberg syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Smv13Tg6S1a311vTdCBA1714979196.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bm5IrpXh68GAdhZYlfR91714979244.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Wallenberg\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 72 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Neuro Anatomy-Ventricular System White Matter And Neural Columns - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 16</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 16 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which structure forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Head of the caudate nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Head of the caudate nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/44i9cdso6TLIHAGyyXew1740236179.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9otkLBxHgObJKmb7Vx7N1740236191.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Relations of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> Ventricles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Corpus Callosum</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Caudate Nucleus</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Roof of the body of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ventricle</li>\n<li>Roof, floor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Wall of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">Frontal</span> horn</li>\n<li>Roof, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> wall of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">Occipital</span> horn</li>\n<li>Lateral part of the Roof of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">Temporal</span> Horn</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Head - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> wall and floor of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Horn</li>\n<li>Body - Part of the Floor of the body of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> ventricle</li>\n<li>Tail - Roof of inferior/temporal horn</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cranial nerve sensory fibres transmit sensory information from the skin and mucous membranes of the face, head, and neck?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "General Somatic Afferent (GSA) fibres", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. General Somatic Afferent (GSA) fibres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 7-year-old girl presents with severe headaches, vomiting, and papilloedema. Imaging reveals obstructive hydrocephalus due to a tumour blocking the exit of cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle. Which of the following structures is most likely blocked?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The Foramen of Monro", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Foramina of Luschka", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Foramen rotundum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Foramen ovale", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Foramina of Luschka", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Foramen of Magendie</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Median aperture)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Foramina of Luschka</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Lateral aperture)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caudal to the cerebellar nodule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>At the ends of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> recesses of the 4th ventricle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main communication between ventricles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allow communication between the fourth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Associated Pathology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstruction leads to hydrocephalus.</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"43c30dc8c8169277718317ffb7dea0\">blockage</span> here would prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> from exiting medially into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstruction leads to hydrocephalus.</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"43c30dc8c8169277718317ffb7dea0\">blockage</span> here prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> from exiting laterally from the fourth ventricle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms of Obstruction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Headache, vomiting, papilloedema</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Headache, vomiting, papilloedema</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the given options are correctly matched based on the image given?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3- Lateral recess, 5- Frontal horn", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1- Occipital horn, 7- Third Ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2- Fourth Ventricle, 4- Aqueduct", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "3- Temporal horn, 6- Aqueduct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 2- Fourth Ventricle, 4- Aqueduct", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D18QD66P1LoB2uwOVqZE1740235933.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xeQ5ZntBfgZ16CKATQST1740235898.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is a primary characteristic of Benign External Hydrocephalus (BEH) in infants?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Severe neurological symptoms", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Macrocephaly without significant symptoms", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Necessitates immediate surgical intervention", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased ventricular enlargement", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Macrocephaly without significant symptoms", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Benign External Hydrocephalus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space volume with minimal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> enlargement, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be4655aa771692777191f2dbef3d4a\">macrocephaly</span> (large head).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> because of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd3534c97c16927771823c0d04f685\">arachnoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbea63556f1692777202e8abdd66a4\">villi</span> immaturity</li>\n<li>Venous defects</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased head circumference- raised ICP</li>\n<li>Poor motor development</li>\n<li>Hypotonia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"998fb41ebc1692777202e46891c4a7\">vomiting</span> and seizures.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Investigations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Through CT or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe3220767716927771892419444041\">imaging</span> showing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a5d82eeef169277719934b86fb07b\">subarachnoid</span> space widening;</li>\n<li>Clinical assessment.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Conservative Observation: For cases without significant symptoms.</li>\n<li>Surgical Options: Considered if increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d44b4af771692777189fb3f01cb77\">ICP</span> or other complications are present (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6bc7a065216927772019e9b85fcce\">ventriculoperitoneal</span> shunt).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following wall of the 3rd ventricle with its respective component. 1. Anterior wall a) Hypothalamus 2. Posterior Wall b) Mammillary bodies 3. Lateral wall c) Lamina terminalis 4. Floor d) Pineal gland", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pBUZxbdDSUEKpVyrwKNZ1740236036.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/F86hVf0B6VLM77YeAPFN1740236048.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Wall of 3rd Ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior column of fornix</li>\n<li>Anterior commissure</li>\n<li>Lamina terminalis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pineal gland</li>\n<li>Posterior commissure</li>\n<li>Commencement of cerebral aqueduct</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be78516bed1692777187ac533d9c78\">ependyma</span> that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad337177ee1692777199de941a0cda\">stretches</span> across the upper limits of two thalami</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Optic chiasma</li>\n<li>Tuber cinereum and infundibulum</li>\n<li>Mammillary bodies</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eabd01cba8169277719581b5b4420b\">perforated</span> substance</li>\n<li>Tegmentum of the midbrain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Walls</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Divided by Hypothalamic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> into:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Large superior part- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> surface of the thalamus.</li>\n<li>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> part- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">Hypothalamus</span> and it is continuous with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> floor.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following boundary of the 4th ventricle with its component. 1. Lateral wall a) Superior medullary velum 2. Posterior wall b) Superior medulla 3. Rhomboid fossa c) Superior cerebellar peduncle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-b", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-c", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1-c, 2-a, 3-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Boundaries of 4th Ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferolaterally- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> cerebellar peduncle, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"776c5be31e1692777188c8916fba20\">gracile</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a36a9cd509169277718558c816914c\">cuneate</span> tubercles</li>\n<li>Superolaterally- Superior cerebellar peduncle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof (Posterior Wall)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior Part</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Medial borders of the two superior cerebellar peduncles.</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"528886a2ed16927772014326a7c2b6\">velum</span> (a sheet of white matter).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Inferior Part</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"528886a2ed16927772014326a7c2b6\">velum</span> (ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be78516bed1692777187ac533d9c78\">ependyma</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"556589a02516927771951f9bf061aa\">pia</span> mater)</li>\n<li>Median <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31755c35251692777181caed228f5e\">aperture</span> (foramen of Magendie) in the midline.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral Recesses</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Extend laterally around the medulla.</li>\n<li>Open anteriorly as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9856b87c216927772038555ec4258\">foramina</span> of Luschka (lateral openings of the fourth ventricle).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rhomboid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">Fossa</span> (Floor)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of the pons</li>\n<li>The upper part of the medulla</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which structure in the floor of the 4th ventricle consists of transverse white fibres derived from the arcuate nuclei?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sulcus limitans", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stria medullaris", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Locus ceruleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Area postrema", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Stria medullaris", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OCutkxTSN1A1mXFLORbQ1740236115.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Bnmi71Uv0sf3RrcpwyDB1740236127.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not cross the midline?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corpus Callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior Commissure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fornix", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arcuate Fasciculus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Arcuate Fasciculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Commissural fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Projection</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>They connect one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d702dfe10816927771881b37be4e4a\">hemisphere</span> to the opposite side, linking corresponding (homotopic) or different (heterotopic) areas.Β </p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Corpus Callosum</strong>: The largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"935fe383981692777184d257bc8571\">commissural</span> structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, located at the bottom of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fissure. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Anterior Commissure</strong>: A smaller <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> of nerve fibres crossing the midline at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> terminalis.<strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Fornix</strong>: Composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> fibres, it connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce110705616927771896c58ac81b5\">hippocampus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> bodies in the hypothalamus. It connects the hippocampal formations of the 2 sides. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Projection fibres</strong> connect the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed2f4c790516927771840d0d99e9f4\">cerebral cortex</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4960c2ad8169277719913d61ad2a9\">subcortical</span> structures, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord, and include both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> (corticofugal) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> (corticopetal) fibres.</p>\n<p>These fibres converge in the <strong>corona radiata</strong>, pass through the <strong>internal capsule</strong>, and are flanked by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d14ed8c1216927771832ccea0c79f\">caudate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> medially, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b053edc5951692777191ef548602ef\">lentiform</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> laterally.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which association fibre connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Uncinate Fasciculus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arcuate Fasciculus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Arcuate Fasciculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ozg85ygBYpgddSD7vY6d1740236261.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Arcuate fasciculus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Uncinate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Inferior and Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fasciculus</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option B &amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is seen on the left side of the cerebrum.</li>\n<li>In 95% of people, the language area is on the left dominant hemisphere.</li>\n<li>Wernicke's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> speech area in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> is connected with Broca's motor speech area in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fasciculus.</li>\n<li>It does not cross the midline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Connecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</li>\n<li>It does not cross the midline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fasciculus</u><strong>: </strong>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobes.</li>\n<li><u>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fasciculus</u><strong>: </strong>Connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobe.</li>\n<li>They do not cross the midline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the corpus callosum contains fibres that connect the right and left occipital cortices?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rostrum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Genu", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Body or Trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Splenium", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Splenium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D5vBCGcYk9KY1Cza5KeZ1740236383.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KWj2nRaZ345L2O6wztRx1740236403.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cranial nerve motor fibres are responsible for innervating skeletal muscles that develop from somites?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "General Somatic Efferent fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Special Visceral Efferent fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "General Visceral Efferent fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Special Somatic Afferent fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. General Somatic Efferent fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/79OiKe0qB0dmXPruhBWg1740236437.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">Neural</span> Columns</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>GSE (General <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> Efferent)</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>GVE (General Visceral Efferent)</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>SVE (Special Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">Efferent</span> )</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to skeletal muscles that develop from somites.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autonomic (involuntary) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to smooth muscles and glands.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervate muscles that are derived from pharyngeal arches, not somites.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voluntary movements such as eye and tongue movements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> constriction, salivation, digestion, and heart rate regulation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> expression, mastication, and swallowing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oculomotor (III)</li>\n<li>Trochlear (IV)</li>\n<li>Abducens (VI)</li>\n<li>Hypoglossal (XII)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oculomotor (III)</li>\n<li>Facial (VII)</li>\n<li>Glossopharyngeal (IX)</li>\n<li>Vagus (X)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Facial (VII)</li>\n<li>Trigeminal (V)</li>\n<li>Accessory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve (XI)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cranial nerve sensory fibres are primarily responsible for transmitting sensations from the tongue to the brainstem?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) fibres", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "General Somatic Afferent (GSA) fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibres", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) fibres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Special <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">Sensory</span> Column</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Special Visceral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> (SVA) fibres</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Special <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">Somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> (SSA) fibres</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>SVA fibres are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> fibres responsible for transmitting<strong> taste sensations from the tongue to the brainstem. </strong></li>\n<li>These fibres terminate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> solitarius in the medulla</li>\n<li>Cranial nerves - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">Facial</span> (VII), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">Glossopharyngeal</span> (IX).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>SSA fibres are responsible for transmitting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information related to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faaf7f848a16927771993a3974ac36\">special senses</span> of smell, vision, hearing, and balance.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> nerve (II), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30cac2b1a216927771941c69ff66a3\">olfactory</span> nerve (III), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b774537d0c1692777201dee32072fe\">vestibulocochlear</span> nerve (VIII) are part of SSA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary function of the alar plate in the developing neural tube?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Development of motor nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Processing sensory information", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Formation of autonomic motor fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Regulation of somatic motor output", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Processing sensory information", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3wIqgBXjlGA5KNXT5pdM1740236500.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following cranial nerve nuclei originates from the General Visceral Efferent (GVE) column of the basal plate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoglossal nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facial nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cochlear nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dpJjN4DJMtUueOSS4dzC1740236551.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5 year old boy came with complaints of sudden onset weakness in his lower limbs. His parents mention a history of viral illness with fever and sore throat. On examination, the boy has flaccid paralysis of his legs with muscle wasting, absent deep tendon reflexes, and no sensory deficits. Which of the following structures is primarily affected in this condition, leading to muscle paralysis and wasting?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior white columns of the spinal cord", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior grey columns of the spinal cord", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinothalamic tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebellar peduncles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anterior grey columns of the spinal cord", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oGH7JjYdSBGXTefdvXbT1740236583.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 26 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Osteology And Arthrology-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 6</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 6 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "The marked structure serves as a surface landmark for which anatomical structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pineal gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wernicke's area", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stem of lateral sulcus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal carotid artery siphon", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Stem of lateral sulcus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fKIImAV1zan7WKSsFDWB1741767383.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mvWbc1nbXfczqxiLEcLn1741218753.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EDTLyGYrOQdWA6gmFZFb1741218733.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends to</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contains</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle cerebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (MCA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Landmark for neurosurgery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> mapping</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Related Clinical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MCA strokes affect motor, sensory, and language functions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The bone shown in the image is not associated with which of the following types of joints?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Syndesmosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plane synovial joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Synchondrosis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Synchondrosis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gmvi2DACQIzHKYmGGBDc1717740037.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Synch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the type of joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Synchondrosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synostosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Syndesmosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Synchondrosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cSkBuoKqkmxUCZW45gre1747373344.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ix84xJaB4CUnXAVT3o6F1747373356.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joints (Synchondrosis)</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joints (Symphysis) (Option A)</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Immobile</li>\n<li>Occur where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3be8c9fc131692777194e15d6aeef3\">ossification</span> centres remain separated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2ce88e8a0169277718988f5bc31b8\">hyaline</span> cartilage.</li>\n<li>Found in bones that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> from more than one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3be8c9fc131692777194e15d6aeef3\">ossification</span> centre.</li>\n<li>Hyaline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> here can ossify with age, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> when growth is completed.</li>\n<li>Temporary and mainly for growth.</li>\n<li>Mostly associated with growth plates. The joint between the first rib and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f52cf1a7f1692777191d49738d6b9\">manubrium</span> is a permanent synchondrosis.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/cSkBuoKqkmxUCZW45gre1747373344.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Slightly mobile</li>\n<li>Defined by a pad or disc of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50747b27421692777202260a27b878\">fibrocartilage</span> between articulating bones, e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> discs.</li>\n<li>Built to handle a variety of stresses (compression, tension, etc.).</li>\n<li>Permanent and provide limited movement.</li>\n<li>Found along the midline (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> symphysis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> joints). Strong ligaments reinforce the joints and are key to stability and movement.</li>\n<li>Symphyses are built for durability and movement, but they also allow growth in areas like the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> discs.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ix84xJaB4CUnXAVT3o6F1747373356.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of this bone is palpable in the infraclavicular fossa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7GaAHtQ1JCqtWFaoFNYo1747057329.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:574px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Palpability</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spine of scapula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Easily <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd478e4ff816927771949528846af9\">palpable</span> posteriorly.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acromion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> and superior part, prominent.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coracoid process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palpable in the <strong>infraclavicular fossa</strong>, serves as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> site.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior angle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palpable at the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> end of the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of joint is seen in the labeled structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Syndesmosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Primary cartilaginous joints", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibrous joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary cartilaginous joint", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Secondary cartilaginous joint", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EJLd4rEPNq0NwYLl8uGv1746783880.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joint (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sutures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Syndesmoses</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gomphosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Joint between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fa073bd8016927771872ee5b57674\">epiphysis</span> and diaphysis</li>\n<li>Between basiocciput and basisphenoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Symphysis menti</li>\n<li>Symphysis pubis</li>\n<li>Manubrio sternal</li>\n<li>Joint between vertebral bodies, xiphisternal joint, midline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serrate</strong>: Sagittal</li>\n<li><strong>Denticulate</strong>: Lambdoid</li>\n<li><strong>Squamous</strong>:Temporoparietal</li>\n<li><strong>Plane</strong>: Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> process of maxillae</li>\n<li><strong>Schindylesis</strong>: Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd22f326b11692777197600574cc70\">rostrum</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> and upper margin of vomer</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fecef2f7c41692777200740aa13322\">tibiofibular</span> joint</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Tooth fit in the socket</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the labeled structure, what kind of joint is present?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sutures", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Primary cartilaginous joints", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibrous joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary cartilaginous joint", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Secondary cartilaginous joint", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ENClKVVhvdG0y2j4aPPT1746784797.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joint (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2a990a23c1692777183c6b47c7819\">Cartilaginous</span> Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sutures (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Syndesmoses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gomphosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Joint between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fa073bd8016927771872ee5b57674\">epiphysis</span> and diaphysis</li>\n<li>Between basiocciput and basisphenoid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Symphysis menti</li>\n<li>Symphysis pubis</li>\n<li>Manubrio sternal</li>\n<li>Joint between vertebral bodies, xiphisternal joint, midline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serrate:</strong> Sagittal</li>\n<li><strong>Denticulate:</strong> Lambdoid</li>\n<li><strong>Squamous:</strong>Temporoparietal</li>\n<li><strong>Plane:</strong> Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> process of maxillae</li>\n<li><strong>Schindylesis:</strong> Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd22f326b11692777197600574cc70\">rostrum</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32aabfe5711692777199d68bd57d67\">sphenoid</span> and upper margin of vomer</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fecef2f7c41692777200740aa13322\">tibiofibular</span> joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tooth fit in the socket</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 16 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Pelvis And Perineum-Development Of Gut Pelvis Perineum - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 10</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 10 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 35-year-old female presents with persistent flank pain. An abdominal ultrasound reveals that the lower poles of both kidneys are fused. What is the most likely developmental cause of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abnormal migration of the metanephros derivative", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Failure of the ureteric bud to differentiate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Complete degeneration of the pronephros", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Improper development of the urogenital sinus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Abnormal migration of the metanephros derivative", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2h9MCNRtjLJNS25UiVLy1740541842.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UCADtdHgpNKi0dx4WpVF1740541890.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Renal System Development</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Excretory Part</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\">Metanephrons</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bowman's capsule, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules, loop of Henle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Collecting Part</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\">Ureteric bud</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Collecting duct, minor calyces, major calyces, ureter.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 17-year-old girl with primary amenorrhea is diagnosed with Mullerian agenesis. Which all structures are likely to be affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper 1/3rd of the vagina", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Uterus, epoophoron, and lower 2/3rd of the vagina", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fallopian tube, trigone of bladder, and clitoris", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ovaries, clitoris, and labia majora", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper 1/3rd of the vagina", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LJUyxd6ZFZjb53Z2S4sL1740542270.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Wolffian DuctsΒ Β Β Β Β Β Β (Mesonephric Ducts)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>MΓΌllerian Ducts (Paramesonephric Ducts)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In males</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ureteric buds develop into ureters, pelvis, calyces, and collecting tubules of the kidneys.</li>\n<li>Trigone of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> bladder</li>\n<li>Posterior wall of the part of the prostatic urethra</li>\n<li><strong>Epididymis</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Ductus deferens</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Seminal vesicles</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Ejaculatory ducts</strong></li>\n<li>Mesodermal part of the prostate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Remains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552c5ff93a16927771977cf35eac28\">rudimentary</span> and forms an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b790a83bb41692777181cc3c0232af\">appendix</span> of testis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In females</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ureteric buds develop into ureters, pelvis, and calyces, and they collect tubules of the kidneys.</li>\n<li>Trigone of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> bladder</li>\n<li>Posterior wall of the urethra</li>\n<li>Epoophoron</li>\n<li>Paroophoron - Gartnerβs duct</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Uterine tubes</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Uterus</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Upper one-third of the vaginaΒ </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 26-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department in active labour. The obstetrician is concerned about the size of the pelvic outlet and its implications for the delivery of the baby. Which of the following structures is NOT considered a boundary of the pelvic outlet?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower border of the pubic symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ischial tuberosities", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tip of the coccyx", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sacral promontory", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sacral promontory", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bU4to64twNxvKszd7yom1740542539.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Openings in Perineum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Males</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Females</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urethra</li>\n<li>Anal canal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urethra</li>\n<li>Vagina</li>\n<li>Anal canal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 yr old male with injury to the perineum, presented with blood collection in the perineal area extending to the mid-thigh. Which of the following correctly describes the location and characteristics of the perineal space involved in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Obturator fascia and inferior pelvic diaphragm fascia meet to form its apex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Located below the perineal membrane, open anteriorly, and continuous with spaces in the scrotum and penis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It contains the urethral sphincter within the wall of the urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wedge-shaped spaces located below the pelvic diaphragm on either side of the anal canal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Located below the perineal membrane, open anteriorly, and continuous with spaces in the scrotum and penis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:431px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anal Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains the anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"618a865d4e1692777190f27bec2ffb\">ischioanal</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Urogenital Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contains external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2942e9d19616927772014161ee8f70\">urogenital</span> organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane, open anteriorly, it connects with spaces in the scrotum/penis (males) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"730ba6fe50169277718492019976c7\">clitoris</span> (females), enclosed posteriorly by Colles' fascia. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Situated above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane, previously thought to contain the urethral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (now known to be within the urethra), it is thin and open above. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ischioanal Fossa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wedge-shaped spaces in the anal triangle, located below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> diaphragm, base formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> skin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b42867b61169277718692205c2447\">diaphragm</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> meet. <strong>(Options A &amp; D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a newborn presenting with ambiguous genitalia at birth, USG reveals the presence of a uterus. The karyotype was found to be XY. What is the most common cause?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Excessive production of DHT.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mutation in the SRY gene.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inadequate expression of WNT4.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased levels of estrogen.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Mutation in the SRY gene.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/joCpDSuMzaguakYu4V0a1740541741.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:538px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Male Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Female Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Genital Tubercle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Becomes the <strong>phallus (penis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Becomes the <strong>clitoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Urethral Folds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fuse to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>penile urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Become the <strong>labia minora</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Genital Swellings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form the <strong>scrotum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form the <strong>labia majora</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 16-year-old adolescent girl developed secondary sexual characteristics at 12 but has never menstruated. Ultrasound indicates no uterus. Karyotyping and hormone assays are normal. Which structure is most likely NOT affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ovaries", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fallopian Tubes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper part of the Vagina", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cervix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ovaries", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An 8-year-old male child presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Imaging studies reveal a significant dilation of the ureters and an abnormal configuration of the bladder trigone. The patient is diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Urologists suspect that the anomaly is linked to the embryological development of the trigone of the bladder. Which of the following statements about the trigone of the urinary bladder is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The trigone is formed from the mesonephric duct.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The trigone is composed of endodermal tissue.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The proximal part of the mesonephric duct is the Wolffian duct. Mucosal rugosities are absent in trigone region.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The trigone is formed on the anterior wall of the bladder.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The trigone is composed of endodermal tissue.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wVvX38cjIog83LLUgkr71740541984.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A one-day-old newborn is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to severe respiratory distress. Prenatal ultrasounds had revealed bilateral renal agenesis and severe oligohydramnios. The neonatologist explains that this malformation occurred early in gestation. Which of the following developmental processes is most likely responsible for the bilateral renal agenesis seen in this newborn?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Failure of the ureteric bud formation and induce the metanephric mesenchyme.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Failure of the pronephros development", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Failure of the mesonephric duct to fuse with the urogenital sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Failure of the mesonephric duct to differentiate into kidney", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Failure of the ureteric bud formation and induce the metanephric mesenchyme.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SOpKKX9I9gUnyzIwtQMD1740542103.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Renal System Development</strong></h4>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Excretory Part</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\">Metanephrons</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bowman's capsule, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules, loop of Henle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Collecting Part</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align:center\">Ureteric bud</h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Collecting duct, minor calyces, major calyces, ureter.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pairs correctly matches the embryonic structure with its corresponding differentiated structure in males and females during the development of external genitalia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Genital tubercle β Clitoris (Female), Glans penis (Male)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Genital fold β Labia majora (Female), Penoscrotal raphe (Male)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Genital swelling β Labia majora (Female), Glans penis (Male)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Genital fold β Labia minora (Female), Scrotum (Male)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Genital tubercle β Clitoris (Female), Glans penis (Male)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TgJV6iqr0nfhR6rIDRbz1740542422.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:469px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Female</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Male</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Genital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> (phallus)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clitoris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glans penis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Genital fold (urethral fold) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Labia minora</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Penoscrotal raphe</li>\n<li>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> urethra</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Genital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> (labioscrotal swelling)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Labia majora</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scrotum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a pelvic exam, a gynaecologist is teaching the medical students about the structures of the vestibule of the vagina. Which of the following structures is NOT located within the vestibule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "External urethral orifice", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vaginal orifice", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Clitoral glans", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Openings of the Bartholin glands", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Clitoral glans", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/spjsfNB7B4NNIqLYuRp11740542647.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 20 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Pelvis And Perineum-Neurovascular Anatomy Of Pelvis Perineum Rectum And Anal Canal - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 14</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 14 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 58-year-old male patient presents with difficulty in urination and reports a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. Upon examination, the neurologist suspects an issue with autonomic innervation to the urinary bladder. What are the root values for the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sympathetic: S1-S2; Parasympathetic: T10-L2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sympathetic: T12-L1; Parasympathetic: S3-S5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sympathetic: L1-L3; Parasympathetic: S1-S3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sympathetic: T10-L2; Parasympathetic: S2-S4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sympathetic: T10-L2; Parasympathetic: S2-S4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4uzw7jIewmSphvq781Mc1740546429.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3JsyitYq6rkfxMDUKo5o1740546458.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers</strong>Β (S2, S3, S4)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Excitatory effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80d318a6701692777186805934d86a\">Detrusor</span> muscle</li>\n<li>Inhibitory to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> sphincter.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sympathetic Fibers </strong>(T10-L2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior mesenteric plexus</li>\n<li>Hypogastric plexus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibitory effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80d318a6701692777186805934d86a\">Detrusor</span> muscle</li>\n<li>Motor action on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> sphincter</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Somatic Nerve</strong>Β (S1, S2, S3)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies external urethral sphincter, which is under voluntary control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/4uzw7jIewmSphvq781Mc1740546429.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/3JsyitYq6rkfxMDUKo5o1740546458.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female presents with sharp pain and swelling in her right buttock and thigh after falling on her side, leading to difficulty sitting and walking. Examination shows swelling, tenderness, and bruising over the right buttock, with no deformity, dislocation, or neurological deficits, indicating a possible hematoma. What is the origin of the affected artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior division of the internal iliac artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior division of the internal iliac artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior division of the obturator artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior division of the obturator artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Posterior division of the internal iliac artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d9hJNYilfFmpwewy9LKu1740546741.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gECUt1xLgjmg6yk8MvfE1740546776.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kjL9b54hBg5CtwsWhr2e1740546803.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mKSjXNTLKZS88y6RhKuM1740546837.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:627px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> division of the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Course </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"373\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/d9hJNYilfFmpwewy9LKu1740546741.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supply </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial Branch: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus maximus</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Deep Branch:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus medius</li>\n<li>Gluteus minimus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents with rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits. The physician evaluates the rectal anatomy to determine the best surgical approach. Which part of the rectum is covered by peritoneum only on the anterior aspect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Upper 1/3rd", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle 1/3rd", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lower 1/3rd", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Whole of the rectum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Middle 1/3rd", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ElQLMVc6qywbNvn9WBLW1740547085.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/94yiwQQDJucqjSPg1PLd1740547121.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jUYcXH9aD9486n4argQR1740547152.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TvMFP2SwffuQqRUXnmER1740547183.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of Rectum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Peritoneal Relation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper 1/3rd (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covered with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> on the <strong>anterior</strong> and <strong>lateral aspects.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Middle 1/3rd </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covered only on the <strong>anterior aspect.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower 1/3rd </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Devoid of peritoneum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">Rectum</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Male</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Female </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper 2/3rd</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rectovesical pouch</strong>Β (coils of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> colon)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rectouterine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fba459ae6d1692777196f4374e9ac1\">pouch</span> </strong>(coils of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> colon)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower 1/3rd</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> bladder</li>\n<li>Ureters (terminal parts)</li>\n<li>Seminal vesicles</li>\n<li>Vas <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8e17879f71692777185360caf5372\">deferens</span> (ampullae)</li>\n<li>Prostate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vagina (lower part)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/94yiwQQDJucqjSPg1PLd1740547121.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/jUYcXH9aD9486n4argQR1740547152.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:580px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In the Midline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>On each side of the Midline</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lower three pieces of the sacrum</li>\n<li>Coccyx</li>\n<li>Anococcygeal raphe</li>\n<li>Ganglion impar</li>\n<li>Median sacral vessels</li>\n<li>Superior rectal artery</li>\n<li>Fascia of Waldeyer</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pyriformis</li>\n<li>Coccygeus</li>\n<li>Levator ani</li>\n<li>Sympathetic chains</li>\n<li>Anterior primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S3, S4, S5, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c3517ca0916927771844343d81474\">coccygeal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Pelvic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Lateral sacral vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 58-year-old woman presents with faecal incontinence, particularly during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing or lifting heavy objects. MRI reveals atrophy in a muscle responsible for maintaining the anorectal angle. Whatβs the likely muscle involved in this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "External anal sphincter", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Conjoint longitudinal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Puborectalis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal anal sphincter", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Puborectalis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/G14ZuOQQCdHE7KNVo8b61740547358.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/l4U1u1RXEdSgtSuXCxaB1740547408.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2lWRRtBL3TSxcB51RQGB1740547448.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qFeoRW7U3OCGPi6BTHhu1740547503.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author='\"Akhtar Atiya, Taghreed Majrashi, Safia Akhtar, Arshad Ali Khan, Afnan Mohammad Sultan Asiri, Hanan Jamaan Al-Zahrania, Raghad Sameer Alnami, Sara Abdulrahman Alsharif,Taef Amer, Zainah Abdullah Faiz, Shimaa Ahmad M AlYahya, Shahad Saeedhabtar\"' data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-source=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000963\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"495\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/G14ZuOQQCdHE7KNVo8b61740547358.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author='\"Akhtar Atiya, Taghreed Majrashi, Safia Akhtar, Arshad Ali Khan, Afnan Mohammad Sultan Asiri, Hanan Jamaan Al-Zahrania, Raghad Sameer Alnami, Sara Abdulrahman Alsharif,Taef Amer, Zainah Abdullah Faiz, Shimaa Ahmad M AlYahya, Shahad Saeedhabtar\"' data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-source=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000963\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"496\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/l4U1u1RXEdSgtSuXCxaB1740547408.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author='\"Akhtar Atiya, Taghreed Majrashi, Safia Akhtar, Arshad Ali Khan, Afnan Mohammad Sultan Asiri, Hanan Jamaan Al-Zahrania, Raghad Sameer Alnami, Sara Abdulrahman Alsharif,Taef Amer, Zainah Abdullah Faiz, Shimaa Ahmad M AlYahya, Shahad Saeedhabtar\"' data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-source=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000963\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"503\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/2lWRRtBL3TSxcB51RQGB1740547448.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resting Tone is mainly provided by Internal Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">Sphincter</span> (IAS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relaxed External anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (EAS) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19088af9561692777196aec6400d2c\">Puborectalis</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness of External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f43aa0ff8f1692777182b3b9133c5d\">anal Sphincter, Internal</span> anal Sphincter, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19088af9561692777196aec6400d2c\">Puborectalis</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anorectal RingΒ Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Internal Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">Sphincter</span> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thickened, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> portion of the inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> smooth muscle layer of the large intestine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides <strong>continuous resting tone</strong> to the anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> innervation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysfunction can lead to faecal incontinence.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>External Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">Sphincter</span> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main bulk of the anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> complex and is primarily made of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83b138c27e16927771993110e65f52\">striated</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows<strong> voluntary contro</strong>l over defecation; allows sustained contraction.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important for voluntary faecal control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conjoint <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">Longitudinal</span> Muscle (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Layer between internal and external anal sphincters; continuous with the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> smooth muscle of the rectum.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contracts during defecation</strong>, shortening and widening the anal canal, facilitating faecal passage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in defecation; age-related decline in muscle fibres can impact function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Puborectalis (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sling muscle part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> ani muscle</strong>, surrounding the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5d2b7108116927771811311422c5c\">anorectal</span> junction.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintains the <strong>anorectal angle.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Critical for faecal continence</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 46-year-old female reports intermittent rectal bleeding and a feeling of fullness during bowel movements. She has a history of constipation and obesity. Examination reveals internal haemorrhoids. Which of the following options correctly describes their characteristics concerning location and nerve supply? Presence of a visible thrombus in the anal region Ability to manually reduce the mass. Located below the dentate line, covered by anoderm. Innervated by pelvic splanchnic nerves; generally painless.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LoSBZ5WaZ1XGYmgaNEBe1740547653.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of piles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Internal Hemorrhoids </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>External Hemorrhoids </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Contributing Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main tributaries and radicals of <strong>Superior rectal vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tributaries of <strong>Inferior rectal vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Common Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3, 7 and 11 oβclock positions of the anal wall, in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f4e6b47941692777191c7f9edb1eb\">lithotomy</span> position</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No such common site.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Painless</strong> (as innervated by <strong>splanchnic nerves</strong>) <strong>(Statement 4)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Painful (innervated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> nerves)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Bleeding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bleeds on straining at stool</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Do not bleed on straining</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Points to know</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initially, they are contained within the anal canal<strong> (1st degree)</strong>, later, they expand and protrude during defecation<strong> (2nd degree), </strong>and finally, they stay protruded <strong>(3rd degree).</strong></li>\n<li>2nd-degree piles can be <strong>manually reduced</strong> if they are prolapsed and not thrombosed.Β <strong>(Statement 2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>thrombosed external haemorrhoid</strong> appears as a painful, swollen, bluish lump at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7326aa372a1692777182f232331876\">anal verge</span> resulting from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d446e62c6c1692777199896fc1d4b9\">subcutaneous</span> vein.Β <strong>(Statement 1)</strong></li>\n<li>These are located<strong> below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e0c09f9e461692777185212f4de159\">dentate</span> line</strong> and present as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12f7e36ffd16927772000cb2186249\">tense</span> hematomas at the anal margin<strong> (perianal hematomas). (Statement 3)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"WikipedianProlific and Mikael HΓ€ggstrΓΆm\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Internal_and_external_hemorrhoids.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"396\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/LoSBZ5WaZ1XGYmgaNEBe1740547653.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 33-year-old woman in labour is experiencing discomfort and perianal pain and is scheduled to receive a pudendal nerve block. Which anatomical landmarks should the clinician identify to locate the pudendal nerve accurately?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lesser sciatic notch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pubic symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater sciatic notch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ischial spine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ischial spine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c5fVRJlBHkAIKHUQtWeM1740546054.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3sUYrXMnneMzlzjpxY9x1740546087.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the X, Y, and Z listed below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior rami of S1, S2, S3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior rami of S1, S2, S3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior rami of S2, S3, S4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior rami of S2, S3, S4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior rami of S2, S3, S4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sBIwcvfdFrhwLL7W0pql1740546148.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/53Lu4MTqLjoQZCCRpVQT1740546190.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z7YFoqrugd14a9wnZEBM1740546251.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Root &amp; Nerve To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L4, L5, S1) Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2443adae9d16927771966d5111bc18\">Quadratus</span> Femoris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Quadratus femoris</li>\n<li>Inferior gemellus</li>\n<li>Hip joint</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L5, S1, S2) Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">Obturator</span> Internus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator internus</li>\n<li>Superior gemellus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(S2, S3, S4) Pudendal nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Genital skin,</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> organs</li>\n<li>Muscles of the perineum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(S3, S4) Perforating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small area of skin in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> area</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2a519f38316927772004fe7c606af\">Tibial</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstrings</li>\n<li>All muscles of the calf and the sole</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(S1, S2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of thigh</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin at the back of the thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Root &amp; Nerve To</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L4, L5, S1) Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus medius,</li>\n<li>Gluteus minimus</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L5, S1, S2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteus maximus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(L4, L5, S1, S2) Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e6451edc31692777195c54367b1ad\">Peroneal</span> Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">Sciatic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Evertors of foot</li>\n<li>Dorsiflexors of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b1d5d7f916927771821f94581a42\">ankle joint</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> digitorum brevis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with chronic perineal pain and numbness following a difficult vaginal delivery. The clinician suspects entrapment of the nerve supplying sensation to the perineum. Through which foramina does this nerve exit and re-enter the pelvis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Greater sciatic foramen β Obturator foramen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesser sciatic foramen β Greater sciatic foramen,", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator foramen β Lesser sciatic foramen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Greater sciatic foramen β Lesser sciatic foramen", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Greater sciatic foramen β Lesser sciatic foramen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/alCtW8h8H7a3lu1awGgk1740546329.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZGrLFRlOvZsC1nawEOZV1740546358.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old female presents with persistent pelvic pain and urinary incontinence. Imaging reveals a mass in the pelvic region compressing nearby blood vessels, raising suspicion of internal iliac artery involvement. Which of the following is not a branch of the internal iliac artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral sacral artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Uterine artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Internal pudendal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deep circumflex iliac artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Deep circumflex iliac artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mnH7zsoboZ9qXKx2G0PG1740546532.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oWm0Arq4pl7BK7uZLpqg1740546591.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bhBIiNOI3QgfvkOC7YNs1740546653.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZAYQ20gIQVxS7Jz9Fcsu1740546680.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles attached to</p>\n<p>the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior epigastric artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles and overlying skin of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53951671cd16927771971ed604bcf4\">rectus</span> sheath</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (Anterior Division)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urinary bladderβs superior surface</li>\n<li>Muscular wall of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a6864e97b169277718602072817ee\">ductus</span> deferens</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial thigh</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Muscle coats of rectum</li>\n<li>Prostate</li>\n<li>Seminal vesicles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">Vesical</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urinary bladder</li>\n<li>Prostate</li>\n<li>seminal vesicle</li>\n<li>The lower part of the ureter</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteal region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal Pudendal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perineum region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vaginal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vagina and base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> bladder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterine artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vagina and uterus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (Posterior Division)</strong>Β </p>\n<p>(Mnemonic - <strong>SIL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S</strong>uperior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>I</strong>liolumbar artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Iliacus</li>\n<li>Muscles of back</li>\n<li>Cauda equina</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>L</strong>ateral sacral artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cauda equina</li>\n<li>Back muscles of the sacrum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male presents with urinary retention and pelvic discomfort. A digital rectal examination reveals an enlarged prostate gland. During surgery to relieve the obstruction, the urologist must take care to avoid damaging the structures that separate the prostate from the rectum. Which of the following structures separates the prostate gland from the rectum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Waldeyerβs fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scarpaβs fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Denonvilliersβ fascia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Camperβs fascia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Denonvilliersβ fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZGE72stzCRrJWR5nfmLy1740546891.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XBGp16IUigwI0GZC3F9z1740546961.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X3x08mywPLNFbPBiP5da1740546990.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male with intermittent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and occasional rectal bleeding is scheduled for a sigmoidoscopy. The cannula is inserted in the left lateral position to avoid injuring the rectal folds that are present against the concavities of the rectum. Which of the following statements regarding these folds is inaccurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First fold is situated near the rectosigmoid junction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "These folds are permanent.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Third fold is located at the upper end of the ampulla.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "They are flattened in a distended rectum.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. They are flattened in a distended rectum.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xuxDKiwMhHMW64hIpzlV1740547242.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:580px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Longitudinal </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Houstonβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> </strong>Β <strong>(Transverse or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> folds or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33864cf9a5169277719571e0fdfb61\">plicae</span> transversales)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporary folds</li>\n<li>Situated in the lower part of an empty rectum.</li>\n<li>Obliterated by distension</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Permanent folds <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Situated against the concavities of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> curvatures of the rectum.</li>\n<li>More prominent by distension <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:716px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>First <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> Fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> Fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> Fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fourth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">Transverse</span> Fold</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Site </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Near the upper end, close to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54167c73316927771970038452d57\">rectosigmoid</span> junction.Β <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Above the third fold (2.5cm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>At the level of the upper end of the ampulla.Β <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Below the third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> (2.5cm)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wall of Projection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right or left wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left wall</p>\n<p>(upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> curvature)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior and right wall</p>\n<p>(middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> curvature)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left wall</p>\n<p>(lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> curvature)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old man presents with perianal pain and bleeding during bowel movements. The region affected is supplied by a vessel that arises from the internal iliac system and supplies the lower anal canal. Which of the following arteries is the direct source of this vessel?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior mesenteric artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal pudendal artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior gluteal artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Internal pudendal artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jyhFM6gWmcCvdTohubV91740547294.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:635px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supplies</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superior Rectal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mesenteric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper two-thirds of the rectum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Middle Rectal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle third of the rectum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inferior Rectal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branch of the <strong>internal pudendal arteryΒ (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> &amp; anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:632px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Drains Into</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region Drained</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superior Rectal Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior mesenteric vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper two-thirds of the rectum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Middle Rectal Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle third of the rectum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inferior Rectal Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal pudendal vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> rectum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male presents with painful anal swelling and bleeding. External haemorrhoids are diagnosed, and the physician explains the pain is due to somatic innervation below a specific anatomical landmark in the anal canal. Which of the following separates the areas of somatic and visceral nerve supply in the anal canal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "White line of Hilton", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anorectal junction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iliopectineal line", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pectinate line", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pectinate line", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CTEdigqAgpoiAPYmGwTF1740547570.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nUDWZlzof7hrX4gqV5rS1740547596.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:603px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper Anal Canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower Anal Canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endodermal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ectodermal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Epithelium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple columnar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stratified squamous</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autonomic nerves</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Painless</li>\n<li>Sympathetic (L1, L2)</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic (S2, S3, S4)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatic nerves</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Painful</li>\n<li>Sympathetic (S2, S, S4)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arterial supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior rectal artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Venous drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior rectal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> draining into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior rectal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> draining into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7188521b31692777183cefe56a620\">caval</span> system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lymphatic system</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial inguinal nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Common Type of Hemorrhoids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal hemorrhoids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External hemorrhoids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 73-year-old male presents with rectal pain, and there is concern for rectal metastasis, given his history of prostate cancer. Which lymph nodes are most likely involved in the lymphatic drainage of the region marked βXβ in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Para-aortic lymph nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial inguinal lymph nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal iliac lymph nodes", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Internal iliac lymph nodes", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Qm1wYF8foyHzrFH3ue5y1740547732.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LPkwbe2Z37E1Pdw4RhTm1740547841.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WUmqUjgyyEHKJKte6VtQ1740547791.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lymphatic Drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Upper half of the rectum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior mesenteric nodes </strong>via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd17d69e761692777194318fd673aa\">pararectal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9008060dc21692777198e329f5be75\">sigmoid</span> nodes <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lower half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> &amp; upper anal canal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> nodes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">Canal</span> (below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f87bfc5af1692777195908802d86b\">pectinate</span> line)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong>Β Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 24 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Pelvis And Perineum-Perineal Pouches And Ischiorectal Fossa Extravasation Of Urine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 8</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following best describes the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medially by the obturator internus, laterally by the levator ani.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Medially by the external anal sphincter, laterally by the ischial tuberosity.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medially by the coccyx, laterally by the sacrotuberous ligament.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medially by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the ischial spine.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Medially by the external anal sphincter, laterally by the ischial tuberosity.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:444px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>External anal sphincter</strong></li>\n<li>Levator ani (muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> floor)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> muscle</li>\n<li><strong>Ischial tuberosity</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pubic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48b6a0a5fb1692777199da12372b14\">symphysis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19088af9561692777196aec6400d2c\">puborectalis</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sacrotuberous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and gluteus maximus muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures encloses all three masses of erectile tissue but does not extend into the glans penis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superficial fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tunica albuginea", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bulbospongiosus muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Buckβs fascia", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Buckβs fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/l6OTpghddWnj1g8n879X1740509551.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:709px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">Penis</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Root of the Penis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the <strong>superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> pouch.</strong></li>\n<li>Contains two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0f500688016927771854a06750f2e\">crura</span> and one bulb.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Crura attach to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> arch, covered by ischiocavernosus muscle.</li>\n<li>Bulb attaches to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> between the crura, covered by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0565819fc16927771833f09c725f8\">bulbospongiosus</span> muscle.</li>\n<li>Urethra pierces the bulb to enter the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> spongiosum.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Body of the Penis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Continues from the root and is covered by skin.</li>\n<li>Fills with blood during erection.</li>\n<li>Contains two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c62bbe6721692777185d6892c1f31\">corpora</span> cavernosa and one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> spongiosum.\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Corpora Cavernosa:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Continuations of the crura.</li>\n<li>Run alongside each other, terminating beneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e62ab50e7a16927771882c6a886b18\">glans</span> penis.</li>\n<li>Encased in <strong>tunica albuginea</strong>, which has <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> fibers enclosing both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c62bbe6721692777185d6892c1f31\">corpora</span> and deeper fibers enclosing each separately with a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> septum.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Corpus Spongiosum:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Continues from the bulb of the penis.</li>\n<li>Expands to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e62ab50e7a16927771882c6a886b18\">glans</span> penis.</strong></li>\n<li>Urethra runs through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> spongiosum.</li>\n<li>Surrounded by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> sheath.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Glans Penis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Expanded <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> part of the <strong>corpus spongiosum.</strong></li>\n<li>Base has a projecting edge (corona glandis), overhanging the neck of the penis.</li>\n<li>Urethra forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b51a150cb1692777193ea9edb96b8\">navicular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> within the glans.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skin and Fasciae</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin is thin, dark, loosely attached.</li>\n<li><strong>Prepuce (foreskin)</strong> covers the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e62ab50e7a16927771882c6a886b18\">glans</span> and can be retracted.</li>\n<li><strong>Frenulum</strong> is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> fold of skin on the underside of the glans.</li>\n<li><strong>Preputial sac</strong> holds <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fd43718cb169277719860cc46a061\">smegma</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13666285c216927771967d2dbd3027\">preputial</span> glands.</li>\n<li><strong>Superficial fascia</strong> is loose areolar tissue without fat.</li>\n<li><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (Buck's fascia)</strong> encloses all <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2a2112e16927771874c5d97065a\">erectile</span> tissues but doesnβt extend into the glans.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supporting Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fundiform ligament:</strong> Extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad3a6758111692777191fa157f6ece\">linea</span> alba, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"073b3993a6169277719966873c2515\">splitting</span> to enclose the penis.</li>\n<li><strong>Suspensory ligament:</strong> Lies beneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bae4160fa31692777203552b782d78\">fundiform</span> ligament, extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> symphysis, and merges with the penile fascia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old man presents to the ER after falling onto a sharp object while riding a bicycle. He complains of difficulty urinating and swelling around his genital area. Examination reveals urine extravasation into the scrotum and anterior abdominal wall. What is the most likely site of urethral injury in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Membranous urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prostatic urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bulb of the penis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Can be any of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bulb of the penis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KgXhEkXmfFkX2opGk4V51740509645.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Urethral Injury Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Meatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, hypospadias, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pendulous Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, hypospadias, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus), sexually transmitted infections, crush injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Bulbar Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus), sexually transmitted infections, crush injury, straddle-type injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is NOT found in the superficial perineal pouch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bulbospongiosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ischiocavernosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial transverse perineal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External urethral sphincter", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. External urethral sphincter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FGacFgtvndEgqbpKu7ih1740508574.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2sHjiJIuPNiuJsUHLInJ1740508650.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SikkY8KBPVGwito7IXiu1740508681.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/s00xIdV2YVFfMbpm1MUf1740508719.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superior boundary (roof)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Perineal membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inferior boundary (floor)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Colles' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> of the perineum)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lateral boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ischiopubic rami</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior boundary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fusion with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> body and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior boundary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The space is open and communicates with the potential space between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall and the perineum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles (Option A, B &amp; C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>BulbospongiosusΒ </li>\n<li>Ischiocavernosus</li>\n<li>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Erectile Tissues</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Crura of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> (corpora cavernosa)</li>\n<li>Bulb of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> (corpus spongiosum)</li>\n<li>Crura of the clitoris</li>\n<li>Vestibular bulbs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vessels and Nerves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Branches of the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> (Bartholinβs) glands</strong>: Located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> opening, secreting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> to lubricate the vagina.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old woman presents with stress urinary incontinence following childbirth. She reports leakage of urine during physical activity. Physical examination reveals no signs of infection or injury, but pelvic floor weakness is noted. The pelvic ultrasound shows damage to the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm. Which of the following muscles is most likely involved in this patientβs condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ischiocavernosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superficial transverse perineal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "External urethral sphincter", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bulbospongiosus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. External urethral sphincter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XXSGQRwIsLdXzHJVHrFW1740508780.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In Males </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In Females</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles and Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>External urethral sphincter:</strong> Surrounds the membranous part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and controls the voluntary release of urine.</li>\n<li><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> muscle: </strong>Provides structural support to the perineum.</li>\n<li><strong>Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands: </strong>Small glands that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> pre-ejaculate fluid into the urethra.</li>\n<li><strong>Membranous urethra: </strong>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> that passes through the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> pouch.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>External urethral sphincter: </strong>Surrounds the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and controls voluntary urination.</li>\n<li><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> muscle: </strong>Provides support to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea5dd28db71692777195ee64c2f690\">perineum</span> and helps maintain the integrity of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> floor.</li>\n<li><strong>Compressor urethrae muscle: </strong>Aids in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a066f5cd41692777185d94552ea42\">continence</span> by compressing the urethra.</li>\n<li><strong>Urethrovaginal sphincter: </strong>Wraps around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and vagina, assisting in control over the urethra.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerves and Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> of the penis, along with the pudendal nerve branches.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Branches of the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve supplying the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"730ba6fe50169277718492019976c7\">clitoris</span> and surrounding regions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman is undergoing a gynecological procedure in the lithotomy position. The surgeon is identifying the bony landmarks for access to the pelvic organs. During the examination, the surgeon palpates a bony structure near the midline at the anterior aspect of the perineum. Which of the following bony landmarks is the surgeon most likely palpating?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ischial tuberosity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sacrum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pubic symphysis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pubic tubercle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pubic symphysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UiiIpGz06EzhuH6b9BPZ1740508956.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is composed of the pelvic diaphragm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Puborectalis, pubococcygeus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Obturator internus, piriformis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Levator ani, ischiococcygeus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Levator ani, ischiococcygeus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6eJsVnoouGTCUZwcghqX1740509410.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old male presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. He has an inability to urinate and perineal pain. Physical examination reveals a high-riding prostate on digital rectal examination, and imaging confirms extravasation of urine around the bladder and prostate. What is the most likely site of urethral injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Membranous urethra", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Penile urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bulb of the penis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Can be any of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Membranous urethra", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WwpdGLtR4YyptpQPXidl1740509729.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #757575; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urethral Injury Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #757575; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Membranous Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> with urethral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2814d00d491692777186d379fdf9b1\">distraction</span> defects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Prostatic Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, radiation therapy for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancer (external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Bladder Neck</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, radiation therapy for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancer (external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Pelvis And Perineum-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 24</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 24 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Identify the pelvic diaphragm in the given picture.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MVGRYtsirDBlreEZqkjq1747044537.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dNcTDMU48UVdhroFPa3W1745564647.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:542px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Levator ani</strong> (pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus)</li>\n<li><strong>Coccygeus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs</li>\n<li>Aids in defecation, urination, and childbirth</li>\n<li>Maintains continence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Openings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urogenital hiatus</strong> (for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and vagina)</li>\n<li><strong>Anal hiatus</strong> (for rectum)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pelvic organ prolapse</strong> if weak</li>\n<li><strong>Urinary/fecal incontinence</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Perineal tears</strong> in childbirth</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures given below is related to the structure highlighted (red) in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pudendal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sciatic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Femoral nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pudendal nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y4ZoLeixUExMQ4FezRiD1712575870.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Location/Path in Perineum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Passes through the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen,</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: External genitalia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> skin,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>then enters the lesser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> foramen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>Motor: Muscles of the perineum,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>including external anal sphincter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inferior rectal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Branch of the pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: External anal sphincter,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>perianal skin, anal canal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dorsal nerve of penis/</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Branch of the pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e62ab50e7a16927771882c6a886b18\">Glans</span> penis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of penis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Clitoris</p>\n</td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Perineal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Branch of the pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd68da1b781692777198beaa259249\">scrotum</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> majora</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>Motor: Muscles of the perineum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Posterior scrotal/labial</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Branch of the pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd68da1b781692777198beaa259249\">scrotum</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> majora</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Superficial perineal</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Branch of the pudendal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">Superficial</span> structures of the</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>perineum, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> minora,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>vaginal vestibule, and bulb of the vestibule</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Genitofemoral nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Passes through the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> thigh,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>divides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab8a987431169277720229e09c01d7\">femoral</span> branches</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>scrotum, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> majora</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ilioinguinal nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Passes through the inguinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory: Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>innervates the upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> thigh and</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>mons pubis, and upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99041e636a169277719121835ed133\">labia</span> majora</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Β </td>\n<td>\n<p>the root of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> or clitoris</p>\n</td>\n<td>Β </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the levator ani muscles is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supports pelvic viscera", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Converge downwards and medially", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Consists of iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Attached to pelvic brim", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Attached to pelvic brim", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Puborectalis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Wraps around the rectum, forming a sling-like structure. It helps maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a066f5cd41692777185d94552ea42\">continence</span> by maintaining a kink in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> and assisting in closing the anus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pubococcygeus muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Forms the bulk of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> ani muscles. It supports the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs (bladder, uterus, and rectum), helps control <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> flow, contracts during orgasm, and plays a role in maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> tone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Iliococcygeus muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> ani muscles. It supports the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs, aids in controlling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> flow, and helps maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> tone. It also provides stability to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> floor.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Coccygeus muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Also known as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c598804201692777190ac48b00709\">ischiococcygeus</span> muscle, it is often considered a separate muscle but is functionally related to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> ani. It provides support to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> organs and aids in stabilizing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> floor.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Bleeding vessel in hemorrhoids is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior rectal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior rectal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle rectal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle rectal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Superior rectal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which lobe of the prostate is responsible for the formation of the uvula vesicae?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Median", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Inguinal ligament is formed due to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "External oblique aponeurosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transversalis fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inguinal muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. External oblique aponeurosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\"&gt;External oblique&lt;/span&gt; aponeu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Deep inguinal ring is formed in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External oblique aponeurosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transversalis fascia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transversus abdominis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Transversalis fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c1c83a0da16927772000a37812afc\"&gt;Transversalis&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following form the marked structure except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2 nd dorsal interossei", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lumbricals extensor digitorum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extensor digitorum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 nd palmar interossei", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2 nd palmar interossei", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/koVzAAYZ48oOgafSEch31712575958.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Thenar muscles (thumb muscles)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hypothenar muscles (little finger muscles)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Lumbrical muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve (lumbricals to index and middle fingers), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> nerve (lumbricals to ring and little fingers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Interossei muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve (dorsal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> interossei)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor pollicis brevis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adductor pollicis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Abductor pollicis brevis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Opponens pollicis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3c34e683916927771998a3426c3a6\">superficialis</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69427990841692777196166d7a5ec9\">profundus</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve (to index and middle fingers), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> nerve (to ring and little fingers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Extensor indicis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Extensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Extensor digitorum muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dorsal interossei muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve (dorsal interossei)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Palmar interossei muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve (palmar interossei)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Thenar eminence</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hypothenar eminence</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ulnar nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Palmaris brevis muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Superficial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Skin of the palm</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Superficial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve (medial aspect), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> nerve (lateral aspect)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Skin of the dorsum</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Radial nerve (dorsal aspect), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> nerve (palmar aspect)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The below image is of a femur bone. Which muscles are attached to \"A\"?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Iliopsoas", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Quadriceps femoris", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adductor magnus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Iliopsoas", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/a37U6wJK7mhI9ZUcs1Vh1747982253.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B- I\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the foramen marked in the image below:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Foramen rotundum", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Foramen ovale", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vidian canal", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Foramen spoinosum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Foramen rotundum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OSDIW7gfPLuqp9YKPoSM1745488104.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen of Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">Cranial</span> Fossa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structures Passing through</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Rotundum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maxillary Nerve</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Ovale </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M</strong>andibular nerve</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>A</strong>ccessory meningeal artery</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>L</strong>esser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3c6e8362e1692777195a07373caf0\">petrosal</span> nerve</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>E</strong>missary vein</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Occasionally, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> trunk of the middle meningeal vein</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Spinosum </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M</strong>iddle meningeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and vein,</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>E</strong>missary vein</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>N</strong>ervus spinosus(Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Lacerum </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A triangular opening at the base of the skull, but in living individuals, it is filled with cartilage, and no major structures pass through it.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Foramen lacerum contributed by 3 bones-temporal, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> and sphenoid</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> traverse its superior end;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The nerve to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b90cf96a041692777196f47b64db6d\">pterygoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> passes through its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>The meningeal branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> pharyngeal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9645007d041692777187b068c06f7b\">emissary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> pass through it<strong>.</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the action of the muscle at the hip, which is attached to the marked area in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abduction and external rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extension, adduction, and lateral rotation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexion and abduction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexion and external rotation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Flexion and external rotation", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7t2vrj90h8XcthufIVPk1746612689.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structures marked in the image below are found in the epithelial lining of all of the following sites, except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oviduct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epididymis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bronchi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ependyma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Epididymis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/tW9Z4d9cZUxiAkWdAv4W1746611877.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During walking, the hip bone on the side of the suspended leg is raised by the action of which muscle present in the supporting leg?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluteus medius", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluteus maximus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator internus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Quadratus femoris", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gluteus medius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ilium (between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> lines)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4bb41d0e016927772003539a49a35\">trochanter</span> of femur</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L4-S1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hip abduction, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6694ddb1db1692777199c9a1e38bf0\">stabilization</span> during gait</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness leads to <strong>Trendelenburg sign/gait</strong>, seen in superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:595px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Psoas major (chief flexor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of L1, L2, L3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Iliacus (chief flexor)</li>\n<li>Sartorius<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Rectus femoris</li>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Femoral nerve (L2, L3)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Extension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus maximus (chief extensor)<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hamstring muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tibial part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gluteus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> and minimus (chief abductors)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adductor longus</li>\n<li>Adductor brevis</li>\n<li>Adductor magnus (chief adductors)</li>\n<li>Gracilis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pectineus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Double nerve supply (Femoral nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Medial rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00574839f41692777192453025ab4a\">medius</span> (chief <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> rotators)</li>\n<li>Tensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d7fea2b11692777202b5d4f94193\">fasciae</span> latae</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> nerve (L5, S1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Lateral rotation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Piriformis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of S1, S2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator externus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior division of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> nerve (L2, L3, L4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> and</li>\n<li>Associated gemelli,</li>\n<li>Quadratus femoris (These muscles are generally termed short rotators)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bbfac0bec16927771902390ec8618\">internus</span> (L5, S1, S2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the scenario of a man who fell into a manhole and sustained perineal injury, leading to difficulty in urination and presence of blood at the urethral tip, a diagnosis of bulbar urethral injury was determined. In this particular case, where would the urine accumulation be the least expected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Perineum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior abdominal wall", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The medial portion of thigh", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Root of scrotum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The medial portion of thigh", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Urethral Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urine Accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Areas Restricted</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bulbar urethral injury (Spongy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> rupture)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Straddle injury</strong> (e.g., falling on a hard object)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perineum, scrotum, penis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thigh (due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> of Colles' fascia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Membranous urethral injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pelvic fractures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retropubic space, perineum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scrotum and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> (if Buckβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> remains intact)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Penile urethral injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blunt trauma or catheterization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confined within Buckβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> if intact, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea5dd28db71692777195ee64c2f690\">perineum</span> if ruptured</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None if Buckβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> is disrupted</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A woman delivered a healthy baby and to control her postpartum hemorrhage an artery was ligated. Then later she developed pain under her gluteus muscle. Which was the artery ligated ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Uterine artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior gluteal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior gluteal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Internal iliac artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Internal iliac artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/89jJXW2kVwoOo6C9iYHO1747922039.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TY6i1nPhCc9A83mmvmPM1747922057.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Major Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">Iliac</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pelvic organs, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> region, perineum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ligation used in PPH management</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uterine Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior division of internal iliac</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anastomoses with ovarian artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterus, cervix, vagina</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Commonly ligated in hysterectomy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior division of internal iliac</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteus medius, minimus, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72dbd9ec8716927772005127a031ac\">tensor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> lata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injury can cause Trendelenburg gait</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">Gluteal</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior division of internal iliac</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies deeper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df580322e1692777188d0c52e5f90\">gluteal</span> structures</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gluteus maximus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb6159469169277719843ab627a07\">sciatic</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injury affects hip extension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The rupture of the penile urethra does not cause extravasation of blood into which of the following spaces?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superficial perineal pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior abdominal wall", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ischiorectal fossa", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Skin around the scrotum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ischiorectal fossa", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/VaAailYUHqghwmCs5hRE1745241795.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urethral injury causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Meatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, hypospadias, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pendulous urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, hypospadias, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus), sexually transmitted infections, crush injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bulbar urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, iatrogenic, skin disorders (lichen sclerosus), sexually transmitted infections, crush injury, straddle-type injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #757575; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urethral injury causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #757575; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Membranous urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #757575; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> with urethral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2814d00d491692777186d379fdf9b1\">distraction</span> defects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prostatic urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, radiation therapy for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancer (external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bladder neck</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Instrumentation, radiation therapy for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancer (external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Reference:</li><li>β³ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posterior-urethral-injuries-and-management?search=Anterior%20urethral%20injury&amp;source=search_result&amp;selectedTitle=3~150&amp;usage_type=default&amp;display_rank=3#H3560650230 Vishram Singh textbook of anatomy Abdomen and Lower Limb, 2nd Edition, Page 247 The value of digital rectal examination in assessing for pelvic fracture-associated urethral injury: what defines a high-riding or nonpalpable prostate? - PubMed</li><li>β³ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posterior-urethral-injuries-and-management?search=Anterior%20urethral%20injury&amp;source=search_result&amp;selectedTitle=3~150&amp;usage_type=default&amp;display_rank=3#H3560650230</li><li>β³ Vishram Singh textbook of anatomy Abdomen and Lower Limb, 2nd Edition, Page 247</li><li>β³ The value of digital rectal examination in assessing for pelvic fracture-associated urethral injury: what defines a high-riding or nonpalpable prostate? - PubMed</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscles are responsible for constituting the pelvic diaphragm? A. Iliococcygeus B. Pubococcygeus C. Obturator internus D. Deep transverse perinei", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A and B", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A, B, C and D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A, B and D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A and D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A and B", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DO7XIjaf4Q7CKzahdQs11745241075.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the volume of the prostate in healthy adult males?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "20cc", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "50cc", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "75cc", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "100cc", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 20cc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/NnesAI9h3xDmk0SBZxmY1745239773.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peripheral</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>This zone makes up about 70% of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> and <strong>surrounds the</strong> <strong>urethra.</strong></li>\n<li>The majority of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancers (70-80%) originate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> zone, since it is rich in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f9d01ba91692777188d264244b6a\">glandular</span> tissue, making it susceptible.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Central</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is situated at the base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> gland, surrounding the ejaculatory ducts.</li>\n<li>Inflammation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> <strong>(prostatitis)</strong> commonly affects the central zone.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transitional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is located near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and accounts for about 5-10% of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> gland.</li>\n<li><strong>BPH</strong> primarily affects the transitional zone, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> symptoms such as frequency, urgency, weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> flow, and difficulty initiating or stopping urination.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A person who had a road traffic accident presented to ER with injury to bulbar urethra. What can be the location of collection of the urine due to this injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inguinal pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peritoneal cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ischiorectal fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior abdominal wall", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior abdominal wall", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of blood in her stools. Physical exam reveals firm, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. A contrast CT scan is performed and a possibly cancerous mass is visualized in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. In which location is the mass most likely located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anal canal inferior to the pectinate line", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Distal rectum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sigmoid colon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proximal rectum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anal canal inferior to the pectinate line", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vlVlxGBe2JATiGFqXYxK1745905821.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the vertebral level shown by the blue line in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L2-L3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "L4-L5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L5-S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L3-L4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. L4-L5", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A6W5Z4VRbna6c1IGI6w61693231956.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - L4-L5Β </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ If the blue line is at the L4-L5 level, then this option is correct. L4-L5 refers to the intervertebral space between the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) and the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). This is a common area for vertebral numbering and is often used as a reference point in medical and anatomical contexts.</li><li>β³ Incorrect Options:</li><li>β³ Incorrect Options:</li><li>β³ Option A - L2-L3: This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. The L2-L3 level would be higher up on the spine, and if the blue line is visibly at L4-L5, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ Option A - L2-L3:</li><li>β³ Option C - L5-S1: This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. L5-S1 refers to the intervertebral space between the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the first sacral vertebra (S1), which is lower down the spine. If the blue line is at L4-L5, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ Option C - L5-S1:</li><li>β³ Option D - L3-L4: This option is incorrect as the blue line is at the L4-L5 level. L3-L4 refers to the intervertebral space between the third lumbar vertebra (L3) and the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4). If the blue line is visible at the L4-L5 level, then this option is not the correct answer.</li><li>β³ Option D - L3-L4:</li></u\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ L4-L5 refers to the intervertebral space between the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) and the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). This is a common area for vertebral numbering and is often used as a reference point in medical and anatomical contexts.</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A person who had a road traffic accident presented to ER with injury to bulbar urethra. What can be the location of collection of the urine due to this injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inguinal pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peritoneal cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ischiorectal fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior abdominal wall", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior abdominal wall", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;Anterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\"&gt;abdominal&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The ischial spine corresponds to which level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S3-S5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tip of the coccyx", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tip of the coccyx", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ The ischial spine refers to the sharp bony prominence which protrudes from the posterior margin of the ischium. It separates the greater sciatic notch above from the lesser sciatic notch below.</li><li>β³ Despite commonly being referenced in relation to the S3-S5 vertebral level in some anatomical texts, in certain contexts or specific anatomical references, it may be aligned or associated with the tip of the coccyx.</li><li>β³ Incorrect Options:</li><li>β³ Incorrect Options:</li><li>β³ Option A, C and D: Refer to explanation of Option B</li><li>β³ Option A, C and D: Refer to explanation of Option B</li><li>β³ Option A, C and D:</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked area in the image given.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Morrison's pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vesicouterine pouch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pouch of Douglas", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ischioanal Fossa", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pouch of Douglas", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6PaS0cDdV811bSQUtvm51741089398.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 34 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Pelvis And Perineum-Prostate Male Urethra And Female Reproductive System - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 12</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 35 year old male presents with perineal pain and swelling after a traumatic injury during a sporting event. On examination, there is significant bruising over the scrotum and penis. Imaging confirms fluid collection in the superficial perineal space. Which of the following structures is most likely affected by the injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sphincter urethrae muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bulb of the penis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal nerve of the penis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prostate gland", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bulb of the penis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VdUwTreAZqZqHfNrKeye1740504112.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:754px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pouches in Perineum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Above the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Boundaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superiorly:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> membrane</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly: </strong>Colles' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (membranous layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> fascia)</li>\n<li><strong>Laterally:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ac5f3d6ea16927771900382da99e5\">Ischiopubic</span> rami</li>\n<li><strong>Posteriorly:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">Fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> with Colles' fascia</li>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly:</strong> Continuous with the spaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd68da1b781692777198beaa259249\">scrotum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> in males, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"730ba6fe50169277718492019976c7\">clitoris</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> wall in females.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superiorly:</strong> Open</li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">Perineal</span> membrane</li>\n<li><strong>Laterally:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ac5f3d6ea16927771900382da99e5\">Ischiopubic</span> rami</li>\n<li><strong>Anteriorly: </strong>Gap between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> ligament.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Contents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>In males</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Root of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> (corpora cavernosa and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> spongiosum)</li>\n<li>Muscles (ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> perinei)</li>\n<li>Branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> nerve and artery</li>\n<li>Ducts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df59270761692777183fa9308bba1\">bulbourethral</span> glands</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>In females: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Body of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"730ba6fe50169277718492019976c7\">clitoris</span> (corpora cavernosa)</li>\n<li>Bulbs of the vestibule</li>\n<li>Muscles (ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> perinei)</li>\n<li>Branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> nerve and artery</li>\n<li>The greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> glands and their ducts</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>In males: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Part of the urethra</li>\n<li>Muscles (<strong>sphincter urethrae</strong> in the urethral wall, deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\">transversus</span> perinei) <strong> (Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Dorsal nerve of the penis</strong> <strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Muscular branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Artery of the penis</li>\n<li>Bulbourethral glands</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>In females: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Parts of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and vagina</li>\n<li>Muscles (sphincter urethrae in the urethral wall, deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4b7ff709c1692777200a120b1b991\">transversus</span> perinei, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b349aa64c61692777184059945e330\">compressor</span> urethrae, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> urethrovaginalis),</li>\n<li>Dorsal nerve of the clitoris,</li>\n<li>Muscular branches from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> nerve,</li>\n<li>Artery of the clitoris, and no glands.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "From the muscles given below, choose the muscles forming the pelvic diaphragm. Levator ani Coccygeus Bulbospongiosus Ischiocavernosus Superficial transverse perineal muscle Deep transverse perineal muscle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 and 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZkHBR1HldNKxKs55CP831740504184.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c5ca7c4516927771942bb8637e83\">partition</span> between the true <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c25071fa3816927771955eeaf9d45e\">pelvis</span> and the perineum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Components </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Levator ani</strong> and <strong>coccygeus muscles </strong>on both sides and their covering fasciae</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Functions </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Support to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> viscera</li>\n<li>Sphincteric action on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b9c4c412f1692777197ed217e7373\">rectum</span> and vagina</li>\n<li>Increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b02812a466169277719090c2d27868\">intra-abdominal</span> pressure during defecation, micturition, and parturition</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Openings </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1.Β </strong><strong>Hiatus Urogenitalis:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Triangular gap between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> fibers of the two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">levator</span> ani muscles.</li>\n<li>Transmits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> in males, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8537d8358c169277720162f2f6971b\">vagina</span> in females.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d39e7332f61692777189b4b278093d\">Hiatus</span> Rectalis:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Round opening between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> body and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15c14cf8ce16927771811355b78f83\">anococcygeal</span> raphe.</li>\n<li>Provides passage to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5d2b7108116927771811311422c5c\">anorectal</span> junction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Choose the wrong pairing of fibers of pubococcygeus with its name.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior fibers-levator prostatae", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior fibers-sphincter urethrovaginalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle fibers-puborectalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior fibers-puborectalis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Posterior fibers-puborectalis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fUpYMad8arys7cN78Ms41740504294.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following lobes of the prostate is responsible for producing uvula vesicae?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median lobe", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral lobe", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Median lobe", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/er25uthdWu9m83llar7r1740504349.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:721px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lobe</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Lobe</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In front of the urethra, connecting the two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> lobes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Devoid of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f9d01ba91692777188d264244b6a\">glandular</span> tissue</li>\n<li>Also called isthmus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Lobe</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Behind the ejaculatory ducts and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> lobe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary site of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"988c19e3131692777183b6744d1920\">carcinoma</span> of the prostate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Median Lobe</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Behind the upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a594ff734f16927772016f656d39eb\">urethra</span> and in front of the ejaculatory ducts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wedge-shaped</li>\n<li>Common site of adenoma</li>\n<li>Base produces an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">elevation</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cedf8e14c1692777200363a5dac44\">trigonum</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e4cfd25e41692777201fc793e8558\">vesicae</span> called <strong>uvula vesicaeΒ </strong>- AΒ slight <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">elevation</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> immediately above and behind the internal urethral orifice</li>\n<li>Most commonly <strong>enlarged in BPH</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lateral Lobes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One on each side of the urethra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Separated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> sulcus</li>\n<li>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f9d01ba91692777188d264244b6a\">glandular</span> tissue</li>\n<li>Possible site of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3c9726266169277718021f4f0fa16\">adenoma</span> in old age</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 72-year-old man visits the clinic for evaluation of urinary symptoms, including nocturia, increased urgency, and a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. During the examination, a digital rectal exam reveals a smooth, enlarged prostate without any palpable nodules. The patient's PSA level is slightly elevated at 5.5 ng/mL. In which zone of the prostate does this condition primarily occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Peripheral zone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Central zone", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transitional zone", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior fibromuscular stroma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Transitional zone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2Tt6FCpLiPteJKtRCEzD1740504401.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Prostate Zones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Peripheral Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends posterolaterally around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> to the base.</li>\n<li>Represents the most common site in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> for developing <strong>prostate carcinomas.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Transitional Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Constitutes two small lobules around the prostatic urethra.</li>\n<li>Represent the region where <strong>benign prostatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c5d5ef6c31692777189820d4b320d\">hyperplasia</span> (BPH) </strong>primarily originates.</li>\n<li>Carcinomas that originate in the <strong>transition zone</strong> have been suggested to be of lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8aaf091221692777191f73e810e94\">malignant</span> potential.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Central Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Surrounds the ejaculatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a70fb96bf1692777181823f42fcf0\">apparatus</span> and makes up the majority of the prostatic base.</li>\n<li>Less frequently involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8873273f6d169277718378b31773f4\">BPH</span> or malignancy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a29e061eef169277720263389edd1f\">Fibromuscular</span> Stroma</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rarely associated with disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of frequent urination, especially at night, and difficulty initiating urination. He reports that he feels an urge to urinate but often has to wait before the stream begins. During the digital rectal exam, the physician notes a smooth, enlarged prostate. Patient has a medical history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prostate cancer", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prostatitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Urinary tract infection (UTI)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TeRLczgvYWf199BES7wW1740504515.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hormonal changes (increased dihydrotestosterone, DHT) contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> growth.</li>\n<li>Proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells, and delayed epithelial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f3a62230316927771846649e8b780\">cell death</span> in the transitional zone.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Risk factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus</li>\n<li>Obesity</li>\n<li>Metabolic syndrome</li>\n<li>Heavy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"984901f178169277718327bc77165e\">caffeine</span> consumption</li>\n<li>High dose supplemental vitamin-C</li>\n<li>1st degree relatives</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Storage Symptoms:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Urinary frequency</li>\n<li>Urgency</li>\n<li>Nocturia</li>\n<li>Incontinence (Urgency, stress)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Voiding Symptoms: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hesitancy</li>\n<li>Small stream</li>\n<li>Intermittency</li>\n<li>Terminal dribbling</li>\n<li>Urinary retention</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"National Cancer Institute\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open Access\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benign_Prostatic_Hyperplasia_nci-vol-7137-300.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"293\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/TeRLczgvYWf199BES7wW1740504515.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Digital rectal exam (DRE) reveals enlarged prostate.</li>\n<li>Urinalysis to rule out infection.</li>\n<li>Prostate-specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"782b31281a1692777181708484c1d1\">antigen</span> (PSA) test to assess for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> cancer.</li>\n<li>Urinary flow rate tests can evaluate the severity of obstruction.</li>\n<li>24 hour voiding diary</li>\n<li>Urodynamics</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> retention</li>\n<li>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> infections</li>\n<li>Bladder stones</li>\n<li>Kidney damage (if untreated)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alpha-blockers (<strong>tamsulosin</strong>), 5-alpha <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> inhibitors (<strong>finasteride</strong>).</li>\n<li>Transurethral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17b5bd50d91692777197ea9cb7f468\">resection</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> (TURP)</li>\n<li>Transurethral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2afbd932801692777190be690704b3\">incision</span> of the prostate</li>\n<li>Transurethral electrovaporization</li>\n<li>Holmium and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf1fa07a61692777200cb09eed21a\">Thulium</span> laser <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4ed8e6ddb169277718796a1728b51\">enucleation</span> of the prostate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the prostatic urethra is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is primarily lined by stratified squamous epithelium.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is the shortest segment of the male urethra.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It connects the bladder to the membranous urethra and receives the ejaculatory ducts.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is solely responsible for the passage of urine, with no role in the reproductive system.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It connects the bladder to the membranous urethra and receives the ejaculatory ducts.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dUs66PSh4Rv2i7ZVA1ox1740504615.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Widest part </strong>of male urethra.Β <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Contains urethral crest, seminal colliculus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76bc83d557169277719647f6ba1b13\">prostatic utricle</span> and orifices of prostatic duct.</li>\n<li>Extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> neck to the beginning of the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15753e44ee169277719279696ebf69\">membranous urethra</span> </strong>which is approximately 3-4 cm in length<strong>.Β </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Histology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urothelium</strong> immediately surrounded by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f9d01ba91692777188d264244b6a\">glandular</span> and strong tissue of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0c1a99081692777195efa0fd76d0\">periurethral</span> zone of the prostate. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Conducts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3c825d0ff1692777187577e9633ac\">external urethral orifice</span> and serves as a passage for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"613e5acf29169277719839af208a78\">semen</span> during ejaculation.Β <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Associated Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Receives the <strong>ejaculatory ducts</strong>, which deliver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"613e5acf29169277719839af208a78\">semen</span> from the seminal vesicles and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e612482cf1692777201e5b0ae20f6\">vas</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8e17879f71692777185360caf5372\">deferens</span> and contains the prostatic urethral orifices, which allow for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of prostatic fluid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Can be affected by conditions such as<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbae82f1f16927771824f797639fa\">benign</span> prostatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c5d5ef6c31692777189820d4b320d\">hyperplasia</span> (BPH)</strong> and <strong>prostate cancer</strong>, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> obstruction.</li>\n<li><strong>Digital rectal examination (DRE)</strong> can assess the prostateβs condition via the prostatic urethra.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly lists the segments of the male urethra in the order they occur from the bladder to the external urethral orifice?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prostatic urethra β Membranous urethra β Spongy urethra", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spongy urethra β Membranous urethra β Prostatic urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Membranous urethra β Spongy urethra β Prostatic urethra", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prostatic urethra β Spongy urethra β Membranous urethra", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Prostatic urethra β Membranous urethra β Spongy urethra", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Sc3U8JIkch4zM8jQ2TKg1740504672.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pre-Prostatic Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Location</strong>: Extends inferiorly from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and ends prior to entering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> gland.</li>\n<li><strong>Gross Features</strong>: It is embedded within the walls of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and is typically 0.5 to 1.5 cm in length.</li>\n<li><strong>Histological Features</strong>: Transitional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (urothelium)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Prostatic Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Location</strong>: Completely encompassed within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> gland.</li>\n<li><strong>Gross Features</strong>: This is generally the widest part of the male urethra, and contains the urethral crest, seminal colliculus, prostatic utricle, and the orifices of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e05bd50f161692777196ac58fd64e4\">prostatic ducts</span> - typically 3.0 to 4.0 cm in length.</li>\n<li><strong>Histological Features</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92d21f90851692777201c091fd2dde\">Urothelium</span> immediately surrounded by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f9d01ba91692777188d264244b6a\">glandular</span> and stromal tissue of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0c1a99081692777195efa0fd76d0\">periurethral</span> zone of the prostate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Membranous Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Location</strong>: Begins immediately outside of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19c0231fc41692777196ffce23771d\">prostate</span> and ends just prior to entering the bulb of the penis.</li>\n<li><strong>Gross Features</strong>: Passes through the deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> pouch, the external urethral sphincter, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befda305051692777195a95ee0695a\">perineal</span> membrane.Typically 1 to 1.5 cm in length.</li>\n<li><strong>Histological Features: </strong>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Spongy Urethra/Penile Urethra</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Location</strong>: Travels the entire length of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> spongiosum.</li>\n<li><strong>Gross Features:</strong> Widens initially as it enters the bulb of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"028d70d3e11692777195f204ee2764\">penis</span> and widens again in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e62ab50e7a16927771882c6a886b18\">glans</span> of the penis, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b51a150cb1692777193ea9edb96b8\">navicular</span> fossa.Typically around 15 cm in length.</li>\n<li><strong>Histological Features</strong>: Pseudostratified <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ff554096316927771851cc310435e\">columnar epithelium</span> except for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> portion which is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2f163c4cd1692777199def45e74f1\">stratified</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5be0ee4ea316927771997104326685\">squamous</span> epithelium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Gynaecologist is planning to do uterine artery ligation. She must be careful while performing it due to the risk of injuring which structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ureter, as it lies anterior to uterine artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ureter, as it lies posterior to uterine artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bladder, as it lies superior to uterine artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Urethra, as it lies inferior to uterine artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ureter, as it lies posterior to uterine artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OD8jm0QDAPSWNbPnQ3Io1740504762.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/prHjanlP4lUvxioF1Fcd1740504809.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Broad ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fold of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> attaching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c847ca20416927772011b3397c2fd\">uterus</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mesovarium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attaches <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1a7ff355169277719401475de6fb\">ovary</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> layer of broad ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mesometrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> lying between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> tube and ovarian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (<strong>Ovarian ligament: </strong>passes from lower pole of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1a7ff355169277719401475de6fb\">ovary</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> angle of uterus)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Suspensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">Ligament</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1a7ff355169277719401475de6fb\">Ovary</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Part of the broad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad337177ee1692777199de941a0cda\">stretches</span> from the upper pole of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1a7ff355169277719401475de6fb\">ovary</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"321ea652721692777190a13af52f86\">infundibulum</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> tube to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> wall</li>\n<li>Also known as<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9e32b412016927771906615dda024\">infundibulopelvic</span> ligament</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the branches of uterine arteries with their names based on the image given: 1 a) Basal artery 2 b) Spiral artery 3 c) Arcuate artery 4 d) Radial artery", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xuSEZDXUgTMYqsQxaz5B1740504865.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/p1B1mpRPn96Z7ayxSLJF1740504926.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arcuate Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supplies the myometrium(outer β ) and gives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">Radial</span> artery</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ac19545431692777184956c031e64\">cervix</span> is also called the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> of the cervix</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>R</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46cc90d0e216927771936d8239e379\">myometrium</span> ( inner β )</li>\n<li>Gives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">Basal</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basal Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Present in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> endometrium, <strong>does not get sloughed off during menstruation</strong></li>\n<li>Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> layers, known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5435715e1b1692777199602bdc830a\">stratum</span> vasculare</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spiral Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Present in the innermost layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f1603da6716927771878d0cbdd372\">endometrium</span> to <strong>get sloughed off during menstruation.</strong></li>\n<li>Spirally arranged to prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> bleed during menses</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30 year old female presented with post coital bleeding. Hysterectomy with lymph node dissection was done. Gross specimen of the uterus is shown below. Which of the following nodes group is least likely to be positive for malignancy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superficial inguinal", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal iliac", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obturator", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sacral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superficial inguinal", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q9wZDJtsFEvikygJioeF1740505000.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xxieFGNkFme82vb9Ao6L1740505067.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LTw7x3igm5qkAkfJcZha1740505114.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:640px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lymphatics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Draining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">Lymph</span> Node</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fundus</strong> and upper half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> body including <strong>ovary </strong>and<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efc83dab2c1692777202b5d1d06c4f\">fallopian</span> tube</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic group <strong>(Pre- &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> aortic)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> </strong>and<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> isthmus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superficial inguinal</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Middle </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External iliac</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cervix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal iliac, Sacral &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">Obturator</span> group <strong>(never inguinal)Β </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vagina</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper 1/3rd</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>External iliac</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle 1/3rd</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal iliac</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower 1/3rd</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial inguinal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Angle shown in the image below in a non-gravid uterus is maintained by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Round ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Uterosacral ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both (A) and (B)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pubocervical ligament", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both (A) and (B)", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/p8BcWiIWzcLdes01sVSx1740505176.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ufrcANFP5WKk31TxZ6gQ1740505219.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Angle of Anteversion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angle between long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ac19545431692777184956c031e64\">cervix</span> and long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> of vagina</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Angle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal: 90Β°</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Maintained by</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Non-pregnant female: Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (main) + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c092ff970b1692777201209bd8a019\">uterosacral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pregnant female: </strong>Round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> only</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Angle of Anteflexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angle between long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c847ca20416927772011b3397c2fd\">uterus</span> and long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> of cervix</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Angle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal: 120Β°-170Β°</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Maintained by</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uterosacral ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mackenrodtβs Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6bf9ae43716927771846b12080dc0\">condensation</span> of<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> fascia</strong> covering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> internus.</li>\n<li>Distal part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8cde7563da1692777201fca2b1f090\">ureter</span> passes under the <strong>uterine artery</strong> within the upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> ligament.</li>\n<li><strong>Function:</strong> <strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6694ddb1db1692777199c9a1e38bf0\">stabilization</span> to the cervix</strong> at the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> spine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Uterosacral Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6bf9ae43716927771846b12080dc0\">condensation</span> of peritoneum.</li>\n<li>They hold the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ac19545431692777184956c031e64\">cervix</span> posteriorly at the level of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"634b843bb616927771902f143267c0\">ischial</span> spines and the <strong>uterus in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c965a2c4f1692777181e37a49d104\">Anteflexed</span> state.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pubocervical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">Fascia</span> (Bladder Pillar)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Serve mainly as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> conduit.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Extensions:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rectovaginal septum:</strong> known as <strong>Fascia of Denonvilliersβ</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Pubocervical ring:</strong> encircles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d2a05d48f1692777199d63af04155\">supravaginal</span> part of cervix</li>\n<li><strong>Vesicovaginal septum:</strong> supports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a1e50b8221692777201b95b66c9de\">vaginal</span> wall</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Round Ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Runs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"215af9957a1692777194e73b21a340\">obturator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> epigastric artery.</li>\n<li>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> responsible for <strong>maintaining the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c847ca20416927772011b3397c2fd\">uterus</span> in Anteverted state.</strong></li>\n<li>Embryologically, it corresponds with the <strong>gubernaculum</strong> of testis.</li>\n<li>In the fetus, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c783c43716927771956acc242b90\">peritoneum</span> continuing with the round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> in the inguinal region is known as <strong>Canal of Nuck.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ovarian Ligament</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Morphologically continuous with the round <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca206b25fe1692777189dd579c88ed\">homologous</span> to the <strong>gubernaculum</strong> of testis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Systemic Embryology-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 9</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 9 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following structures develops from the structure marked?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial umbilical ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median umbilical ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Meckel's diverticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ligamentum teres", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Median umbilical ligament", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0zxf4r9d4Vhu30s8ZEdO1745905181.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/vQ4bQaf2Sv63RwsJ8HBw1745905182.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Fetal Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Postnatal derivative</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ductus arteriosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ligamentum arteriosum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Near the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ductus venosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ligamentum venosum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Foramen ovale</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Fossa ovalis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Allantois β urachus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Median <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Urachus is part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"774591ced216927771818e2164a9ec\">allantois</span> between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> and umbilicus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Umbilical arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligaments</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Umbilical vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ligamentum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> hepatis (round ligament)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Contained in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4495d21f7716927772028e313cdedc\">falciform</span> ligament</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child lacks thymus and inferior parathyroid glands. Defective development of which of the following structures is likely to be the cause?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/8SOHuiPWDAzRRWZdqWMy1746698041.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/X4FPYkQcOrheU3NzOZxf1745315159.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal arches, clefts and pouches</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal arches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pharyngeal arches are key structures in head and neck development, appearing in the fourth and fifth weeks as mesenchymal tissue bars.</li>\n<li>They resemble gills but do not function as such in humans.</li>\n<li>Pharyngeal arches are divided by pharyngeal clefts on the outside and pharyngeal pouches on the inside.</li>\n<li>Pharyngeal pouches develop as outpocketings from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> walls of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbab90346f16927771952f02d620c9\">pharynx</span> and do not connect to the exterior, playing crucial roles in organ development.</li>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> incorporates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> cells essential for forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70f596ae8f16927771983211d9e56f\">skeleton</span> components, while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cce38cfecb169277719201c34df7d6\">mesoderm</span> differentiates into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> and neck musculature.</li>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> has its own <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerve and artery.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Pouches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Four Pairs (fifth is rudimentary)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>First Pouch</strong>: Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7879d301d169277719255fe8818dc\">middle ear</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> and Eustachian tube, contributing to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391176370016927772011d1b8315bc\">tympanic</span> membrane.</li>\n<li><strong>Second Pouch</strong>: Develops into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6ebc94b416927771947d3c404756\">palatine</span> tonsils; remnants persist as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e670f25fb7169277720087be88cc56\">tonsillar</span> fossa.</li>\n<li><strong>Third Pouch:</strong> Dorsal wing becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> gland; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> wing forms the thymus, migrating to the thorax.</li>\n<li><strong>Fourth Pouch</strong>: Dorsal region forms the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> gland; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> region becomes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9ad79d8c41692777201a188af477a\">ultimobranchial</span> body, integrating into the thyroid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Clefts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Five-week-old Embryo: Four clefts are present.</li>\n<li><strong>First Cleft:</strong> Does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6da3f0528c1692777192e9b608d735\">meatus</span> (EAM); instead, the EAM arises from surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f139512f501692777186662f1b44ee\">ectoderm</span> invagination. It eventually disappears due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2840cd55771692777194448139206d\">overgrowth</span> by the second arch.</li>\n<li><strong>Second, Third, and Fourth Clefts:</strong> Overgrown by the second arch, they lose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f76fd8a55516927771876551f85a25\">exterior</span> contact and may temporarily <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> sinus, which ultimately disappears.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presented to the NICU with respiratory distress and meconium discharge from the umbilicus. The condition occurs due to the patency of which structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mesonephric duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Allantois", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Urachus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitelline Fistula", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitelline Fistula", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryological Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5922b669a169277719487f8bbabd3\">Obliteration</span> Leads to</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline Duct</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8251cf3ec316927771925d519dd348\">midgut</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitelline fistula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meconium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> from the umbilicus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urachus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Remnant of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"774591ced216927771818e2164a9ec\">allantois</span> (connects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> to umbilicus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Patent urachus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> from umbilicus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allantois</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> development</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urachal cyst, urachal sinus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cystic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> leakage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesonephric Duct</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wolffian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (forms male <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11e24b369816927771974383c7e17c\">reproductive</span> structures)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>No relation to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> anomalies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affects male <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> development</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the embryological basis of the developmental defects shown in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Failure in closure of anterior neuropore of neural tube", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Failure in closure of posterior neuropore of neural tube", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Failure in closure of complete neural tube", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Failure in closure of caudal neuropore of neural tube", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Failure in closure of anterior neuropore of neural tube", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/vnYslPDJL8G2KJgUz1hv1747894729.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuropore</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">Closure</span> Leads to</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Neuropore</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anencephaly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absence of brain, skull, and scalp; open <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> vault; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dfcb33af61692777196cc08481fa0\">polyhydramnios</span> (due to absent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1788e0d4301692777199d457616bd4\">swallowing</span> reflex)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Neuropore</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spina bifida</strong> (Occulta, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defects in vertebral arch, meninges, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord; may present with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"121d2a043516927772012d5faa616f\">tuft</span> of hair, sac-like protrusion, or neurological deficits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">Neural</span> Tube</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Craniorachischisis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Entire brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord remain open, leading to <strong>lethal defects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudal Neuropore</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spina bifida occulta</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mildest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78d32c50611692777199c6c6b9b525\">spina</span> bifida, often asymptomatic, with a <strong>tuft of hair</strong> over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A young child with absent thymus is brought to the OPD with features of hypoparathyroidism and tetany. Which of the following marked areas in the picture is defective in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0v2M2zrCEAD2BbnpXV5e1747125854.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/87WtI4vR1dX3tOnowF731745387184.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:498px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1st Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eustachian tube (Auditory tube)</p>\n<p>Middle ear cavity</p>\n<p>Mastoid air cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2nd Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palatine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f64b606f6169277720080acdb1d3d\">tonsil</span> (epithelial crypts)</p>\n<p>Tonsillar fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3rd Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands</p>\n<p>Thymus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4th Pouch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands</p>\n<p>Ultimobranchial body (forms C-cells of the thyroid)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The marked structure develops from which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Common cardinal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior cardinal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supracardinal vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subcardinal vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Supracardinal vein", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5yP6nRQYGxQ1ercCzfsQ1747132828.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:484px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryonic Vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adult Derivative</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67544ba6ef16927771835d4641cc8f\">cava</span> (SVC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms <strong>jugular veins</strong> and part of <strong>SVC</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supracardinal vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Azygos and hemiazygos veins</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subcardinal vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal veins, gonadal veins, and part of IVC</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What structure develops from the region labeled as \"A\" in the model of embryological heart development?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Atria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Infundibulum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Interventricular septum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Infundibulum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7PDcPN1GmcZXFj69Ad5S1745487459.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/k33OiFIpTWTYQQi8kiew1745487441.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NXWhuT6hABxC8qIoUgoX1745487441.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IQLWNA3OnVrN7WwXiLx11745487441.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ACTq1iPrbG5AA2zHAtDU1745487441.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The long left recurrent laryngeal nerve is due to the persistence of which arch artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3rd arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4th arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5th arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "6th arch", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 6th arch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/XuZONWPMgjgZv4iUIf4h1746453008.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D) 6th arch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding anatomical closure is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anatomical closure of foramen ovale is by 3 to 5 days", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anatomical closure of ductus venosus is by 2 to 3 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right umbilical vein is absent after birth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anatomical closure of ductus arteriosus is by 2 to 3 weeks", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anatomical closure of foramen ovale is by 3 to 5 days", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Zbs7gcr1f5zuhMY078n21745236907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EIFzb3MLqzbbhcEn2gJQ1745236907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NRnQrL5XAE1xUz0PgLg91745236907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ms6Z0hqzTMtwDJRcbvtk1745236907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WytMUsMiVuojPyqMNMCr1745236907.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eStdVchCWoP7STttASEa1745236907.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"116f86834a1692777181a914379270\"&gt;Anatomical&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\"&gt;closure&lt;/span&gt; of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\"&gt;foramen&lt;/span&gt; ovale is by 3 to 5 days</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Septum Primum </strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed as a sickle-shaped fold from the roof and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> wall of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> due to pressure from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a32b08106169277718369e05f4a6e\">bulbus</span> cordis.</li>\n<li>Grows downward toward the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> (AV) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> intermedium, fusing with the latter.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/NRnQrL5XAE1xUz0PgLg91745236907.png\" width=\"1600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ostium Primum</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum reaches and fuses with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> intermedium, a gap (foramen primum) allows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> between the right and left atria.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ms6Z0hqzTMtwDJRcbvtk1745236907.png\" width=\"1600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ostium Secundum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum breaks down, creating a new gap (foramen secundum) before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> primum closes.<strong> </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum now has a free upper edge. <strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Septum Secundum </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Grows down from the roof of the atrial chamber, to the right of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum, overlapping the free upper edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum as it grows.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WytMUsMiVuojPyqMNMCr1745236907.png\" width=\"1600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Ovale Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Overlapping <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d983a6cd671692777198ec423b3b90\">septa</span> create the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> ovale, allowing blood to flow from right to left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> life, preventing left-to-right flow.</li>\n<li>Patent throughout <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> life.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/eStdVchCWoP7STttASEa1745236907.png\" width=\"1600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obliteration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">Foramen</span> Ovale</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Post-birth, the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, increasing pressure in this chamber greater than the right atrium, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> secundum, closing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> ovale.</li>\n<li>Annulus ovalis (adults) corresponds to the lower free edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> secundum, while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> ovalis represents the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 19 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Thorax-Development Of The Cardiovascular System And Fetal Circulation - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 12</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about the embryonic development of the heart is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heart tube is derived from the splanchnopleuric mesoderm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Truncus arteriosus forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bulbus cordis is located at the caudal end of the developing heart tube.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Disappearance of the dorsal mesocardium creates the transverse sinus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bulbus cordis is located at the caudal end of the developing heart tube.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eXhiuc7MBsXrpaZE1L9g1740485102.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rHbNzjNQrepn2GcAGV7U1740485112.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hladde1XMRJyNMadqQiU1740485123.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sLlpExtiUQAVDGMyBGzz1740485370.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MMWmHFIS3KtA6s9J5dW71740485382.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn baby is found to have bluish discoloration of lips, tongue, and nails with poor feeding and signs of congestive heart failure. She is diagnosed with patent truncus arteriosus. What developmental error leads to this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Overriding aorta and pulmonary stenosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Switching of the aorta and pulmonary artery position.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Incomplete closure of interventricular septum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complete absence of the spiral septum", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Complete absence of the spiral septum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BUveOLqlE5DzaQKpLqAV1740485435.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4sftGC8d4a9Mu458k7oM1740485482.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dNJV9o6MeBLql9WQLFSu1740485507.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/azE9kzsMJam1VezVFmPa1740485526.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S0Xg0LQwRgg4URtJwbfO1740485568.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/neF7u1zCQwpap424vtJN1740485627.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant's echocardiogram reveals an enlarged coronary sinus. This finding most likely results from an abnormality in which embryological structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right horn of the sinus venosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left horn of the sinus venosus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right common cardinal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right vitelline vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Left horn of the sinus venosus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Grh7QG0M6owPIifHtBgd1740485696.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sYCfasszbmkXOOIhT2wH1740485710.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FOrI8UAKhANFyEkmceSl1740485747.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bddo2HXViWAqYYfXRjYY1740485808.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXhORLNha8DsQCFDRqcJ1740485815.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">Sinus</span> Venosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sinus venosus</strong> is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> (venous) end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> heart tube, consisting of a body with right and left horns.</li>\n<li>Each horn is connected to three major veins:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Vitelline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9398e57d2b16927772027826f82b50\">yolk</span> sac)</li>\n<li>Umbilical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (from the placenta)</li>\n<li>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> (from the body wall)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Grh7QG0M6owPIifHtBgd1740485696.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Communication with Atrial Chamber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sinus venosus initially communicates with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> through a wide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ef079efd416927771987c9211b8d3\">sinoatrial</span> orifice.</li>\n<li>Grooves appear on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> walls of the heart, partially separating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> venosus from the atrium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regression of the Left Horn</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left horn and its tributaries become <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> in size and become part of the <strong>coronary sinus.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fate of Right Horn (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incorporated into the right atrium, forming the <strong>smooth-walled part of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (sinus venarum).</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">Sinus</span> Venosus Tributaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Right common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> vein</strong> becomes part of the <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava. (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df1564f3c1692777202da97b54e7e\">vitelline</span> vein</strong> forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> part of the <strong>inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava. (Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Left horn</strong> regresses and becomes part of the <strong>coronary sinus. (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Left common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a8944ab1b1692777183c7067d3a0d\">cardinal</span> vein</strong> forms the <strong>oblique <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the left atrium. </strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/sYCfasszbmkXOOIhT2wH1740485710.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:669px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Embryonic Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Adult Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b87e4855b16927772008ed8e29e8c\">Truncus</span> arteriosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulmonary trunk</li>\n<li>Ascending aorta</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a32b08106169277718369e05f4a6e\">Bulbus</span> cordis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smooth part of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> (conus arteriosus) and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> (aortic vestibule)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">Primitive</span> ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trabeculated part of right and left ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">Primitive</span> atrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trabeculated part of right and left atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">Sinus</span> venosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Right horn: Smooth part of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (sinus venarum)</li>\n<li>Left horn: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> sinus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/bddo2HXViWAqYYfXRjYY1740485808.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXhORLNha8DsQCFDRqcJ1740485815.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about cardiac jelly is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Provide structural support during early heart development", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facilitates end-systolic occlusion, improving pumping efficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Store elastic energy during systole for the refilling phase of the heart.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cellular matrix secreted by the endocardium in the developing heart.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cellular matrix secreted by the endocardium in the developing heart.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the image depicting fetal heart development, which structures are labelled as A and B, respectively?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A: Ostium primum, B: Ostium secundum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A: Foramen ovale, B: Ostium primum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A: Septum primum, B: Septum secundum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A: Septum secundum, B: Septum primum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A: Septum primum, B: Septum secundum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AMayVc71wDc4wgxecLdS1740486141.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/X7vEKuyYaZdjA6JhlNbf1740485913.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VapRazNtICA18VifPzpP1740485935.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E0D9BK7b0LXEbCBK9HiO1740485963.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Xuqy9iN778M9SBUuCHsq1740485975.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g60fW2R61RJb8AkeEQNb1740485988.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/m3oBfqj3KjTNSrwBJFQv1740485999.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Septum Primum</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formed as a sickle-shaped fold from the roof and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> wall of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6e7d903b169277719662541dd5e2\">primitive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> due to pressure from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a32b08106169277718369e05f4a6e\">bulbus</span> cordis.</li>\n<li>Grows downward toward the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> (AV) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"371930068716927771839cba840631\">canal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> intermedium, fusing with the latter.</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/E0D9BK7b0LXEbCBK9HiO1740485963.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ostium Primum</strong></p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum reaches and fuses with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> intermedium, a gap (foramen primum) allows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> between the right and left atria.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Xuqy9iN778M9SBUuCHsq1740485975.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ostium Secundum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum breaks down, creating a new gap (foramen secundum) before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> primum closes.<strong> </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum now has a free upper edge. <strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Septum Secundum </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Grows down from the roof of the atrial chamber, to the right of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum, overlapping the free upper edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum as it grows.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/g60fW2R61RJb8AkeEQNb1740485988.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Ovale</strong><strong> Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Overlapping <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d983a6cd671692777198ec423b3b90\">septa</span> create the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> ovale, allowing blood to flow from right to left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> life, preventing left-to-right flow.</li>\n<li>Patent throughout <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> life.</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4168\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/m3oBfqj3KjTNSrwBJFQv1740485999.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obliteration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">Foramen</span> Ovale</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Post-birth, the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, increasing pressure in this chamber greater than the right atrium, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> secundum, closing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> ovale.</li>\n<li>Annulus ovalis (adults) corresponds to the lower free edge of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> secundum, while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> ovalis represents the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> primum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old patient is diagnosed with an atrial septal defect (ASD) characterized by a large opening between the left and right atria. Which embryological defect is most commonly associated with this significant type of ASD?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ostium primum defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ostium secundum defect", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sinus venosus defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coronary Sinus Defect", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ostium secundum defect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ur5IUjjZtRtZ4nrZckFW1740486292.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/e3kkCMN2ul1gDKH7jXvh1740486253.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QOGTf2MvLOfCwIgCsADz1740486266.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During an echocardiogram, a raised ridge is observed around a depression on the interatrial septum. Which structure is most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Septum primum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Septum secundum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fossa ovalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Limbus fossa ovalis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Limbus fossa ovalis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tmNxxMjVYJQYZQ6VjJgt1740486384.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JSkZGZw7IdhDI43VJxcE1740486375.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the spiraling process of the septum, what anatomical change occurs in relation to the pulmonary trunk and aorta?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The pulmonary trunk moves posteriorly.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The aorta moves to the right side of the body.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The pulmonary trunk crosses anteriorly and to the left of the aorta.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "There is no change in the position of either vessel.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The pulmonary trunk crosses anteriorly and to the left of the aorta.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lscpxwdF5jJw6IVwYzMT1740486460.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with significant cyanosis and a single large vessel exiting the heart on imaging studies. The echocardiogram shows a defect in the interventricular septum.What embryological failure led to this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Failure of the atrioventricular septum to form.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Failure of the conotruncal ridges to form.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior displacement of the septum.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Failure of the conotruncal ridges to form.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nLzjiSzei1xxSqxvJ6YM1740486509.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SWQXRMWCRU2vozhbMjxF1740486524.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ArCDhSeK0FwIFxtzb6n11740486542.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the development of the interventricular septum is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Muscular part grows from the floor of the bulboventricular cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bulbar part forms from the fusion of two bulbar ridges.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior part of the membranous septum separates the right ventricle from the left atrium.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Interventricular foramen forms above the muscular septum.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Posterior part of the membranous septum separates the right ventricle from the left atrium.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5ahzCElLz1gpTwxrXcFu1740486675.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In fetal circulation, which structure allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and directly enter the systemic circulation, ensuring oxygen delivery to the fetal brain and upper body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ductus venosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ductus arteriosus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Foramen ovale", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Umbilical vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ductus arteriosus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ty5PSEnp63yp7Or4VBvH1740486717.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-day-old neonate presents with cyanosis, rapid breathing, and a machinery-like murmur on auscultation. Echocardiography reveals a left-to-right shunt at the level of the great vessels. Which of the following fetal circulatory changes is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Persistent foramen ovale", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Patent ductus arteriosus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closure of ductus venosus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Malrotation of the great arteries", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Patent ductus arteriosus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Afyp03E1macdojPJhR8N1740486789.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4wn6hZ6Gfot2OlA4NV4i1740486799.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thick muscle walls of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> arteries contract immediately after birth, occluding their lumen. This prevents the loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> blood into the placenta.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a6864e97b169277718602072817ee\">Ductus</span> Venosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lumen of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a6864e97b169277718602072817ee\">ductus</span> venosus occludes a few minutes after birth, allowing time for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5276da31d11692777195f0e82f5e1d\">placenta</span> to return to the fetus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ductus Arteriosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closes initially due to muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> in the vessel wall, and later, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c950b29361692777190aa5f42e76b\">intimal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> permanently obliterates the lumen, redirecting blood from the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> to the lungs for oxygenation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pulmonary Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase in size, allowing more blood to reach the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> from the lungs, increasing left atrial pressure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen Ovale</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased pressure in the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (due to lung circulation) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> pressure in the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (due to cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797686400a16927771956b27d401ff\">placental</span> blood flow) lead to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> ovale.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fetal Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function During <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">Fetal</span> Life</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Remnant</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ductus arteriosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shunts blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> to the aorta, bypassing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> circulation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ligamentum arteriosum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foramen ovale</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shunts blood from the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> to the left atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fossa ovalis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ductus venosus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shunts blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava, bypassing the liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ligamentum venosum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical vein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carries oxygenated blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5276da31d11692777195f0e82f5e1d\">placenta</span> to the fetus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ligamentum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> hepatis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Umbilical arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carries deoxygenated blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421fecf0e21692777202704942ac48\">fetus</span> to the placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal part: Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dad1358d7169277720161bd00a450\">vesical</span> artery</p>\n<p>Distal part: Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cc3973459169277720194a0847477\">umbilical</span> ligaments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Thorax-Heart And Thorax Anatomy - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 30</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 30 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "In the given CT slice, A and B respectively represent?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Main bronchus, Ascending Aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Main bronchus, Descending Aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ascending Aorta, Descending Aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Descending Aorta, Ascending Aorta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ascending Aorta, Descending Aorta", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2DuDuQFyvAnFODMO4ak21740489628.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vPGqjmJSsK4suSZAuMDr1740490193.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/bkeBAZGt41KTfOwThUqK1747222812.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The pleural cupola is located:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Above the diaphragm, covering the lower lung", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Over the apex of the lung, reaching 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Near the midline of the chest at the level of the heart", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the base of the lungs, covered by the suprapleural membrane", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Over the apex of the lung, reaching 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is pain from the mediastinal pleura typically referred?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In the lower abdomen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Over the ipsilateral shoulder", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "In the lumbar region", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "In the lower back near the kidneys", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Over the ipsilateral shoulder", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is correct regarding the cardiac plexuses?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The superficial cardiac plexus is located behind the arch of the aorta, in front of the bifurcation of the trachea.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The deep cardiac plexus receives cardiac branches from the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves, except the inferior cervical cardiac branch of the left vagus nerve.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The superficial cardiac plexus distributes to the left coronary artery and right anterior pulmonary plexus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The deep cardiac plexus is formed only by the superior cervical cardiac branch of the left sympathetic chain.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The deep cardiac plexus receives cardiac branches from the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves, except the inferior cervical cardiac branch of the left vagus nerve.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jvw9pSb3IXArbxTk6G6N1740491386.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An axial CT scan of the thorax shows a slice where the aortic arch is visible, along with the trachea bifurcating into the main bronchi. At which anatomical level is this axial section most likely taken?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T1-T2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T3-T4", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "T5-T6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T7-T8", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. T3-T4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/btoGxi9evNQrxdK4zo6z1740491241.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VC5PPtrKicPZo8mE9viC1740491272.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet : This is at the top of the thoracic cavity, where the trachea and esophagus enter.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch : Located around the T4-T5 vertebral level, where the aorta arches over the left main bronchus.</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch</li><li>β³ T4-T5</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina : At the T5-T6 level, this is where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi.</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina</li><li>β³ T5-T6</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart : The heart is typically seen from T6 to T9 . You can identify the chambers (right atrium, left atrium, ventricles) and major vessels (aorta, pulmonary arteries).</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart</li><li>β³ T6 to T9</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm : The diaphragm typically corresponds to the T10 vertebral level, which can help in distinguishing between thoracic and abdominal structures.</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm</li><li>β³ T10</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus : The esophagus runs along the midline and can be seen at various levels, usually starting from the cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus</li><li>β³ cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine : The thoracic vertebrae can be used as references; typically, there are 12 thoracic vertebrae.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine</li><li>β³ T1-T2 (Option A): This level generally shows the upper mediastinum, including parts of the great vessels, but the aortic arch is not typically prominent.</li><li>β³ T1-T2 (Option A):</li><li>β³ T5-T6 (Option C): Here, the main bronchi are visible, but the aortic arch may not be well-defined.</li><li>β³ T5-T6 (Option C):</li><li>β³ T7-T8 (Option D): This level typically shows the lower mediastinum and may not include the aortic arch or the bifurcation of the trachea.</li><li>β³ T7-T8 (Option D):</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is commonly associated with a notable impression on the left lung?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oesophagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Azygos vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Aorta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D8xxXcwwFTv49Wbm3qf31740491194.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:744px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Right lung impressions</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Left lung impressions</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiac Impression (Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">Atrium</span> &amp; Auricle)</li>\n<li>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">Vena</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67544ba6ef16927771835d4641cc8f\">Cava</span> (SVC) Impression <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">Ventricle</span> (Small part)</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">Brachiocephalic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> (Lower part)</li>\n<li>Azygos <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> Impression <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Esophageal Impression<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">Vena</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67544ba6ef16927771835d4641cc8f\">Cava</span> (IVC) Impression</li>\n<li>Tracheal Impression</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">Vagus</span> Nerve Impression</li>\n<li>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve Impression</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiac Impression (Left Ventricle, Auricle, part of Right Ventricle)</li>\n<li>Pulmonary Trunk Impression</li>\n<li>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">Aorta</span> Impression</li>\n<li>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">Thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">Aorta</span> Impression</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">Subclavian</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> Impression</li>\n<li>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> Impression</li>\n<li>Esophageal Impression</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">Brachiocephalic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">Vein</span> Impression</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">Vagus</span> Nerve Impression</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve Impression</li>\n<li>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">Recurrent</span> Laryngeal Nerve Impression</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old patient presents with a history of progressive shortness of breath and swelling in the neck. Imaging reveals distended chest wall veins and a mediastinal mass with known metastasis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right heart failure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": ") Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pulmonary embolism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoracic aortic aneurysm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ) Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8qIqP9Cw5qlibbjZbTy71740491092.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NN2611unkFQuDyHz7ZLw1740491129.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 56-year-old male patient with a history of gastric carcinoma now presents with sharp or pleuritic pain that worsens with deep breaths or coughing. Pleural effusion is suspected and a pleural tap was done which showed the fluid shown in the image. Based on the knowledge of the course of thoracic duct, where does the thoracic duct drain lymph?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Into the right brachiocephalic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Into the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Directly into the inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Into the right lymphatic duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Into the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mW3BE5jgssgGDPhpMpvU1740490854.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CQElmtikSYWs7c3Qlasg1740490911.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the body is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right side of the head and neck", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right upper limb", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right side of the thorax", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right abdomen", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right abdomen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Yacqb1vHAabdhLKNkRYY1740491054.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the azygos and hemiazygos veins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The azygos vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The inferior hemiazygos vein drains into the superior vena cava.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The superior hemiazygos vein drains into the azygos vein.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "In an obstruction of the SVC, the superior hemiazygos vein acts as the primary collateral pathway.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The superior hemiazygos vein drains into the azygos vein.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dzVKybQGoBV9M9Op1vKj1740490656.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the phrenic nerve is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The phrenic nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Efferent fibers of the phrenic nerve supply the diaphragm muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Afferent fibers transmit sensory information from the liver capsule.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Paralysis of the phrenic nerve can result from pressure from malignant tumors in the mediastinum.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Afferent fibers transmit sensory information from the liver capsule.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between the right and left phrenic nerves?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The left phrenic nerve is shorter than the right", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The right phrenic nerve passes anterior to the aortic arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The left phrenic nerve passes through the caval foramen of the diaphragm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The right phrenic nerve has a more vertical course in the thorax", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The right phrenic nerve has a more vertical course in the thorax", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Length and Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter and more vertical</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longer and less vertical</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to Subclavian Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separated from second part by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8375432547169277719800ec10e35c\">scalenus</span> anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to first part</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to Major Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to aortic arch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to Heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to right atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes over left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> and left ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diaphragm Entry</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Through central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> (caval <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> or just lateral)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> part, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to central tendon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Ganglion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> ganglion, sometimes with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> ganglion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> (less common)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Regarding intercostal nerve blocks, which of the following statements is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The intercostal neurovascular bundle is arranged inferior to superior as vein, artery, nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve arises anterior to the midaxillary line", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The innermost intercostal muscle separates the intercostal nerve from the pleura", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The angle of the rib, approximately 6 to 8 cm from the midline, is used as a landmark for needle insertion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The intercostal neurovascular bundle is arranged inferior to superior as vein, artery, nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WCJBNSMw35Hh6JqHEgde1740490566.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anatomical Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurovascular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">Bundle</span> Arrangement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior to inferior: Vein, Artery, Nerve (VAN)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intercostal Nerve Location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior border of the rib, in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> groove</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separated from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8067ea0c85169277719561c9591e9d\">pleura</span> by</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innermost <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> muscle between nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8067ea0c85169277719561c9591e9d\">pleura</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Landmark for Needle Insertion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angle of the rib, 6-8 cm from midline<strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Branch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to the midaxillary line <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complications</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pneumothorax (rare, 0.07% incidence), temporary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> muscle paralysis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a pleural tap procedure, which of the following structures is encountered immediately before reaching the parietal pleura?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Internal intercostal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endothoracic fascia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serratus anterior muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Innermost intercostal muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Endothoracic fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents with increasing dyspnea. Chest X-ray is given below. The physician decides to perform a thoracentesis. Which of the following anatomical landmarks is most important to be identified, to prevent damage to important structures at its level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Midclavicular line", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior axillary line", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Midscapular line", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior border of the rib", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Inferior border of the rib", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LPmmdk9HsijiiTWkHxhg1740490278.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YfU9RyGoHp1nMS22DrF11740490358.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wvKleglBWSKZLAf0ACJ21740490395.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used for both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552e9ef8811692777186997018b858\">diagnostic</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dfaeedbf91692777200561b2b1d2f\">therapeutic</span> purposes in cases of pleural effusion.</li>\n<li>The fluid can be analyzed for various factors including culture, cytology, and biochemical analysis.</li>\n<li>Empyema thoracis for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552e9ef8811692777186997018b858\">diagnostic</span> purpose</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Position:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The patient should be in a sitting position, leaning forward over a support.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The procedure is performed at the 7th or 8th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, posteriorly, at the tip of the scapula.</li>\n<li>Needle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c88a7c1a0116927771909b2463968d\">insertion</span> should target the upper edge/superior border of the rib in order to avoid injury to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d100eb4ed81692777193b7f47b5cba\">neurovascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> which runs at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> margin of each rib.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Needle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A wide-bore needle<strong> (Abraham needle)</strong> is used under local anesthesia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infection</li>\n<li>Dry tap or bloody tap</li>\n<li>Sudden <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> shock</li>\n<li>Pain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> distress</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures does not make up the anterior surface (sternocostal) of the heart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left atrium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left auricle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Left atrium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nLI4YnYxnbLH6mZqH9gc1740488689.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bJYWc8PLYCh6Nu2TLeVs1740488698.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior surface of heart (Sternocostal)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior View of Heart (Base)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax College\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2005_Surface_Anatomy_of_the_Heart.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2041\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/nLI4YnYxnbLH6mZqH9gc1740488689.png\" width=\"4167\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax College\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2005_Surface_Anatomy_of_the_Heart.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2052\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/bJYWc8PLYCh6Nu2TLeVs1740488698.png\" width=\"4167\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface consists mainly of the <strong>right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> </strong>and <strong>right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> </strong>separated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> (<strong>coronary</strong> <strong>sulcus</strong>). <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>The<strong> left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52069a4a41692777182258153d555\">auricle</span> </strong>and <strong>left ventricle</strong> also contribute. <strong>(Option C &amp; D)</strong></li>\n<li>The right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> is separated from the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> groove.</li>\n<li>The left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> is obscured by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> trunk.</li>\n<li>The heart creates a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80dc1890d11692777193322fc863b1\">notch</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> surface and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7986628b2d169277719124b3cdb8f2\">left lung</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> dullness</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The base of the heart is mainly formed by the<strong> left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (two-thirds) and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (one-third).</strong></li>\n<li>Major blood vessels like <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> aorta, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> trunk</strong> attach to the base.</li>\n<li>It is directed backwards and to the right, opposite the apex.</li>\n<li>The base lies opposite the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> and in front of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c0b99fa0816927772010e947b4ef6\">vertebrae</span> T5βT8 when lying down, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> to T6βT9 when standing.</li>\n<li>It is separated from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e71c74a5c16927772017dcae30ee5\">vertebral column</span> by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85bd8b2ec816927771958f9ebe3568\">pericardial</span> sinus, esophagus, and aorta.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male presents with shortness of breath and chest pain. On examination, he has a prominent sternal angle. A CT scan reveals an enlarged mediastinal lymph node at the level of the tracheal bifurcation. Which of the following anatomical structures is most likely to be found at the same level as the bifurcation of the trachea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left atrium of the heart", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Junction of the azygos vein and superior vena cava", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Origin of the thoracic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior border of the aortic arch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Junction of the azygos vein and superior vena cava", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ne76EHueN5odNvaAPMrW1740489526.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ The sternal angle ( angle of Louis) is a palpable, transverse ridge on the sternum located approximately 5 cm below the suprasternal notch.</li><li>β³ sternal angle</li><li>β³ angle of Louis)</li><li>β³ It serves as a critical anatomical landmark for various significant structures and anatomical events. These include: The second costal cartilage articulates with the sternum at this level on both sides, making it a key reference point for counting ribs. It corresponds to the level of the intervertebral disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae . A horizontal plane passing through this level divides the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum . The arch of the aorta both begins and ends at this level. The trachea bifurcates into the right and left principal bronchus at this level. The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries here. The upper border of the heart is located at this level. The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung and empties into the superior vena cava at this level. (Option B)</li><li>β³ The second costal cartilage articulates with the sternum at this level on both sides, making it a key reference point for counting ribs. It corresponds to the level of the intervertebral disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae . A horizontal plane passing through this level divides the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum . The arch of the aorta both begins and ends at this level. The trachea bifurcates into the right and left principal bronchus at this level. The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries here. The upper border of the heart is located at this level. The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung and empties into the superior vena cava at this level. (Option B)</li><li>β³ The second costal cartilage articulates with the sternum at this level on both sides, making it a key reference point for counting ribs.</li><li>β³ second costal cartilage</li><li>β³ It corresponds to the level of the intervertebral disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae . A horizontal plane passing through this level divides the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum .</li><li>β³ intervertebral disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae</li><li>β³ superior mediastinum</li><li>β³ inferior mediastinum</li><li>β³ The arch of the aorta both begins and ends at this level.</li><li>β³ arch of the aorta</li><li>β³ The trachea bifurcates into the right and left principal bronchus at this level.</li><li>β³ trachea bifurcates</li><li>β³ The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries here.</li><li>β³ pulmonary trunk</li><li>β³ The upper border of the heart is located at this level.</li><li>β³ upper border of the heart</li><li>β³ The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung and empties into the superior vena cava at this level. (Option B)</li><li>β³ azygos vein</li><li>β³ superior vena cava</li><li>β³ (Option B)</li><li>β³ Left atrium of the heart (Option A) lies posteriorly and is located lower than the sternal angle, around the T6-T7 vertebral level.</li><li>β³ Left atrium of the heart (Option A)</li><li>β³ Origin of the thoracic duct (Option C) : is in the abdomen at the cisterna chyli , at the level of the L1-L2 vertebrae, far below the level of the sternal angle.</li><li>β³ Origin of the thoracic duct (Option C)</li><li>β³ cisterna chyli</li><li>β³ L1-L2</li><li>β³ Superior border of the aortic arch (Option D) : is located slightly above the level of the sternal angle, but its lower border (or the beginning and end of the arch) aligns with the T4-T5 level.</li><li>β³ Superior border of the aortic arch (Option D)</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All the following are contents of the posterior mediastinum except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Descending thoracic aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Esophagus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Azygos and hemiazygos veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pulmonary trunk", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pulmonary trunk", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fU6J0AtrZoEu302XIJTU1740489491.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Mediastinum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Middle Mediastinum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Mediastinum</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lies between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> and the pericardium</li>\n<li>Contains loose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes, and remnants of the thymus, sterno -pericardial ligaments.</li>\n<li>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> access to the heart and great vessels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The broadest part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> mediastinum</li>\n<li>Contains the heart enclosed in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85bd8b2ec816927771958f9ebe3568\">pericardial</span> sac</li>\n<li>Contains the roots of great vessels: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> aorta, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> trunk, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> veins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c739a6fb2b1692777200e2ada8023c\">tracheal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c076ff67d1692777183dff2a71da1\">bifurcation</span> and bronchi</li>\n<li>Includes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> nerves and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> plexus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extends from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56ab21797f16927771954b343891ef\">pericardium</span> to the vertebral column</li>\n<li>Contains important structures such as:</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option A, B, C)</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> aorta</li>\n<li>Esophagus</li>\n<li>Azygos and hemiazygos veins</li>\n<li>Thoracic duct</li>\n<li>Sympathetic trunks and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbdb1e19591692777199e0d8fb2522\">splanchnic</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Lymph nodes</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man presents with exertional chest pain radiating to his left arm. Coronary angiography reveals a significant blockage in the right coronary artery (RCA). Which of the following regions of the heart is most likely at risk of ischemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral wall of the left ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior one-third of the interventricular septum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apex of the heart", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Posterior one-third of the interventricular septum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yhkxM1X4fEAYspD6368j1740489463.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:557px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Coronary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> Lesions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Infarct Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal LAD</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> LAD</p>\n<p>LAD (Wraparound)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anteroapical</p>\n<p>Inferior wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal LAD</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anteroseptal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early Obtuse, Marginal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> Marginal Branch, Circumflex</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Circumflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterolateral</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal RCA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal RCA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RCA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right ventricular, usually inferior</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old male presents with inferior wall MI. Angiography shows occlusion in the artery supplying the SA node. Which of the following arteries is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right coronary artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left coronary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Circumflex artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior interventricular artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Right coronary artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/x1RtOAdrc90MJQ4dEO2N1740489402.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A transverse section through the heart at the level of the ventricles reveals several anatomical structures. Which of the following structures is most likely to be observed in this section?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left atrial appendage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Papillary muscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aortic arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior vena cava", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Papillary muscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qzxk9MqDdvanex0CnQJu1740489341.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kN3bglRD5YYt3B7XZarg1740489351.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/peBVKHhlsYX0uCOMZa6r1740489364.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male patient is undergoing coronary angiography for chest pain evaluation. The angiogram reveals a dominant left coronary system, with the left coronary artery supplying the majority of the heart's posterior structures. Based on this finding, which of the following statements about cardiac dominance is most accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In a left-dominant coronary system, RCA gives off the posterior descending artery (PDA) and the PDA supplies the right atrium.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "In a right-dominant coronary system, the LCA gives off the PDA and the PDA supplies the left atrium.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "In a left-dominant coronary system, the PDA is supplied by the left anterior descending artery, which arises from the left circumflex artery.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "In a right-dominant coronary system, the RCA supplies the PDA, which in turn supplies the majority of the interventricular septum.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. In a right-dominant coronary system, the RCA supplies the PDA, which in turn supplies the majority of the interventricular septum.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pr2SpvkU70cphcGjOvUH1740489282.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/95O4w6eWBjMQiYQtYya11740489294.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:777px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d05ab808116927771866a5a60160d\">Dominance</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d05ab808116927771866a5a60160d\">Dominance</span> </strong><strong>(Option A, C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Codominance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (PDA) originates from the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (RCA).</li>\n<li>Occurs in approximately 67% of individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed5d5d439e169277719418f9e0a544\">PDA</span> arises from the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (LCX), a branch of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (LCA).</li>\n<li>Found in about 15% of individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Both the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87481bf33b1692777197f776243cf5\">RCA</span> and LCX contribute to the formation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed5d5d439e169277719418f9e0a544\">PDA</span> or provide multiple branches serving similar functions.</li>\n<li>Occurs in approximately 18% of individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following coronary arteries with the areas of the heart they predominantly supply: Coronary Arteries Supplied Areas 1) Right conus artery a) Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum 2) Left anterior descending artery (LAD) b) Infundibulum of right ventricle 3) Left circumflex artery (LCX) c) Posterior interventricular septum 4) Posterior descending artery (PDA) d) Lateral wall of the left ventricle e) Apex of the heart", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1- c, 2- a, 3- d, 4- b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1- b, 2- e, 3 - a, 4- d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1- b, 2- a, 3- d, 4- c", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-d, 2- e, 3- b, 4- a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1- b, 2- a, 3- d, 4- c", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HjRmZJI1cXfz71WMO3ic1740489185.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BKoLkRfaDb82ZUmhoDvc1740489227.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:610px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supplied Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">Conus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (RCA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Infundibulum of the right ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> (LAD)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anterior 2/3 of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">Circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (LCX)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral wall of the left ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (PDA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:629px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (RCA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (LCA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the right aortic sinus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the left aortic sinus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moves forward between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> trunk and right auricle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> in the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> groove.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes forward between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> trunk and the left auricle, and then splits into two main branches.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">Conus</span> Artery:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">conus</span> (infundibulum) and the upper right ventricle.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">Ventricular</span> Branches: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 or 3 in number -<strong> </strong>supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the right ventricle.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Right Marginal Artery: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Largest of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> branches - runs along the right margin of the heart towards the apex.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (PDA) or the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> artery: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Travels in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> groove, supplying the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> wall of both ventricles and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum.</strong></li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> often arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87481bf33b1692777197f776243cf5\">RCA</span> but can also originate from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4134dbd2e416927771913d1fa795c9\">LCA</span> in some individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Atrial Branches: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> and contribute to the SA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> in some individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (LAD):</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Travels down the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> to the heartβs apex.</li>\n<li>It supplies both ventricles and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> two-thirds of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">Circumflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (LCX): </strong>Circles around the left margin of the heart in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> groove, giving off:</p>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Left Marginal Artery: </strong>Supplies the left margin of the left ventricle.</li>\n<li><strong>Anterior and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">Ventricular</span> Branches: </strong>Supply the left ventricle.</li>\n<li><strong>Atrial Branches: </strong>Supply the left atrium.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Lateral or diagonal artery</strong> - larger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> branch - may arise directly from the trunk of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> artery.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A small <strong>left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">conus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong>supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> conus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man is undergoing evaluation for palpitations. ECG reveals a supraventricular tachycardia with HR of 190/min. An echocardiogram reveals hypertrophy of the right ventricle and enlargement of the right ventricular outflow tract. Which structure separates the inflow and outflow tracts in the right ventricle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Crista terminalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Supraventricular crest", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Moderator band", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Interventricular septum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Supraventricular crest", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9lBUrUWRtwWh0x5UIDNv1740489128.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hQToQEJkEzFb6BjzX3tX1740489140.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 36-year-old woman presents with sudden-onset palpitations and lightheadedness. Her ECG shows a regular narrow complex tachycardia at 170 bpm. Vagal maneuvers temporarily relieve her symptoms. Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT) is suspected. The reentrant circuit in AVNRT is most likely located in which anatomical region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Crista terminalis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "His bundle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Kochβs triangle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right atrial appendage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Kochβs triangle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0iX8o36SJDywgDx9aJ7I1740489066.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with recurrent episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. The electrophysiologist plans to perform catheter ablation. Which of the following structures is most likely to be found at the apex of Koch's triangle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sinoatrial node", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Atrioventricular node", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bundle of His", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right bundle branch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Atrioventricular node", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RDYXvUHh45r8LA9IoKWO1740489017.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old man undergoes a coronary angiography after presenting with chest pain. The cardiologist is explaining the venous drainage of the heart as observed in the angiographic images. Which of the following structures is primarily visible on the posterior view of the heart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Great cardiac vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Small cardiac vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Coronary sinus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior cardiac veins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Coronary sinus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior View of the Heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior View of the Heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> sulcusΒ </strong>contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5f8a44f91692777191f70a74cc50\">LAD</span> and Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> vein</li>\n<li><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sulcus</strong>Β contains the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> vein.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> sulcus</strong>Β contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (PDA) and middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> vein.</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sulcus</strong>Β contains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sinus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Great <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> vein</strong>, <strong>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> - </strong>drain into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sinus<strong> (Options A and B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> veins</strong> - Directly drain into the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong>Β </li>\n<li><strong>Right marginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> - </strong>either joins small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> or directly drains into the right atrium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coronary sinus</strong>: Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the heartβs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd824a31e71692777186c7f8168998\">drainage</span> system, collecting blood from most of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> veins, and draining into the right atrium. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> </strong>-drains into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sinus.</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> - </strong>runs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06ff18f51216927771867fe1461a04\">diaphragmatic</span> surface of LV and drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sinus.</li>\n<li><strong>Oblique <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> of the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> (Vein of Marshall)</strong>: Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of the left atrium, draining into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> sinus.</li>\n<li><strong>Left marginal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> - </strong>accompanies marginal branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4134dbd2e416927771913d1fa795c9\">LCA</span> and drains into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> sinus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following veins does not drain into the coronary sinus but rather drains directly into the right atrium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Great Cardiac Vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle Cardiac Vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior Cardiac Veins", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Small Cardiac Vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior Cardiac Veins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/siJMgHtsUKkGmL6IdSOq1740488916.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a chest X-ray given below, the inferior border of the heart is primarily contributed by which structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right Atrium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior Vena Cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left Ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right Ventricle", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right Ventricle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HvqGxtcQ7Y5LriZbPDkW1740488816.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KpmUexxP6SdW1kWO9RMg1740488827.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which sulcus contains major coronary arteries?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sulcus of Waterston", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Atrioventricular Sulcus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior Interventricular Sulcus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inferior Interventricular Sulcus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Atrioventricular Sulcus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4rCDJsZpslabOOmlnF601740488788.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 40 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Thorax-Previous Year Questions - 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Right ventricle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/OsWQzAZWtTzLkzsGoWQo1747653178.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gkRDu53U7BeGgmMXnV9S1747653223.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/639MWtexL68tsyaAnX201747653267.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet : This is at the top of the thoracic cavity, where the trachea and esophagus enter.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch : Located around the T4-T5 vertebral level, where the aorta arches over the left main bronchus.</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch</li><li>β³ T4-T5</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina : At the T5-T6 level, this is where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi.</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina</li><li>β³ T5-T6</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart : The heart is typically seen from T6 to T9 . You can identify the chambers (right atrium, left atrium, ventricles) and major vessels (aorta, pulmonary arteries).</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart</li><li>β³ T6 to T9</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm : The diaphragm typically corresponds to the T10 vertebral level, which can help in distinguishing between thoracic and abdominal structures.</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm</li><li>β³ T10</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus : The esophagus runs along the midline and can be seen at various levels, usually starting from the cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus</li><li>β³ cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine : The thoracic vertebrae can be used as references; typically, there are 12 thoracic vertebrae.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure marked in the image drains into:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Junction of superior vena cava and left brachiocephalic veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thoracic Duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Directly into the coronary sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Azygos vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thoracic Duct", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/52KHPhXTz7ZjojxGVe7e1747980622.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient developed the following deformity, after overhead (weight-lifting) exercises. Which of the following muscles is involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lattisimus dorsi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Supraspinatus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Serratus anterior", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/l3fk9N3Wam2Fy7QhFsgx1747126882.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The type of joint marked in the image below is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Syndesmosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Synarthrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synchondrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Synovial", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Synovial", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q8uMOLCJYtCjDMACNgzs1746515161.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R9VspEZeyDI6PdVqqO551746515234.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xWmS0yaT7xZowoRA45Db1746515242.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Type of joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hinge Joint</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elbow joint, Knee joint, Temporomandibular joint.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pivot Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c5e87b03d1692777197e1150ae78a\">radioulnar</span> joint, C1 and C2 joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ball-and-Socket Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, Hip joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Saddle Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sternoclavicular joint, Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radiocarpal (wrist) joint, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ea315da6d169277718223b6b71942\">atlantooccipital</span> joint, Metacarpophalangeal joints</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hinge Joints (Bicondylar Joints) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pivot Joints (Trochoid Joints)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"084579203f169277720106a16f3480\">uniaxial</span> with limited <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> around a second orthogonal axis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uniaxial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> around an axis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00ab88c6091692777185ea2685fa40\">convex</span> condyles that articulate with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b5c0ed1601692777184e597f453c9\">concave</span> or flat surfaces.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83ceeee3151692777194ec61af5c55\">osseous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20e5c798981692777195a599eb19c8\">pivot</span> rotating within an osteoligamentous ring, or vice versa.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Knee Joint- </strong>Condyles may be within a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> capsule.</li>\n<li><strong>Temporomandibular joint- </strong>In separate capsules that work together.]</li>\n<li>Humeroulnar joint in the elbow.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c5e87b03d1692777197e1150ae78a\">radioulnar</span> joint-</strong> The head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> rotates within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96f5104d6816927771816ac8dfceeb\">annular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> notch.</li>\n<li>Dens of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> (C2 vertebra) project into altas.</li>\n<li><strong>C1 and C2 joint</strong> that allows the head to move back and forth.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Images</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax College\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:909_Types_of_Synovial_Joints.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"273\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/R9VspEZeyDI6PdVqqO551746515234.png\" width=\"309\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"OpenStax College\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:909_Types_of_Synovial_Joints.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"256\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/xWmS0yaT7xZowoRA45Db1746515242.png\" width=\"475\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the level of the cross-section shown in the image below:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T1-T2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T2-T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T3-T4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "T4-T5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. T3-T4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/jhZPRm7VNkGNuydUURqH1746532143.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qc23gpQLWtnspgUGCr481745489992.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet : This is at the top of the thoracic cavity, where the trachea and esophagus enter.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Inlet</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch : Located around the T4-T5 vertebral level, where the aorta arches over the left main bronchus.</li><li>β³ Level of the Aortic Arch</li><li>β³ T4-T5</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina : At the T5-T6 level, this is where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi.</li><li>β³ Level of the Carina</li><li>β³ T5-T6</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart : The heart is typically seen from T6 to T9 . You can identify the chambers (right atrium, left atrium, ventricles) and major vessels (aorta, pulmonary arteries).</li><li>β³ Level of the Heart</li><li>β³ T6 to T9</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm : The diaphragm typically corresponds to the T10 vertebral level, which can help in distinguishing between thoracic and abdominal structures.</li><li>β³ Level of the Diaphragm</li><li>β³ T10</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus : The esophagus runs along the midline and can be seen at various levels, usually starting from the cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Esophagus</li><li>β³ cervical region down to T10.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine : The thoracic vertebrae can be used as references; typically, there are 12 thoracic vertebrae.</li><li>β³ Level of the Thoracic Spine</li><li>β³ Fig: Showing CT view of axial section of the thorax</li><li>β³ Fig:</li><li>β³ T1-T2 (Option A): This option indicates a cross-section at the level between the T1 and T2 vertebrae, which is different from the structures mentioned in the image description.</li><li>β³ T1-T2 (Option A):</li><li>β³ T2-T3 (Option B): This option indicates a cross-section at the level between the T2 and T3 vertebrae, which is also different from the structures mentioned in the image description.</li><li>β³ T2-T3 (Option B):</li><li>β³ T4-T5 (Option D): This option indicates a cross-section at the level between the T4 and T5 vertebrae, which is not consistent with the structures seen in the image.</li><li>β³ T4-T5 (Option D):</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is not involved in the overhead abduction of the arm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deltoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pectoralis major", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pectoralis major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qLszvfchykVOvJdR837x1746619879.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movement of the shoulder joint</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle(s) Involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Other movements</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pectoralis major</strong></li>\n<li>Teres major</li>\n<li>Latissimus dorsi</li>\n<li>Coracobrachialis</li>\n<li>Short head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> brachii</li>\n<li>Long head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fcc203d6c16927772007de57cf5b4\">triceps</span> brachii</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of scapula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abduction</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supraspinatus (0-15) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> (15-90)</li>\n<li>Serratus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> (90Β°β180Β°)</li>\n<li>Upper and lower fibers of trapezius (90Β°β180Β°)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Humerus elevation</li>\n<li>Clavicle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> rotation</li>\n<li>AC joint movement</li>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of scapula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with paradoxical respiration. Which of the following nerves is most likely to be affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right Vagus Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left Vagus Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phrenic Nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Phrenic Nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">Phrenic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Length and Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter and more vertical</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Longer and less vertical</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">Subclavian</span> Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separated from second part by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8375432547169277719800ec10e35c\">scalenus</span> anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to first part</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to Major Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to aortic arch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relation to Heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> to right atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes over left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> and ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diaphragm Entry</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Through central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> (caval <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f027343dd16927772039cf6b0c8e4\">foramen</span> or just lateral)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> part, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to central tendon</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Ganglion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> ganglion, sometimes with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> ganglion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> (less common)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Reticular fibers are not present in which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thymus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lymph node", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bone marrow", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spleen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Thymus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most common complication of the central line insertion below the marked bone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arterial puncture", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thrombophlebitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Empyema", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chylothorax", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Arterial puncture", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/WDozItEP5oRcwMiRJ7kc1747057101.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial puncture</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The most common complication; can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"832849414c1692777188491f77bb5f\">hematoma</span> or hemorrhage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pneumothorax</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Risk due to proximity to the lung apex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thrombophlebitis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less common, but can occur due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d34563e91692777183da2015189e\">catheter</span> irritation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chylothorax</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rare, occurs if the <strong>thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> (left side)</strong> is injured.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Infection (Empyema, Sepsis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can occur if strict <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50ca3536ab16927771820138ef02f8\">aseptic</span> precautions are not maintained.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the arrow-marked chamber.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right atrium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left atrium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left ventricle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Left atrium", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WmW3YXL08NZPIaFuIExn1748163949.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rEalzlnbWs4zRyj9ZMGs1747900619.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right Atrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right Ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Atrium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Ventricle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right, anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right, inferior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left, posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left, inferior</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives deoxygenated blood from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives oxygenated blood from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> veins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via aorta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wall Thickness</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thickest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Valves Associated</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tricuspid Valve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary Valve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitral Valve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic Valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crista terminalis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> ovalis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trabeculae carneae, moderator band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary veins opening, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"365b082ebb1692777190be7beb5c86\">interatrial</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Papillary muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe7835b0b81692777184173c09d7a5\">chordae</span> tendineae</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is wrongly labeled here?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Superior thoracic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B- Thoracoacromial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C- Subscapular artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "D- Posterior circumflex artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. C- Subscapular artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/WswWar6HeLZ4C19BPk8x1747894934.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Xiii15OV4u3klARphhIY1747894999.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Part of Axillary Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Part</strong> (proximal to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> minor)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Part</strong> (behind <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> minor)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracoacromial artery, Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Part</strong> (distal to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> minor)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subscapular artery, Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> humeral artery, Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> humeral artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the auscultatory areas of the heart from the image given below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-aortic, 2-pulmonary, 3-mitral, 4-tricuspid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-aortic, 2-pulmonary, 3- tricuspid, 4-mitral", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-mitral, 2-pulmonary, 3- tricuspid, 4-aortic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-aortic,2-tricuspid, 3- pulmonary, 4-mitral", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1-aortic, 2-pulmonary, 3- tricuspid, 4-mitral", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/CC5ujnVvECcJNX3t7D1Q1748236430.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MTXkdmDtM1kmAIA3H9lJ1748237856.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Valve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Auscultation Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aortic valve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right 2nd ICS, parasternal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Best for <strong>aortic stenosis</strong> murmur</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pulmonary valve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left 2nd ICS, parasternal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Best for <strong>pulmonary stenosis</strong> murmur</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tricuspid valve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left 4th ICS, parasternal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Best for <strong>tricuspid regurgitation</strong> murmur</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitral valve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left 5th ICS, midclavicular line (apex beat)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Best for <strong>mitral regurgitation/stenosis</strong> murmur</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A defect in which of the following pharyngeal arch artery causes the defect shown in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right 4th arch artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Left 4th arch artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right 6th arch artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left 6th arch artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Left 6th arch artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/3NAs5e3QaitIZJRyt1gi1745905179.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FpLsZ4PAYTb7UoCUCTmY1745313389.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pharyngeal Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery of Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maxillary artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyoid artery, Stapedial artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery, Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fourth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> (left side), Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sixth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ductus arteriosus (left side)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (right side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked in the given image", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bronchus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arch of aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Brachiocephalic trunk", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pulmonary trunk", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pulmonary trunk", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3xkvNIEhF23WPhVr5hDO1745906340.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PA2O4bHY91AleU5Moms91745906350.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Fzmxhrvz1lxoyZdnClsy1745906361.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the surgical procedure for Patent Ductus Arteriosus, the structure that is in close relation to it can be damaged. Which of the following can be the structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left recurrent laryngeal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right recurrent laryngeal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hemiazygos vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">Recurrent</span> Laryngeal Nerve (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">Recurrent</span> Laryngeal Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pathway</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Loops around the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Loops around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> of the aorta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Relation to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lies between the branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (can be <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> or posterior)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Course</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Shorter course in the neck</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Longer course in the neck</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Prone to Injury In</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Thyroid surgeries (more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to injury than left side)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Mediastinal pathologies (due to its longer course)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Affected by Mediastinal Pathologies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>No, as it loops around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (outside the mediastinum)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Yes, as it loops around the aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (within the mediastinum)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Clinical Condition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Less affected by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> pathologies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Ortnerβs Syndrome</strong> (Mitral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c9567c6cb16927771996c6bc2b21e\">stenosis</span> β Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"425c9b69db1692777182955542b3b0\">atrial enlargement</span> β Compression of left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve β Hoarseness of voice)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which structure is located approximately 25 cm from the central incisor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cricopharynx", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arch of Aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left principal bronchus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diaphragm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Arch of Aorta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QESmR9tUZdJ3fs9i1NFS1747374196.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4CoXWE43gdFL3tVwRmv51747374210.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the vascular structure marked in the given radiology image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aberrant right subclavian artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aberrant left subclavian artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ascending aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Main pulmonary artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Aberrant right subclavian artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wGgPZ7wjZgPtaV24ZVSW1724928805.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c98928d9d516927771805d7cdd0d06\"&gt;Aberrant&lt;/span&gt; right &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\"&gt;subclavian&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the anatomy of the breast?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The superior medial quadrant has more tissue", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "There are 10 lobules present", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The axillary tail of Spence crosses the anterior axillary fold", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The nipple is located at the level of the fourth intercostal space in most women", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The axillary tail of Spence crosses the anterior axillary fold", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>CorrectΒ Option C - The &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6106e096fb1692777182b4be5e7ae2\"&gt;axillary tail&lt;/span&gt; of Spence crosses the &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;anterior&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior end of rib", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior end of rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right pulmonary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Costal cartilage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior end of rib", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FHCYq1sfbyn6h7Cd23Jd1717741199.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the artery that supplies the anatomical region of the heart shown in the provided image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior interventricular artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "left circumflex artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left marginal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right coronary artery (RCA)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior interventricular artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BWa9qtvWt1rf3odi02lP1717740635.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;Anterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\"&gt;Interventricular&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\"&gt;Artery&lt;/span&gt; (Left &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\"&gt;Anterior&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\"&gt;Descending&lt;/span&gt; Artery)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which vertebral level is the anatomical cross-section shown in the image provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T10", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "T12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T11", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T9", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. T10", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cunw3ZKBmXc1QGyqAqWm1717739263.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - T\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the labeling correctly:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Superior vena cava, B- Ascending aorta, C- Pulmonary trunk, D- Descending aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Ascending aorta, B- Descending aorta, C- Pulmonary trunk, D- Superior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Ascending aorta, B- Superior vena cava, C- Descending aorta, D- Pulmonary trunk,", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A- Ascending aorta, B- Superior Vena Cava, C- Pulmonary trunk, D- Descending aorta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A- Superior vena cava, B- Ascending aorta, C- Pulmonary trunk, D- Descending aorta", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xKDLNLWpZbpRp7YdTh8N1727075048.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jXmxdHXIIRgsTwo5e9Bx1727075428.jpg"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - A- , B-Ascending &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\"&gt;aorta&lt;/span&gt; , C- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\"&gt;Pulmonary&lt;/span&gt; trunk, D- &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\"&gt;Descending&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Sternum is attached to scapula via?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Manubrium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Clavicle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "First rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Second rib", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Clavicle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The inferior scapular angle is at which vertebrae level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T7", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "T8", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. T7", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - T7\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral spine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Level</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior angle of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of the spine of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> meets its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior angle of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest point of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior-superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> spine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The region marked corresponds to the surface marking for which of the following structures:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thoracic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right atrium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferomedial bronchopulmonary segments", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hilum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Right atrium", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2RLdoH4IOtVnd11AFKIm1692278201.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06e0403a9c16927771846fde1c53f8\">Chest Wall</span> Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic Arch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suprasternal notch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary Trunk</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Second left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space (2LICS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">Vena</span> Cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">Vena</span> Cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xiphoid process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esophagus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic Duct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left sternal border and left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"072a8c0f701692777190fa708d77f6\">infrascapular</span> region</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left Atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left sternal border and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2a43b79f416927772020606ce40fb\">xiphoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Apex of the heart (fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Marked structure is derived from the ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Endocardial cushions", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Septum primum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left venous valve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bulbous venosus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Endocardial cushions", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WqvZfDKbmMCPqjZwD2BO1694682105.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Endocardial cush\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryonic Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Derived Structures</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endocardial cushions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial septum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">Ventricular</span> septum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">Atrioventricular</span> (AV) valves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primitive atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right atrium, Left atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primitive ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right ventricle, Left ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bulbus cordis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Outflow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> of the right ventricle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6db2a783271692777185e7165958cd\">Conus</span> arteriosus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Truncus arteriosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascending aorta, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> trunk</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic arches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parts of the aortic arches contribute to the major arteries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sinus venosus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smooth part of the right atrium, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> sinus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Septum primum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to the formation of the atrial septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> of the outflow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> and great vessels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not supply the marked structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right coronary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior interventricular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Marginal artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diagonal artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Diagonal artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XQsDkWl8pjVSSNTBUIuU1691497660.PNG"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Diag\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coronary Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">Interventricular</span> Septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left Atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">Ventricular</span> Wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> Artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">Ventricular</span> Wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">Interventricular</span> Septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the Left Atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AV Node</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SA Node</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Marginal Branches (Right Ventricle)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> Branch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterolateral Branches</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which artery does not provide blood supply to the corresponding area of the dura mater among the following options?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Middle meningeal artery β anterior cranial fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Accessory meningeal branch of maxillary artery β middle cranial fossa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Meningeal branch of internal carotid artery β posterior cranial fossa", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Meningeal branch of anterior and posterior ethmoid artery β anterior cranial fossa", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Meningeal branch of internal carotid artery β posterior cranial fossa", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -Β \n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches and Distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle meningeal artery</p>\n<p>Β </p>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior branch: Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> lobes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior branch: Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Meningeal branches: Supply the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> skull</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior meningeal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebri</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior meningeal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938698a58716927772008b0843f4a5\">tentorium</span> cerebelli and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f271f790f1692777202ab3200a8f3\">falx</span> cerebelli</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ascending pharyngeal artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occipital artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May supply <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vertebral artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May supply <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May supply <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"826ce1571f1692777186a0b6e02559\">dura</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> fossa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most prominent indication of breast cancer among the options provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Peau dβorange", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nipple retraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Puckering", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both nipple retraction and puckering", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Peau dβorange", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following veins drain directly into the brachiocephalic vein?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hemiazygous vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior thyroid veins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right superior intercostal vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left superior intercostal vein", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Left superior intercostal vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D -Β Left superior &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\"&gt;intercostal&lt;/span&gt; v\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mediastinal surface of the right lung is related to? A. The Azygos vein B. The Right Lymphatic Duct C. The Aorta D. The Trachea", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "B &amp;amp; D only", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C only", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A &amp;amp; D only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Landmark</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Azygos Vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> that drains blood from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> wall into the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">Lymphatic</span> Duct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lymphatic vessel that drains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> from the upper right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a757d7c1216927771968223be411d\">quadrant</span> of the body.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aorta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> circulation. While it is located in the mediastinum, it is positioned more towards the left side rather than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> surface of the right lung.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trachea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tube-like structure that connects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> (voice box) to the bronchi. It runs down the midline of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> cavity, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> surface of both lungs. While it is located near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1014e4cf5e169277719246e0ca91df\">mediastinal</span> surface of the right lung, it is not directly related to it.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The structure not passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Azygous vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vagal trunk", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vagal trunk", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OuCgrxKUGIw58tMgTipO1715322455.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D -Β Vagal trunk\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Sibson's fascia is not correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Attached to the inner border of 2 nd rib", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Covers apical part of lung", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Not a part of scalenus minimus muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vessels pass above the fascia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Attached to the inner border of 2 nd rib", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A:Β Attached to the inner border of 2\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The joint between the attachment of the 8 th and 9 th rib to the 7 th rib is a:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fibrocartilaginous joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Symphyseal joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synovial joint", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fibrous joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Synovial joint", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RHHrEfHv4afXfXucEUQz1715318689.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -Β Synovial j\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false regarding the right coronary artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Itβs diameter is less than left coronary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It arises from the right aortic sinus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It gives rise to circumflex coronary branch", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right conal artery is itβs first branch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It gives rise to circumflex coronary branch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "After a fall from a height with his hand outstretched, a man is brought to the emergency department. An X-ray reveals a fracture in the clavicle. Which specific region of the clavicle is the most likely to be fractured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Junction of medial 2/3rd and lateral 1/3rd", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Junction of medial 1/3rd and lateral 2/3rd", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Junction of middle 1/3rd and medial 1/3rd", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Middle of the clavicle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Junction of medial 2/3rd and lateral 1/3rd", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VVBAcHAUDCCE09MNPryZ1715256394.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A -Β \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the given section of the heart, match the marked (A,B,C&amp;amp;D) structures. Musculi pectinate Anterior papillary muscle of left ventricle Anterior papillary muscle of right ventricle Anterior leaflet of mitral valve membranous part of ventricular septum", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-5, B-2, C-1, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-5, B-3, C-2, D-1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-4, D-5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A-5, B-3, C-2, D-1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8Fnjzb0IXvD3MRwlbkYn1694683158.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1AKf2HrrvR6uaeIaBjpo1715762779.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - A-5, B-3, C-2, D\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chamber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Approximate Location on Chest Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right side of the sternum, 3rd to 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left Atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left side of the sternum, 2nd to 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower right portion of the sternum, 3rd to 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower left portion of the sternum, 4th to 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The image shows the cross-section of the abdominal cavity. Identify the structure marked βA.β", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Descending aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Superior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inferior vena cava", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ascending aorta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Descending aorta", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QRz7jhnG86m8WW60HRg21684997416.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 48 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Thorax-Thorax Lungs Joints Respiratory Movements - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 19</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 19 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "At the midaxillary line, the inferior border of the right lung typically corresponds to which rib level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4th", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6th", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "8th", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "10th", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 8th", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/isCDUZaSyT2zlS2Kd7g81740495530.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Right lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Left lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corresponds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8067ea0c85169277719561c9591e9d\">pleura</span> up to the level of the 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corresponds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8067ea0c85169277719561c9591e9d\">pleura</span> up to the level of the 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilage. <strong>(Option A )</strong></p>\n<p>Curves downwards and medially to reach the sixth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> notch.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 36-year-old male presents with sharp, stabbing pain in the right upper abdomen for 2 weeks. The pain is aggravated by deep breathing and movement, especially when bending or twisting. There is tenderness over the right costal margin, but no signs of gastrointestinal distress, fever, or abdominal distension. His medical history is unremarkable. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acute cholecystitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Subcostal neuralgia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Appendicitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peptic ulcer disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Subcostal neuralgia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EItOYK0zotQFo586tIll1740495960.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 48-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of a burning, aching sensation on the inner side of her left upper arm. She mentions that about two weeks ago she underwent mastectomy with axillary clearance. She describes the pain as localized along the inner part of the upper arm, extending from the axilla (armpit) to the medial elbow. The pain seems to worsen when she raises her arm. On physical examination, there is tenderness over the left axillary region and the medial upper arm, but no signs of swelling or lymphadenopathy. Based on the patient's history of breast surgery and the clinical presentation, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cervical radiculopathy (C7)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intercostobrachial nerve injury", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoracic outlet syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Intercostobrachial nerve injury", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked as X in the image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Subclavian vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Subclavian artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Subclavian vein", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/g3L2Wzew7JNIw3C48TMr1740496009.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R10h4YkEBhvrFQ6Uki6Q1740495986.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is the mediastinal surface of the right lung not related to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right atrium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Azygos vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Esophagus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thoracic aorta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XNrHtq97VV2bQO8IOMRq1740495862.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nJ5s6vpzJqgYdEveRQ4G1740495871.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Right lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Left lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Left ventricle, left auricle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"321ea652721692777190a13af52f86\">infundibulum</span> and adjoining part of the right ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. A small part of the right ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> trunk</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">Arch</span> of aorta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. Lower part of the right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e415033a51692777182914ea1a92e\">Azygos</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75ddd4cc7016927772012e0acd424d\">vein</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5. Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a729a105a169277718788389dbeab\">Esophagus</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">Thoracic</span> duct</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddf6d5ea71692777201b70c8b9715\">vena</span> cava</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7. Oesophagus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8. Trachea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8. Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ec28011692777183f27e1ac870\">brachiocephalic</span> vein</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>9. Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>9. Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10. Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10. Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80686f198416927771959402f37ba8\">phrenic</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-left:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-right:1px solid #9a9a9a; border-top:1px solid #9a9a9a; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>11. Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> laryngeal nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a healthy individual at rest, which of the following is a primary muscle involved in expiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Diaphragm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External intercostal muscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Scalene muscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. None of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Breathing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Remarks</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Quiet Expiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b45dda9ea71692777197cbb7b1cab1\">recoil</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06e0403a9c16927771846fde1c53f8\">chest wall</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> alveoli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2dba7c03f61692777187254f866bcc\">elastic</span> recoil, aided by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> muscle tone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Forced Expiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abdominal muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12ad4210e4169277719111f356b7ba\">Latissimus</span> dorsi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Strong <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles plays the primary role in quiet inspiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior abdominal wall muscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "External intercostal muscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Scalene muscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sternocleidomastoid muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. External intercostal muscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Breathing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Remarks</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Quiet Inspiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diaphragm</p>\n<p>External Intercostal</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase in A-P, transverse, and vertical diameters</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Forced Inspiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scalene <strong>(Option C )</strong></p>\n<p>Sternocleidomastoid <strong>(Option D )</strong></p>\n<p>Erector Spinae, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">Pectoral</span> muscles, Trapezius, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8276624e169277719113f7a44b76\">Levator</span> Scapulae, Rhomboids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exaggerated movements, Scapulae elevated and fixed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which rib movements are responsible for increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pump-handle movement of ribs 1-6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bucket-handle movement of ribs 7-10", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bucket-handle movement of ribs 1-6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pump-handle movement of ribs 7-10", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pump-handle movement of ribs 1-6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ESqZKa87cPGI7TA1nYWx1740495740.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rgxOWVBZWhzTT1Zz0lni1740495751.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diameter Increased</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ribs Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pump Handle</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevation of ribs causing forward movement of the sternum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anteroposterior Diameter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2nd to 6th Ribs (Vertebrosternal)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D )</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bucket Handle</p>\n<p><strong>(Options B and C )</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevation of ribs causing outward movement of the rib shafts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse Diameter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7th to 10th Ribs (Vertebrochondral)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The 2nd to 7th sternocostal joints are categorized as which type of joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Synovial", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synarthrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Synchondrosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Synovial", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aV9uV4LI3r9HKt0DkimZ1740495705.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The costal cartilages of which ribs attach directly to the sternum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1β7", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "8-12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "11 and 12", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "8-10", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1β7", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wYhNgFw7TSpAah686GjY1740495670.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NhVZ0hgO0MnKsDbBT4QZ1740495647.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>True ribs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>False ribs</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Attach to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> directly.</li>\n<li>AKA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b75abeab331692777201b490b7d52d\">vertebrosternal</span> ribs</li>\n<li>Arise from the vertebra.</li>\n<li>1-7 are true ribs.<strong> (Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Do not attach to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> directly. They are indirectly attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> margin.</li>\n<li>Arise from the vertebra.</li>\n<li>8-12 are false ribs. <strong>(Option B ). </strong></li>\n<li>8,9,10 ribs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> margin. <strong>(Option D ).</strong> AKA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cf335d14716927772016f54816fc8\">vertebrochondral</span> ribs</li>\n<li>Β </li>\n<li>11,12 are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f09b063bd6169277720339833d6138\">floating ribs</span> (They are not attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> at all). <strong>(Option C )</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the correct labels.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A.Left main bronchus, B. Descending aorta, C. T5 vertebrae, D.Esophagus, H.Ascending aorta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A.Left main bronchus, B. Ascending aorta, C. T5 vertebrae, D. Esophagus, H. Descending aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A.Right main bronchus, B. Descending aorta, C. T5 vertebrae, D. Ascending aorta, H. Pulmonary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A. Right main bronchus, B. Descending aorta, C. T5 vertebrae, D. Esophagus, H. Ascending aorta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A.Left main bronchus, B. Descending aorta, C. T5 vertebrae, D.Esophagus, H.Ascending aorta", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LFkJeBJw8ROdXCpc9WOn1740495028.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RKpi8olFQ48bT8o2yw6S1740495042.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The pleura extends inferiorly to which rib at the midclavicular line in a normal adult?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "6th rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "8th rib", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "10th rib", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "12th rib", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 8th rib", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wvI6QoMuUPjKthJkRuNo1740495421.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Right side</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Left side</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>From the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2797924269169277719964d47f4864\">sternoclavicular</span> joint vertically downwards to the midpoint of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"462802b569169277720217e80f725a\">xiphisternal joint</span> (level of 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilage). <strong> (Option A )</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Same as right side except at the level of 4<sup>th</sup> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> it arches outwards and descends along the sternal margin up to the 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilage. For <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> notch.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old patient with known dextrocardia comes for a routine checkup. Where would you expect to hear the loudest apex beat on physical examination?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Left 4th intercostal space", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right 5th intercostal space", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Midline of the sternum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right 3rd intercostal space", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Right 5th intercostal space", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3nK6tCfkErmd2snjVgDf1740495362.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During bronchoscopy, the carina is an important landmark that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi. Which of the following statements about the tracheal bifurcation is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The left main bronchus is shorter and more vertical than the right", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The right main bronchus is wider and more horizontal than the left", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The left main bronchus is longer and more horizontal than the right", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The right main bronchus is narrower and more vertical than the left", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The left main bronchus is longer and more horizontal than the right", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y3tMaccQR57ndryS6HxC1740495329.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which segment of the left lung is located in the inferior lobe?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S5: Inferior Lingular", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S3: Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S10: Posterior Basal", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2: Posterior", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. S10: Posterior Basal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/P9e16lcygR6VrqmCIRn71740495300.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male patient is admitted to the hospital after undergoing elective surgery. Post-anesthesia, he is found to be unconscious and placed in a supine position for monitoring. The healthcare team is concerned about the risk of aspiration due to his current state. Which location is most likely to collect aspirated material in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior Basal BPS of the right lower lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior BPS of the right upper lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Apical Basal BPS of the right lower lobe", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral BPS of the right middle lobe", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Apical Basal BPS of the right lower lobe", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oFStR2k8WnGQ3m6xjmhC1740495256.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G6sjqcNk4LFhTgOMf3Sd1740495266.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old female undergoes right lower lobe resection for a tumor. Which statement about bronchopulmonary segments is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Each segment shares a bronchus with adjacent segments.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Segments are supplied by segmental arteries and share venous drainage.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Each segment has independent arterial and venous supplies.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The shape is pyramidal with the base at the hilum.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Segments are supplied by segmental arteries and share venous drainage.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/E1XFpGHWyc3lxjpqpj4M1740495216.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between the right and left lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The left lung is longer and narrower than the right lung.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The right lung has a cardiac notch.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The right lung has only one fissure and two lobes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The left lung is larger and heavier than the right lung.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The left lung is longer and narrower than the right lung.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JfOQFjENnoyxku05hnJY1740495195.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:468px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Right Lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Left Lung</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Size</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Shorter and broader</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Longer and narrower <strong>(Option D )</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Weight</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Larger, about 700 g</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Smaller, about 600 g</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Straight</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Interrupted by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80dc1890d11692777193322fc863b1\">notch</span> <strong>(Option B )</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac Impression</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Shallow/absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Lingula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Lobes and Fissures</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>3 lobes, 2 fissures <strong>(Option C )</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>2 lobes, 1 fissure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Bronchopulmonary segments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>10</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>8 -10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male patient presents with a persistent cough and shortness of breath. A chest X-ray shows a mass in the right lung. The attending physician is reviewing the anatomical structures relevant to potential surgical intervention. Which of the following statements about the anatomy of the right and left lungs is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The right superior pulmonary vein is located posteriorly to the bronchus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The eparterial bronchus in the right lung is found above the pulmonary artery.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The most superior structure of the left lung hilum is the Pulmonary vein.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The bronchus on the left side is shorter in length compared to the right bronchus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The eparterial bronchus in the right lung is found above the pulmonary artery.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pryTeqELmPMDHdSELcsK1740495167.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 29 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Upper Limb-Bones And Muscles Of Proximal Region Axilla And Scapula - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 13</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 13 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A surgeon is performing an axillary dissection for breast cancer and must be cautious not to damage structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia. Which of the following statements about these structures is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The cephalic vein pierces the clavipectoral fascia and runs through the deltopectoral groove before draining into the axillary vein.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The thoracoacromial artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia and divides into pectoral, deltoid, acromial, and clavicular branches.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral pectoral nerve passes through the clavipectoral fascia and innervates the pectoralis minor muscle after piercing the pectoralis major.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lymphatic vessels draining the lateral breast region pierce the clavipectoral fascia and drain into the central axillary lymph nodes.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The cephalic vein pierces the clavipectoral fascia and runs through the deltopectoral groove before draining into the axillary vein.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9jDvnJULYx2bbHlEu7Op1740368008.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Location</strong></td>\n<td>Lies deep to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> major, extends from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> to axillary fascia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pierced by</strong></td>\n<td>Cephalic vein<br/>\n\t\t\tThoracoacromial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and its branches<br/>\n\t\t\tLateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve<br/>\n\t\t\tLymphatics from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> breast</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Clinical relevance</strong></td>\n<td>During axillary dissection, these structures must be protected</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cephalic vein</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong></td>\n<td>Arises from <strong>dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> network</strong> of the hand<br/>\n\t\t\tRuns in <strong>deltopectoral groove</strong> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"803d897bc41692777200f2f9c04234\">thoracoacromial</span> artery<br/>\n<strong>Pierces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia</strong> to drain into <strong>axillary vein</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Thoracoacromial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (Option B)</strong></td>\n<td>Branch of <strong>second part</strong> of axillary artery<br/>\n<strong>Pierces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tGives off <strong>pectoral, deltoid, clavicular, acromial</strong> branches (no 'axillary' branch)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (Option C)</strong></td>\n<td>Β Arises from <strong>lateral cord</strong> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus<br/>\n<strong>Pierces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia</strong> near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"803d897bc41692777200f2f9c04234\">thoracoacromial</span> artery<br/>\n\t\t\tPasses <strong>medial to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> minor</strong><br/>\n<strong>Innervates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> major only</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lymphatics (Option D)</strong></td>\n<td>Drain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> breast and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> region<br/>\n<strong>Pierce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia</strong> to reach <strong>apical axillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes</strong>, <strong>not central nodes</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Suspensory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of axilla</strong></td>\n<td>Inferior extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia<br/>\n\t\t\tAnchors <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c8eb9ea8a1692777182a9812cc547\">axillary fascia</span> to maintain <strong>axillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30a1ba21881692777203de4e7b8537\">fossa</span> concavity</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the rotator cuff muscles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The rotator cuff includes the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, and Teres major, which collectively aid in shoulder abduction and external rotation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The Subscapularis is the only rotator cuff muscle involved in internal rotation of the humerus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The Infraspinatus and Teres minor are responsible for medial rotation of the shoulder joint.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The rotator cuff muscles are primarily located in the anterior aspect of the shoulder joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The Subscapularis is the only rotator cuff muscle involved in internal rotation of the humerus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle (Tendon)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supraspinatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Initiates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Suprascapular nerve(C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Infraspinatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">External( lateral)rotation of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Suprascapular nerve(C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Teres minor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">External(lateral) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Axillary nerve (C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Subscapularis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Internal (medial) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Upper and lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerves (C5,C6,C7)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the correct pairing of shoulder movement and the muscle involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adduction-pectoralis major", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adduction-serratus anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abduction-teres major", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adduction-supraspinatus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Adduction-pectoralis major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/bepMGiMF52Ega8GPgl7c1747223763.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Movement of the shoulder joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle(s) Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Other movements</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Adduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pectoralis major (Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Teres majorΒ (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Latissimus dorsi</li>\n<li>Coracobrachialis</li>\n<li>Short head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> brachii</li>\n<li>Long head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fcc203d6c16927772007de57cf5b4\">triceps</span> brachii</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of scapula</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Supraspinatus</strong> (0-15)Β <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Deltoid (15-90)</li>\n<li><strong>Serratus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> </strong>(90Β°β180Β°)Β <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Upper and lower fibers of trapezius (90Β°β180Β°)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Humerus elevation</li>\n<li>Clavicle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> rotation</li>\n<li>AC joint movement</li>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of scapula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the wall of the axilla with the structure forming it: Wall Structure forming a. Anterior wall 1. Serratus anterior b. Posterior wall 2. Bicipital groove c. Medial wall 3. Clavipectoral fascia d. Lateral wall 4. Subscapularis", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a1,b2,c3,d4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a4,b3,c2,d1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a3,b4,c1,d2", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a2,b3,c4,d1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a3,b4,c1,d2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wJ7i0v8spmazLqhJdhZF1740367867.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:450px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wall of axilla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Contributing structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pectoralis major</li>\n<li><strong>Clavipectoral fascia</strong></li>\n<li>Pectoralis minor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Subscapularis </strong></li>\n<li>Teres major</li>\n<li>Latissimus dorsi</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Medial Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper four ribs with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> muscles</li>\n<li>Upper part of<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\">serratus</span> anterior</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lateral Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bicipital groove</strong> of humerus</li>\n<li>Coracobrachialis</li>\n<li>Short head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> brachii</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following fasciae is the axillary sheath derived from?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deep cervical fascia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Clavipectoral fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial cervical fascia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary fascia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Deep cervical fascia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/k8Pp7f9BxCEbRzDPIJLR1740367935.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of the clavicle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">coracoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Medially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Outer border of the first rib</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old construction worker falls from a ladder and lands on his outstretched hand, resulting in a clavicular fracture as shown in the X- Ray given below. Which ligament plays a crucial role in stabilizing the medial end of the clavicle to the first rib, preventing excessive elevation of the clavicle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Coracoclavicular ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Costoclavicular ligament", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sternoclavicular ligament", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Interclavicular ligament", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Costoclavicular ligament", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nWErGXQBeCt1TosCXFC01740368076.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/N0SHEU2T0s1ZvKPJz1L11740368159.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BnJjC9eLPbJPpyoO2lnd1740368199.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location on Clavicle</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachment</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral End (Acromial end)</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Joint <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af5636ad4f1692777180f49bd0956a\">acromioclavicular</span> joint</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial End (Sternal end)</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Fibrous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2797924269169277719964d47f4864\">sternoclavicular</span> joint (all around)</strong></li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Articular disc (posterosuperiorly)</strong></li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Interclavicular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> (superiorly)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral One-Third of Shaft</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior border:</strong> Origin of<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Posterior border:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c88a7c1a0116927771909b2463968d\">Insertion</span> of<strong> trapezius muscle</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Conoid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29f3753b3816927772002019bca9e3\">trapezoid</span> ridge:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">Attachment</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61120eae1d16927771856f4782759a\">conoid</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29f3753b3816927772002019bca9e3\">trapezoid</span> parts of <strong>coracoclavicular ligament</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Two-Thirds of Shaft</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior surface:</strong> Origin of <strong>pectoralis major</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Rough superior surface:</strong> Origin of clavicular head of <strong>sternocleidomastoid</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Oval impression </strong>(inferior surface, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> end)<strong>:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">Attachment</span> of <strong>costoclavicular ligament</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Subclavian groove:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c88a7c1a0116927771909b2463968d\">Insertion</span> of<strong> subclavius muscle</strong>, margins give <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e1fb6b71b1692777184cc1bdaa2ec\">clavipectoral</span> fascia</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior surface</strong> (near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> end)<strong>:</strong> Origin of <strong>sternohyoid muscle</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old painter presents with shoulder pain and weakness, particularly when raising his arm. He reports difficulty lifting objects overhead. On physical examination, there is tenderness over the shoulder and weakness in initiating arm abduction. Which rotator cuff muscle is most likely injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Infraspinatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Teres Minor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supraspinatus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subscapularis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Supraspinatus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nY6UVrUlMNJe7KiHaPHO1740368279.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:761px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Rotator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">Cuff</span> Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscles and muscle action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78dfa6942216927771971d0733476f\">rotator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">cuff</span> consists of <strong>four muscles:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Supraspinatus: </strong>Located above the scapular spine, it aids in <strong>arm abduction</strong> and is the most commonly injured <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78dfa6942216927771971d0733476f\">rotator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">cuff</span> muscle. <strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Infraspinatus:</strong> Below the scapular spine, it helps with <strong>lateral arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> </strong>and shoulder stabilization.<strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Teres Minor: </strong>Works with the infraspinatus in<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> rotation</strong> and stabilizing the shoulder. <strong> (Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Subscapularis:</strong> On the front of the scapula, it is responsible for <strong>medial arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> </strong>and is the only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78dfa6942216927771971d0733476f\">rotator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">cuff</span> muscle that doesnβt attach to the greater <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e55f7e0e6169277720158750ed95c\">tubercle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> and forgotten tendon. <strong> (Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Musculotendinous Cuff:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The tendons of these muscles <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> the <strong>rotator cuff</strong>, which supports and stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0cdc42a0c1692777198f54a380826\">shoulder joint</span> during movement.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/nY6UVrUlMNJe7KiHaPHO1740368279.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stabilize the shoulder.</li>\n<li>Rotate the arm (medially and laterally).</li>\n<li>Assist with arm abduction.</li>\n<li>Control arm movement, especially overhead.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rotator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">cuff</span> tears: </strong>Resulting in pain, weakness, and limited movement.</li>\n<li><strong>Subacromial bursitis:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">Inflammation</span> causing shoulder pain and stiffness.</li>\n<li><strong>Axillary nerve injury:</strong> Can weaken shoulder <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> by affecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle (Tendon)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Supraspinatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Initiates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Suprascapular nerve(C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Infraspinatus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">External and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Suprascapular nerve(C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Teres minor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">External and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Axillary nerve (C5,C6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Subscapularis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Internal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> of the shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Upper and lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerves (C5,C6,C7)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 year old man, a former construction worker, presents with shoulder pain and limited range of motion. His examination finding is shown below in the image and there is tenderness over the lateral aspect of his ribcage. Which muscle is most likely compromised in function, and what nerve injury could be contributing to his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectoralis Major; Medial pectoral nerve injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pectoralis Minor; Lateral pectoral nerve injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subclavius; Nerve to subclavius injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serratus Anterior; Long thoracic nerve injury", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Serratus Anterior; Long thoracic nerve injury", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PsYNszWvEwXE82DKXMzW1740368339.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1mR8hmS61KTbzQKAYUlF1740368405.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer :D) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\"&gt;Serratus&lt;/span&gt; Anterior; Long &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\"&gt;thoracic&lt;/span&gt; nerve injury</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:805px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Axioappendicular Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pectoralis MajorΒ (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> two-thirds of the clavicle</li>\n<li>Front of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f52cf1a7f1692777191d49738d6b9\">manubrium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5428882a916927771992a8a0335bf\">sternum</span> up to the 6th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilages</li>\n<li>Second to sixth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ece2c20c001692777185d9ca0c08db\">costal</span> cartilages and sternal end of the 6th rib</li>\n<li>Aponeurosis of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"787b0ec4661692777187c06c757e51\">external oblique</span> muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral lip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52b488edaa1692777183ab570a7885\">bicipital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a2dcf8e6c61692777183a477d140bc\">bilaminar</span> tendon)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adducts and medially rotates the arm</li>\n<li>Flexes the arm (clavicular part)</li>\n<li>Extends the flexed arm against resistance (sternocostal part)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Β </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pectoralis MinorΒ (Option BΒ ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs near the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfa9e996381692777185cdc8709772\">costochondral</span> junction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border and upper surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">coracoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Protracts the scapula</li>\n<li>Lowers the point of the shoulder</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SubclaviusΒ (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First rib at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bfa9e996381692777185cdc8709772\">costochondral</span> junction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subclavian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> on the middle third of the clavicle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve to subclavius (from upper trunk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> during shoulder movements</li>\n<li>Protects axillary vessels and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Serratus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Eight digitations from the upper 8 ribs and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Costal surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Protracts scapula</li>\n<li>Rotates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> upward for arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> beyond 90 degrees</li>\n<li>Stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during weight-bearing activities</li>\n<li>Assists in forced inspiration</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old swimmer presents with weakness during arm extension and difficulty pulling objects toward himself. He also reports pain during forceful expiration, such as coughing or sneezing. Which muscle is most likely involved, and what is its nerve supply?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trapezius; Spinal accessory nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Latissimus Dorsi; Thoracodorsal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rhomboid Minor; Dorsal scapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Levator Scapulae; Dorsal scapular nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Latissimus Dorsi; Thoracodorsal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gm65ZxMN5XdqB1WtNm141740368485.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:801px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> Axioappendicular Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TrapeziusΒ (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial one-third of the superior nuchal line of the skull</li>\n<li>External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77dc7a0ab81692777194dba7ab78ab\">occipital</span> protuberance</li>\n<li>Ligamentum nuchae</li>\n<li>Spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae</li>\n<li>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8202a376b11692777199029f89afab\">supraspinous</span> ligaments</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> one-third of the clavicle</li>\n<li>Middle fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce5726fb0169277718072972038ca\">acromion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74788e0671692777201de802ad69f\">upper lip</span> of the spine of the scapula</li>\n<li>Lower fibers: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">Apex</span> of a triangular area at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> end of the spine of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> (intervening bursa)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9088e1c7f616927771802e7f6d2541\">accessory</span> nerve </strong>(CN XI)</li>\n<li>Proprioceptive fibers from C3 and C4.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Upper fibers:</strong> Elevate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> (shoulder shrugging), extend the neck (bilaterally)</li>\n<li><strong>Middle fibers:</strong> Retract the scapula</li>\n<li><strong>Lower fibers:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed17327223169277719753b0e5d6b4\">Rotate</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> upward, aiding arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> beyond 90 degrees</li>\n<li><strong>Trapezius with rhomboids:</strong> Retract <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> and tilt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7649bd0f191692777188dcdf91af69\">glenoid</span> inferiorly.</li>\n<li><strong>Trapezius with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2462a1d0cf16927771985f03ba098b\">serratus</span> anterior:</strong> Overhead <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and tilt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7649bd0f191692777188dcdf91af69\">glenoid</span> superiorly.</li>\n<li><strong>All fibers together:</strong> Stabilize the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during arm movements</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Latissimus DorsiΒ (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior one-third of the outer lip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"837bfc230c16927771892ece07f94b\">iliac</span> crest</li>\n<li>Posterior layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> (connecting to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> and sacral spines)</li>\n<li>Spinous processes of T7 to T12</li>\n<li>Lower four ribs</li>\n<li>Inferior angle of the scapula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers twist to insert into the floor of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2349e5c871692777190bf4d1a6ff8\">intertubercular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a56f52a921692777199df43853eba\">sulcus</span> of the humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cea3751d7316927772024f04f8dc99\">wrapping</span> around the lower border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> major.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracodorsal nerve</strong> (C6, C7, C8).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Extends, adducts,</strong> and medially rotates the arm (e.g., swimming, climbing)</li>\n<li><strong>Assists in forceful expiration</strong> (e.g., coughing, sneezing)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Levator ScapulaeΒ (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse processes of C1 to C4 vertebrae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior angle and upper part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> border of the scapula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal scapular nerve</strong> (C5) and branches from C3 and C4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevates and stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> during arm movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rhomboid MinorΒ (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d5162a2816927771918bfaa5d7ec\">ligamentum</span> nuchae and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ecc9fc8e416927771993c575ccc1e\">spinous</span> processes of C7 and T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"153f2ea4be16927771981ce5d9171f\">scapula</span> at the base of the triangular area at the root of the spine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal scapular nerve</strong> (C5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rhomboid Major</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinous processes of T2 to T5 and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8202a376b11692777199029f89afab\">supraspinous</span> ligaments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the scapula, below the root of the spine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old female patient presents to the ED with a tension pneumothorax. The physician decides to perform a chest drain insertion to relieve the pressure. As the physician prepares for the procedure, they review the anatomical landmarks to ensure they insert the drain safely. Which muscle defines the posterior boundary of the Triangle of Safety, ensuring that the physician avoids vital structures during the chest drain insertion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectoralis major", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Latissimus dorsi", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Latissimus dorsi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D0DQx9TMXL7iSPvBCTJ41740368559.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:404px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> major muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posteriorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12ad4210e4169277719111f356b7ba\">latissimus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5125f3ab2b16927771860f1acf2bad\">dorsi</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inferiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> line at the level of the 5th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space (usually aligned with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdffd913216927771936512ee5b2a\">nipple</span> in males).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superiorly</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the axilla(armpit).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle forms the medial border of the Triangle of Auscultation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Latissimus dorsi", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rhomboid major", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deltoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Trapezius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lAyGXVVPqkWuCTNgDgzF1740368628.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:492px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral border of the <strong>trapezius muscle.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of the scapula.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inferior Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12ad4210e4169277719111f356b7ba\">latissimus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5125f3ab2b16927771860f1acf2bad\">dorsi</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior or floor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rhomboid major, 6th and 7th ribs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves is responsible for winging of scapula?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal scapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spinal accesory nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Long thoracic nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Suprascapular nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Long thoracic nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/n2NdzEI7H6KrcxwmuyES1740368778.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the muscles involved in abduction of shoulder?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supraspinatous is involved in initiation of abduction.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deltoid is responsible for 0-15 degree abduction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supraspinatous is responsible for 15-90 degree abduction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Infraspinatous is responsible for 0-15 degree abduction.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Supraspinatous is involved in initiation of abduction.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:363px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Β </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Shoulder abduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supraspinatus <strong>(0-15)</strong></li>\n<li>Deltoid <strong>(15-90)</strong></li>\n<li>Serratus anterior<strong> (90Β°-180Β°)</strong></li>\n<li>Upper and lower fibers of trapezius <strong>(90Β°-180Β°)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 23 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Upper Limb-Muscles And Bones Of Forearm And Hand - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 18</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is NOT a content of the cubital fossa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ulnar nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jBg6muqFgBSDHyv47TQz1740382698.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medially</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral border of <strong>pronator teres</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Laterally</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial border of <strong>brachioradialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Point of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7bc6be47c1692777185caa5f693ce\">convergence</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> boundaries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Base</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Imaginary line connecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> epicondyles of humerus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Roof</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> and reinforced by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52b488edaa1692777183ab570a7885\">bicipital</span> aponeurosis.The deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65483c739e169277720294dce50377\">fascia</span> is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17e718612e1692777185f79acb759b\">continuity</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> and antebrachial fascia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Floor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower portion of <strong>brachialis</strong> forms the floor of the upper part of the fossa; the <strong>supinator muscle</strong> forms the floor of the lower part of the fossa.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a unique feature of the clavicle compared to other bones in the body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It ossifies from both membranous and cartilaginous origins.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It articulates directly with the scapula without an intervening joint cavity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is the only bone in the body that does not have a medullary cavity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is entirely covered by the periosteum, unlike other bones.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It ossifies from both membranous and cartilaginous origins.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a content in the 4th compartment of extensor retinaculum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor digitorum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extensor indicis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extensor pollicis brevis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Extensor pollicis brevis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KHtabzmTPFiIxKAqi5To1740384006.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:531px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compartment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> Retinaculum</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure(s)</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>I</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Abductor pollicis longus</li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor pollicis brevis</li>\n</ul>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>II</p>\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor carpi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"282d33f842169277719716e285a377\">radialis</span> longus</li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor carpi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"282d33f842169277719716e285a377\">radialis</span> brevis</li>\n</ul>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p>III</p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor pollicis longus</li>\n</ul>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IV</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor digitorum</li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Extensor indicis</li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> nerve</li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>VI</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extensor carpi ulnaris</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "After a fall from a height with undue arm abduction, the patient presented as shown. Mark the wrong statement about this condition.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C7,C8 &amp;amp; T1 are affected", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Complete clawing of hand is seen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Associated horner syndrome can be seen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Due to injury to lower trunk of brachial plexus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. C7,C8 &amp; T1 are affected", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/G5ko0ti9OuYclzdroblL1740383789.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pbzafgh2J1RrdVZ1qmSM1740383833.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4ws8Rp2iyPzBvm3Opphd1740383858.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Erbβs Paralysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Klumpkeβs Paralysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Site of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Upper trunk of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> (Erbβs point)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lower trunk</strong> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Causes of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Undue separation of head from the shoulder</li>\n<li>Birth injury/difficult childbirth</li>\n<li>During anesthesia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Undue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> of the arm</li>\n<li>Birth injury</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Roots Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mainly C5, partly C6</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mainly T1, partly C8 </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscles Paralyzed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biceps brachii</li>\n<li>Deltoid</li>\n<li>Brachialis</li>\n<li>Brachioradialis</li>\n<li>Partly supraspinatus, infraspinatus, supinator</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Intrinsic muscles of the hand (T1)</li>\n<li>Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers (C8)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deformity and Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arm:</strong> Hangs by the side, adducted and medially rotated</li>\n<li><strong>Forearm: </strong>Extended and pronated (Waiterβs tip position)</li>\n<li>Also known as <strong>Policeman tip deformity</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/pbzafgh2J1RrdVZ1qmSM1740383833.png\" width=\"500\"/><br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Complete clawing of hand</strong> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ad2fb4cc8169277718925a677620c\">hyperextension</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joints and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/4ws8Rp2iyPzBvm3Opphd1740383858.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Additional Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory loss over lower deltoid.</li>\n<li>Bird winging effect of scapula.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hornerβs syndrome</strong> <strong>(Option C) </strong>if T1 is injured.</li>\n<li>Vasomotor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ad52281692777200ef75a10716\">trophic</span> changes</li>\n<li>Cutaneous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e24b7bd55d16927771818aaa6ad0ed\">anesthesia</span> along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> and hand.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the carrying angle of the elbow is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The carrying angle is formed by the angle between the humerus and the ulna when the elbow is flexed.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The carrying angle disappears during full flexion and pronation of the forearm.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The carrying angle is greater in males, usually more than 15Β°.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The carrying angle increases as the arm moves from full flexion to extension.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The carrying angle disappears during full flexion and pronation of the forearm.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yfFr7908jfgSGwHQQLYq1740384438.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures can be palpated in the infraclavicular fossa ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Subclavian vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Biceps tendon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Coracoid process", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoracoacromial artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Coracoid process", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the correctly marked attachments of the Upper end of the Humerus.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Supraspinatus; B- Infraspinatus; D- Pectoralis major", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A- Teres minor; B- Infraspinatus; D- Subscapularis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C- Pectoralis major; D- Supraspinatus; E- Subscapularis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "B- Infraspinatus; C- Pectoralis major; D- Supraspinatus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A- Supraspinatus; B- Infraspinatus; D- Pectoralis major", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/08t0V47367huncYoEdLK1740384321.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3Huyl3RxjjgEjgOenAih1740384356.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/P03Gf1quhWVlsDCVnDoh1740384383.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the attachments on the coracoid process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis insert onto its medial border.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The conoid ligament attaches to the tip of the coracoid process.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The pectoralis minor muscle inserts onto the medial border of the upper surface.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The coracoacromial ligament attaches to the superior ridge of the coracoid process.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The pectoralis minor muscle inserts onto the medial border of the upper surface.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HbfIHGpfrwiN77hqlb3Y1740384265.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following bones is not directly involved in the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lunate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pisiform", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Triquetrum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pisiform", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DPIE6q6QQtt4fMTuNwqv1740384175.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wrist joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Synovial ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint</strong> allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Articulating Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b9019b9e1692777202262a8e3b68\">wrist joint</span> involves the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> end of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> row of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> bones (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum).</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28fccd8021692777201d3ffa6cf94\">ulna</span> is not directly involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b9019b9e1692777202262a8e3b68\">wrist joint</span> but is adjacent to it, separated by an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd001152fe16927771823275439a2d\">articular</span> disc (the triangular fibrocartilage).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Carpal Bones Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Scaphoid, lunate, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d57e7a5ff1692777200fc63f3335e\">triquetrum</span> are directly involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29aabeda101692777182f085a61b99\">articulation</span> with the radius.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a715f71ac169277719574f523c25e\">pisiform</span> is not involved in the wrist joint.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Joint Capsule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d6dfa73b316927772028f3cd60f7f\">fibrous</span> joint <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54635b1bf01692777183247ecff5e0\">capsule</span> encloses the wrist joint, which is lined by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> that produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> fluid for lubrication.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ligaments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Palmar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"110209d43716927771975a745aa2b6\">radiocarpal</span> ligament</li>\n<li>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"110209d43716927771975a745aa2b6\">radiocarpal</span> ligament</li>\n<li>Ulnar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> ligament</li>\n<li>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> ligament</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Movements</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion</li>\n<li>Extension</li>\n<li>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> (abduction)</li>\n<li>Ulnar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> (adduction)</li>\n<li>Circumduction</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blood Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b9019b9e1692777202262a8e3b68\">wrist joint</span> is supplied by branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> arteries.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Median nerve</li>\n<li>Ulnar nerve</li>\n<li>Radial nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common conditions affecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b9019b9e1692777202262a8e3b68\">wrist joint</span> include wrist fractures (especially of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4992469b3c169277719874a6808793\">scaphoid</span> and radius), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> tunnel syndrome, and arthritis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The muscles in the posterior aspect of the forearm are given below. Which among these is involved in the extension of the elbow joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anconeus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brachioradialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supinator", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extensor digitorum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anconeus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9D4YrV9e7hVfnULZuxVO1740383913.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anconeus (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42c351f10a1692777194fbc64fc061\">olecranon</span> process of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends elbow joint</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Brachioradialis (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper two-thirds of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">supracondylar</span> ridge of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e4241b931692777199403b75a8e3\">styloid</span> process of radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> at elbow</strong>; rotates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> to midprone position</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor carpi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"282d33f842169277719716e285a377\">radialis</span> longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower one-third of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">supracondylar</span> ridge of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of base of second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends and abducts hand at wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor carpi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"282d33f842169277719716e285a377\">radialis</span> brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of base of third metacarpal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends and abducts hand at wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor digitorum (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bases of middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of the 2ndβ5th digits</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extends fingers of hand</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor expansion of little finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joint of little finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor carpi ulnaris</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends and adducts hand at wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Supinator (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96f5104d6816927771816ac8dfceeb\">annular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"301e3b01f01692777191aced6dc342\">ligament</span> of superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c5e87b03d1692777197e1150ae78a\">radioulnar</span> joint, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6843f95a11692777199720525b229\">supinator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neck and upper third of radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supinates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> </strong>when elbow is extended</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Abductor pollicis longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of shafts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> and ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abducts and extends thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor pollicis brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joint of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor pollicis longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extensor indicis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor expansion of index finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joint of index finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old woman falls off her bicycle and lands on her outstretched hand. She presents with pain and swelling over the lateral aspect of her wrist. On examination, there is tenderness in the anatomical snuff box. Which underlying bone is most likely fractured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trapezium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lunate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Capitate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Scaphoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/INmtTkj7Rft4HjXw7xsw1740382125.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Choose the correct statement regarding the muscle being tested in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Unipennate muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscles of 1st and 2nd digits are supplied by median nerve and 3rd &amp;amp; 4th digit muscles are supplied by ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Causes flexion of interphalangeal and extension of metacarpophalangeal joints", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Absent in thumb", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Absent in thumb", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dJibEtlZ1JiJxtHQfZOW1740383497.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cKwA67ryqgbqu9vgSjIX1740383536.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kRq5ssMy8E1kLnwDx2381740383562.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/M1vj7Lvr42LOupjGu09b1740383595.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXUGFRErw8PpsKA1VD7Z1740383647.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Palmar Interossei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dorsal Interossei</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unipennate </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bipennate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction of fingers <strong>(PAd)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abduction of fingers <strong>(DAb)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Absent in </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thumb</strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05bd79dc1d1692777191acf30a7886\">little finger</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Number of muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 in no.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 in no. (middle finger has 2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clinical test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Card test</strong> (adduction of digits)</p>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/cKwA67ryqgbqu9vgSjIX1740383536.png\" width=\"500\"/><br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Egawa test</strong> (abduction of digits)</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/kRq5ssMy8E1kLnwDx2381740383562.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexion at metacarpophalangeal</strong> joint and <strong>extension at interphalangeal</strong> jointΒ <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1st &amp; 2nd: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> nerve </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>3rd &amp; 4th: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> nerve</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arrangement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1st &amp; 2nd: </strong>Unipennate</li>\n<li><strong>3rd &amp; 4th:</strong> Bipennate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Other points</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also known as <strong>Linker muscles</strong> as they connect the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> of muscles with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> expansion into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> phalanx</li>\n</ul>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Image:Gray427.png modified\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open Acess\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lumbricales_(hand).png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"684\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXUGFRErw8PpsKA1VD7Z1740383647.png\" width=\"500\"/><br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:541px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle/Nerve involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tinelβs sign</strong> - Tapping over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> tunnel</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phalenβs test</strong> - Wrist flexion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fromentβs Sign</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (Adductor pollicis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wartenburgβs Sign</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (Interossei muscles)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Finkelsteinβs test</strong> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of wrist</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abductor pollicis longus/Extensor pollicis brevis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Jeanneβs sign</strong> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ad2fb4cc8169277718925a677620c\">Hyperextension</span> of thumb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c208204e741692777192d05da0b9cd\">MCP</span> joint</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve(Adductor pollicis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cozenβs test</strong> - Wrist extension against resistance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor carpi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"282d33f842169277719716e285a377\">radialis</span> brevis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bunnel - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7de37066b41692777191d1c0dd4756\">Litter</span> test</strong> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">Flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> joint with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c208204e741692777192d05da0b9cd\">MCP</span> in extension and flexion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intrinsic muscles of hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Given below is an image showing insertion of a muscle (marked in red) on the palmar aspect of the hand. Identify the correct pair of muscles and its corresponding nerve supply.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Opponens digiti minimi - radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Opponens digiti minimi - ulnar nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abductor digiti minimi - median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abductor digiti minimi - ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Opponens digiti minimi - ulnar nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WfsGJ6kWZVq5VWi2Dz0E1740383238.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TTJZKt25tUQatkMhOLMy1740383284.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9iw8N3iUuC268h9VWJVQ1740383317.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Abductor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> Pisiform</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of little finger</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ \n\t\t\t<p>Deep branch of <strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abduction of little finger</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Flexor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> retinaculum</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of little finger</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion of little finger</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Opponens <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Flexor retinaculum</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Medial border of fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulls 5th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> forward</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Patient following RTA was brought to ED, where he was told that his ulnar nerve is injured. Which of the following muscles would be affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 4", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NlY8a83y70fzyyjVXcny1740383026.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UgKAJXCWO4eRZmYdSvOy1740383058.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AFBpIAz7wbE12diS80m11740383124.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9mNa30MIQ8EIVm1ioc4v1740383157.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Abductor pollicis brevis (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4992469b3c169277719874a6808793\">Scaphoid</span> tubercle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abduction of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Flexor pollicis brevis (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Capitate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of metacarpo-phalangeal joint of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Opponens pollicis (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>crest of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion: </strong>Lateral half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of thumb metacarpal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Opposition of thumb towards fingers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Adductor pollicis (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin: </strong>Oblique head- base of 2nd-3rd <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> ; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <strong>head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of 3rd metacarpal</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb (medial aspect)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All are true about the shown muscle except.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supplied by musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Causes flexion of arm at shoulder joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Paralyzed in Erbβs palsy", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Attached to medial coracoid process", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Paralyzed in Erbβs palsy", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/N0DLqA3tUZQ4AFL8o6fK1740382845.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LRTfeLmDqoQuXb3KxTzh1740382901.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KBdUiqJ0i3xthYjgeI5R1740382949.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Biceps brachii</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <strong>Short head-</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">Coracoid</span> process ; <strong>Long head-</strong> Supragelnoid tubercle</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Radial tuberosity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Musculocutaneous nerve <strong>(C5-C6)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion and supination</strong> of forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Brachialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> humerus</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> tuberosity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Motor:</strong> Musculocutaneous nerve</li>\n<li><strong>Proprioceptive:</strong> Radial nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Coraco- brachialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">coracoid</span> process <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of middle humerus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Musculocutaneous nerve</strong> <strong>(C5-C7) </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion of arm </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which sequence do the following carpal bones typically ossify: capitate, pisiform, scaphoid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capitate β Scaphoid β Pisiform", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pisiform β Capitate β Scaphoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Scaphoid β Capitate β Pisiform", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Capitate β Pisiform β Scaphoid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Capitate β Scaphoid β Pisiform", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qe6CaGj5jS5tZUPculnr1747222956.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:316px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Carpal Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ossification Age </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capitate</strong> (First one to ossify)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1-3 Months</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hamate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2-4 Months</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Triquetrum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 3rd year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lunate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 4th year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Scaphoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 5th year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trapezium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 6th year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trapezoid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 6-7th year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pisiform </strong>(Last one to ossify)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>During 9-12th year of life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is responsible for flexing the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pronator quadratus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor pollicis longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Flexor digitorum profundus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IdORwYxApXHpiNQMKxor1740382301.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:556px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal three-quarters of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> surfaces of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28fccd8021692777201d3ffa6cf94\">ulna</span> and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bases of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of the 2nd to 5th digits.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> (DIP) joints of the 2nd to 5th fingers and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of wrist.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial part by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> part by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:457px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> and adjacent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of the thumb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve (anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> branch) (C8, T1).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:461px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distal one-quarter of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the ulna.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distal one-quarter of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the radius.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pronation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> (pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> over the ulna).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Median nerve (anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> branch) (C8, T1).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old carpenter presents with pain and weakness in his right forearm after repetitive hammering. On examination, you note tenderness over the medial epicondyle and weakness in wrist flexion. There is no sensory loss. Based on these findings, which muscle is not likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor pollicis longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor carpi ulnaris", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexor carpi radialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palmaris longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Flexor pollicis longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JTyXdDljDk7cuuGl67dY1740382207.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:499px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Humeral head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendon)</li>\n<li>Ulnar head - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">Coronoid</span> process of the ulna</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral surface of the midshaft of the radius.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> and weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> of elbow.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve (C6, C7).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:418px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendon).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the second and third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bones.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes and abducts the wrist (radial deviation).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve (C6, C7).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:372px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendon).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">retinaculum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> aponeurosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of hand at wrist makes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52cb21596b1692777181aa72f1feb5\">aponeurosis</span> tense.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve (C7, C8).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:489px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Humeral head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (via the common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendon)</li>\n<li>Ulnar head-<strong> </strong>Olecranon and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> border of the ulna.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of the fifth metacarpal.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes and adducts the wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve (C7, C8).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:527px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Humeroulnar head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process of the ulna</li>\n<li>Radial head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">Oblique</span> line of the radius</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of the 2nd to 5th digits.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of middle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of digits.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Upper Limb-Previous Year Questions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 59</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 59 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Based on the clinical image below, what is the most probable nerve to be injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thoracodorsal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intercostal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Long thoracic nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Long thoracic nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/InBxmib54wtYrmfwwMt71746785305.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C5 - C7</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serratus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> muscle</strong>, which is responsible for <strong>scapular protraction</strong> and <strong>upward rotation</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve actions</strong></p>\n<p>(Motor function)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protracts the scapula</strong> (pulls it forward around the thorax).</li>\n<li><strong>Assists in arm anteversion</strong> (moving the arm forward).</li>\n<li><strong>Lifts the ribs</strong>, aiding in respiration.</li>\n<li>Responsible for the <strong>anterolateral motion of the scapula</strong>, which is necessary for <strong>arm elevation</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25 year old male presented with symptoms of inability to flex the distal interphalangeal joint of the 4 th and 5 th digits. He was also not able to hold a piece of paper between his fingers. What is the likely site of injury?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. C", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/OxdtkdmFWxdSpUPetDLx1747058961.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MQdave3KQkJPTxnfc0JT1745387532.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Signs</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brachial Plexus (C8-T1 roots)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trauma, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88e9324da516927771834678bf31c0\">birth injury</span> (Klumpkeβs palsy)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> hand muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> flexors, Β± Hornerβs syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Claw hand, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> forearm/hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cubital Tunnel (Elbow)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compression at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> epicondyle, prolonged flexion, trauma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak grip, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> atrophy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6a2c6342d1692777193c3414d0cc8\">numbness</span> in 4th/5th digits</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive Tinelβs at elbow, Fromentβs sign</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Guyonβs Canal (Wrist)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cyclists, repetitive trauma (handlebar palsy)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak finger abduction/adduction, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscle weakness</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> hand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2193cdaa816927771843863690961\">claw</span> hand more pronounced</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> Nerve (Hand)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lacerations, trauma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isolated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> hand weakness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2193cdaa816927771843863690961\">claw</span> hand</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fromentβs sign, Wartenbergβs sign</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient who has taken the first COVID vaccine comes for the second dose. An astute nurse noticed that the shoulder was flabby, flat, and was asymmetrical. There was an associated loss of contour of the shoulder joint. Injury to which of the structures might have resulted and was avoidable?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotator cuff", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior circumflex artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Axillary nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/I7PcBfQ3qIcD9sRFl6kg1747051393.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bqGGkT6KgE7cbeZO28Xh1745572521.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FryyPLZ656MrnY8r721K1745572521.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the <strong>posterior cord</strong> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> (C5-C6).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through <strong>quadrangular space</strong> with the <strong>posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> humeral artery</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deltoid muscle</strong> (shoulder abduction) and <strong>teres minor</strong> (external rotation).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin over the <strong>lateral shoulder (regimental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fb38cd2a416927771822103bd8bcd\">badge</span> area)</strong> via the <strong>superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of the arm</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Causes of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Improper <strong>intramuscular injection</strong>, shoulder dislocation, humeral <strong>surgical neck fracture</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder atrophy, loss of <strong>contour</strong>, weakness in <strong>abduction</strong>, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss over the <strong>deltoid region</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 7-year-old boy was brought to the hospital with multiple fractures of the humerus secondary to a fall from height. On examination, there is difficulty in flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm and associated loss of sensation over the lateral aspect of the forearm. Which is the nerve most likely to be injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Musculocutaneous nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZmYl529UXxCWVzTHp6oK1745417028.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6qaqjOVuqxkPZY8T97Jh1745417073.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Biceps brachii</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <strong>Short head-</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">Coracoid</span> process ; <strong>Long head-</strong> Supragelnoid tubercle</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> Radial tuberosity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Musculocutaneous nerve <strong>(C5-C6)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexion and supination</strong> of forearm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Brachialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> humerus</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> tuberosity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Motor:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f2019ed01692777193cd7024068f\">Musculocutaneous</span> nerve</li>\n<li><strong>Proprioceptive:</strong> Radial nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion of forearm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Coraco- brachialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d706ad0a916927771852098e31258\">coracoid</span> process</li>\n<li><strong>Insertion:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> aspect of middle humerus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Musculocutaneous nerve</strong> <strong>(C5-C7)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexion of arm</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following muscles is attached to the area marked in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Palmar interossei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Opponens pollicis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Opponens pollicis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/hLGcRnqMnxsfds8qKkWY1746529910.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Attachments</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Abductor pollicis brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4992469b3c169277719874a6808793\">Scaphoid</span> tubercle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Insertion: </strong>Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Abduction of thumb</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor pollicis brevis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Origin: </strong>Capitate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48528974ed1692777185cd29753db5\">crest</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Flexion of metacarpo-phalangeal joint of thumb</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Opponens pollicis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Origin: </strong>crest of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c11a98c2e16927772003da7db3671\">Trapezium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Insertion: </strong>Lateral half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of thumb metacarpal</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Opposition of thumb towards fingers</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor pollicis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Origin: </strong>Oblique head- base of 2nd-3rd <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> ; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <strong>head- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"665018e7801692777198b82c6c9db8\">shaft</span> of 3rd metacarpal</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Insertion:</strong> Base of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb (medial aspect)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Adduction of thumb</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old female patient is presenting with wrist pain on the lateral side. On examination the following test was positive. Tendon sheaths of which two muscles have been involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zoPRwn0aSBqzIpWMRTH51745235856.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aPg9IPt9Wpc1lpoO3SCE1745235894.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A) &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a19c0413216927771801f371db10e\"&gt;Abductor&lt;/span&gt; pollicis &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\"&gt;longus&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\"&gt;extensor&lt;/span&gt; pollicis brev\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with the extension of MCP joint and flexion of IP joints. Which muscle is affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor digitorum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interossei and lumbricals", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Interossei and lumbricals", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B) Interossei and lu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the sign in the image given below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Popeye sign", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hill-Sachs sign", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Griesinger sign", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rising sun sign", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Popeye sign", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cYcx8xtOT62ez3q0thpD1746515631.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following forms the lateral boundary of the anatomical snuff box?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extensor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1w0UzrXtXwaMRLMjwI0i1746515858.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The image showed a normal elbow. What is the structure marked in the image called?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capitulum", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trochlea", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Olecranon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Head of radius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Capitulum", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/nmvmPZqpf4ojpDX58WOI1747982315.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/LcCf9D33jtKqGqereXhd1747982366.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer A- Capitulu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presented with tingling sensation of lateral 3 digits with loss of sensation of base of thumb on the dorsal aspect of the hand. Which is the nerve involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "AIN", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Radial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WGDmDmDI9h41NAgLhi8A1741087312.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Area Supplied</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral (Palmar) Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral 3Β½ fingers + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> palm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmar surface of thumb, index, middle, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3095f536db1692777197c4502be897\">ring finger</span> + palm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial 1Β½ fingers + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> palm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmar surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05bd79dc1d1692777191acf30a7886\">little finger</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3095f536db1692777197c4502be897\">ring finger</span> + palm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thenar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7cd7c82631692777187abb016ed2e\">eminence</span> (skin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Over the base of thumb (root of thumb, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> side)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypothenar eminence</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Over the base of little finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral 3Β½ fingertips (nail beds)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cd397275169277719513776c38c8\">phalanges</span> of thumb, index, middle, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ring finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial 2Β½ fingers + hand dorsum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal aspect of little finger, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> half of ring finger, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral 1Β½ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> + web space</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsum of hand near base of thumb, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> hand, and 1st web space</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Root (base) of thumb </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal aspect of thumb base and adjacent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 16-year-old boy came to the emergency room with the following X-ray. On examination, he had a sensory loss in the lateral arm and sensory loss in the posterior aspect of the forearm. Which of the following is true about his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fracture-dislocation of the elbow", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Surgical neck humerus fracture with axillary nerve injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spine fracture with foot drop", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Humerus shaft fracture with radial nerve palsy", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Humerus shaft fracture with radial nerve palsy", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fixYtgiGxU4eSucd3hSY1747127094.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Root origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Common causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Radial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Compression in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6218759db1692777182316d0cd2aa\">axilla</span> (crutches, \"Saturday night palsy\")</li>\n<li><strong>Midshaft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of humerus</strong></li>\n<li>Repetitive pronation/supination (screwdriver use, \"finger drop\")</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Above elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm/forearm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> hand</li>\n<li>Wrist drop (loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension)</li>\n<li>Decreased grip strength (wrist extension necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> action of flexors)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Below elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal paresthesias without wrist drop</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Midshaft fracture:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tricep function and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm sensation spared</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Median</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supracondylar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff7e91c542169277719182b4b8b68b\">laceration</span> (distal lesion)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ape hand\" and \"Hand of benediction\"</li>\n<li>Loss of wrist flexion</li>\n<li>Loss of function of LOAF muscles (Lumbricals (lateral two), Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> pollicis brevis)</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7cd7c82631692777187abb016ed2e\">eminence</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> aspects of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 1/2 fingers with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> lesion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C8-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fracture of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Fractured hook of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> (distal lesion) from fall on outstretched hand</li>\n<li>Compression of nerve against <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> during cycling</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ulnar claw\" on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02e6b5c95316927771867eba7818b1\">digit</span> extension</li>\n<li>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of wrist upon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> fingers</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of fingers (interossei)</li>\n<li>Loss of thumb adduction</li>\n<li>Loss of action of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e06b348b91692777191544ba23785\">lumbrical</span> muscles</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 1 1/2 fingers including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old male patient presents to the OPD complaining of pain in the medial part of the elbow for the past 4-6 weeks. He states that the pain worsens while lifting weights in the gym. On examination, there is tenderness over the medial epicondyle, and reverse Cozen's test is positive. Which of the following nerves is most likely to be injured in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ulnar nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Root origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Common causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Radial (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Compression in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6218759db1692777182316d0cd2aa\">axilla</span> (crutches, \"Saturday night palsy\")</li>\n<li><strong>Midshaft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of humerus</strong></li>\n<li>Repetitive pronation/supination (screwdriver use, \"finger drop\")</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Above elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm/forearm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> hand</li>\n<li>Wrist drop (loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension)</li>\n<li>Decreased grip strength (wrist extension necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> action of flexors)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Below elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal paresthesias without wrist drop</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Midshaft fracture:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tricep function and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm sensation spared</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Median (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supracondylar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff7e91c542169277719182b4b8b68b\">laceration</span> (distal lesion)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ape hand\" and \"Hand of benediction\"</li>\n<li>Loss of wrist flexion</li>\n<li>Loss of function of LOAF muscles (Lumbricals (lateral two), Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> pollicis brevis)</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7cd7c82631692777187abb016ed2e\">eminence</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> aspects of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 1/2 fingers with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> lesion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C8-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fracture of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Fractured hook of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> (distal lesion) from fall on outstretched hand</li>\n<li>Compression of nerve against <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> during cycling</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ulnar claw\" on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02e6b5c95316927771867eba7818b1\">digit</span> extension</li>\n<li>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of wrist upon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> fingers</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of fingers (interossei)</li>\n<li>Loss of thumb adduction</li>\n<li>Loss of action of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e06b348b91692777191544ba23785\">lumbrical</span> muscles</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 1 1/2 fingers including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the tendon marked in the image", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor carpi radialis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor carpi ulnaris", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Palmaris longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Flexor carpi radialis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/V8sKUUkCr0j69dPvkKp11747980554.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d5IAiAWtiNokJACZ2SQq1747980560.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vDMLfwc9g6ixKWp1V8ap1747980592.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XlBY90FCrSVPqf6NGrfP1747980603.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A man who was on crutches now presents with tingling and paraesthesia on the medial side of the arm, forearm, and hand. Which structure is most likely to be affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KdA2rbnpCYVahFiGRlo21747981117.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Root origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Common causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Radial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Compression in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6218759db1692777182316d0cd2aa\">axilla</span> (crutches, \"Saturday night palsy\")</strong></li>\n<li>Midshaft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of humerus</li>\n<li>Repetitive pronation/supination (screwdriver use, \"finger drop\")</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Above elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm/forearm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> hand</li>\n<li>Wrist drop (loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension)</li>\n<li>Decreased grip strength (wrist extension necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> action of flexors)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Below elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal paresthesias without wrist drop</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Midshaft fracture:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tricep function and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm sensation spared</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Median</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supracondylar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff7e91c542169277719182b4b8b68b\">laceration</span> (distal lesion)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ape hand\" and \"Hand of benediction\"</li>\n<li>Loss of wrist flexion</li>\n<li>Loss of function of LOAF muscles (Lumbricals (lateral two), Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> pollicis brevis)</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7cd7c82631692777187abb016ed2e\">eminence</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> aspects of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 1/2 fingers with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> lesion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C8-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fracture of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Fractured hook of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> (distal lesion) from fall on outstretched hand</li>\n<li>Compression of nerve against <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> during cycling</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>\"Ulnar claw\" on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02e6b5c95316927771867eba7818b1\">digit</span> extension</li>\n<li>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa328dbc09169277718631e23a772f\">deviation</span> of wrist upon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (proximal lesion)</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> fingers</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of fingers (interossei)</li>\n<li>Loss of thumb adduction</li>\n<li>Loss of action of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e06b348b91692777191544ba23785\">lumbrical</span> muscles</li>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> 1 1/2 fingers including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An injury to the shown area can lead to fracture of which bone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lunate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trapezium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hamate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Scaphoid", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HS0iMMKsfmQPqiuCOSaj1714480369.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Scaph\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supinator", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pronator Teres", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pronator Quadratus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Brachioradialis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pronator Teres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51d02ec7e5169277719693f472fa48\"&gt;Pronator&lt;/span&gt; T\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with hypothenar muscle wasting and loss of sensation of medial one and a half digits. Which of the following nerve is involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar Nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ulnar Nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\"&gt;Ulnar&lt;/span&gt; Nerv\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm is done by which muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pectoralis minor", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pectoralis Major", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subclavius", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serratus anterior", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pectoralis Major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\"&gt;Pectoralis&lt;/span&gt; Maj\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At what level is the inferior scapular angle located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T7", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. T7", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with a history of chop injury to the right hand is undergoing surgical repairs . It is observed that the patient is unable to completely fold the right ring finger, while making the fist , which structure injury results in this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor retinaculum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor pollicis longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Flexor digitorum profundus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Movement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> joints</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3c34e683916927771998a3426c3a6\">superficialis</span> (FDS)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexion of DIP joints</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69427990841692777196166d7a5ec9\">profundus</span> (FDP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral part (index &amp; middle fingers): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> nerve</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Medial part (ring &amp; little fingers): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> &amp; DIP joints</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extensor digitorum</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Extensor indicis (index finger only)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Extensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi (little finger only)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial nerve (posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> branch)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Assists in extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> &amp; DIP joints</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbricals</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Palmar &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> interossei</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbricals:</strong> <strong>Lateral 2 (median nerve), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 2 (ulnar nerve)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Interossei:</strong> <strong>Ulnar nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with abnormal sensations in the little finger and part of the ring finger with weakness of the hand. Also, there is a loss of coordination in the fingers. What is the nerve injured in the given scenario?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ulnar nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/M9dYOPWsng1Dm4LUYjxs1745991595.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve (C7, C8 &amp; T1- root values)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior Forearm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexor carpi ulnaris</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Medial half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum profundus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of hand at wrist</li>\n<li>Flexion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> phalanges.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hand</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypothenar muscles</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abducts little finger</li>\n<li>Flexes little finger</li>\n<li>Pulls fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> forward as in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d57ccd00f1692777185c371df0426\">cupping</span> the palm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>8 Interossei muscles</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Palmar Interossei</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Dorsal Interossei</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ad</strong>ducts digits 2-5 (Mnemonic PAD)</li>\n<li><strong>Ab</strong>duct digits 2-5 (Mnemonic DAB)</li>\n<li>Assists Lumbricals in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c208204e741692777192d05da0b9cd\">MCP</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> and IP extension of digits 2-5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbricals of Digits 4 &amp; 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion of MCP</li>\n<li>Extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> &amp; DIP joints of digits 4 and 5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Adductor pollicis</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction the thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar nerve supply</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"651\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/M9dYOPWsng1Dm4LUYjxs1745991595.png\" width=\"734\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A road traffic accident patient has presented to you with features of a nerve injury involving right upper limb. On examination, the patient is able to carry out flexion at metacarpo-phalangeal joint and extension at interphalangeal joint. The most likely nerve involved is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Median nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the given image, the tendon marked by the arrow is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor carpi radialis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor carpi ulnaris", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palmaris longus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Flexor carpi radialis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/S83XnB8p6W6F4jjLtqV11747652974.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/O3NSaYUeUPvprxIMDkGB1747653053.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #666666; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #999999; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #666666; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #999999; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #666666; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #999999; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #666666; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #999999; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:2px solid #666666; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #999999; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronator teres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Humeral head - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">supracondylar</span> ridge and from ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle of radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronation and weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> of forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor carpi radialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of Β 2nd /3rd <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> and abducts (radial deviation)the wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmaris longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52cb21596b1692777181aa72f1feb5\">aponeurosis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> retinaculum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> of wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor carpi ulnaris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a547f4a22716927771897daf6b50e7\">humerus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42c351f10a1692777194fbc64fc061\">olecranon</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> border of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pisiform bone and hook of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67cb40545f16927771882e55a0620e\">hamate</span> and 5thΒ metacarpal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> and adducts (ulnar deviation)the wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum superficialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd88c7c9741692777194fe0cc9abaa\">oblique</span> line of radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divides into 4 tendons and insert to middle phalanx</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #999999; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flex the wrist, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:center\">\n<p><strong>Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:center\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:center\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:center\">\n<p><strong>Nerve supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:center\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Flexor digitorum profundus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anteromedial surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28fccd8021692777201d3ffa6cf94\">ulna</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Divided into 4 tendons and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> phalanx</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> nerve and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Flex the wrist, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joint and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joint</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Flexor pollicis longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d0cdf9e0e1692777185d4b709e843\">coronoid</span> process</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Flex the wrist and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joint of wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Pronator quadratus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior surface of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> Radius</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:none; vertical-align:center\">\n<p>Pronates forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is referred to a higher center with the diagnosis of fracture. On examination, the forearm pulses were not palpable. An upper arm X-ray was done, which is given below. Which artery is most likely to be injured in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior interosseous artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Brachial artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ozKBj40IUxZx4P2KVgWz1746178544.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gL6bIZJJHNZ6ixogkK181747396185.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 22-year-old male patient after an injury presented with a deformity as shown in the image. Which nerve will be damaged in the given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial Nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous Nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Radial Nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/J8kuxCrQrRWp45K5o7Lz1746178748.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Root origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Common causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Radial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C5-T1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Compression in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6218759db1692777182316d0cd2aa\">axilla</span> (crutches, \"Saturday night palsy\")</li>\n<li>Midshaft <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> of humerus</li>\n<li>Repetitive pronation/supination (screwdriver use, \"finger drop\")</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Above elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of sensation over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm/forearm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> hand</li>\n<li>Wrist drop (loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension)</li>\n<li>Decreased grip strength (wrist extension necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> action of flexors)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Below elbow injury:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distal paresthesias without wrist drop</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Midshaft fracture:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tricep function and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> arm sensation spared</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which bone is most likely to be fractured in an injury to the anatomical snuff box?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lunar", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cuboid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Scaphoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nAJiEUxAvLacTPMb8NVm1746180065.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Injury to the posterior interosseous nerve leads to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of extension of digits", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loss of extension of wrist", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of supination", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wrist drop", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Loss of extension of digits", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve (after supinator)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor digitorum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> pollicis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> &amp; brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> indicis, ECU</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None (purely motor)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak finger extension, wrist extension intact (via ECRL)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial tunnel syndrome, trauma, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e074a9f98716927771826303da488a\">arcade</span> of Frohse</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Biceps brachii functions as which type of muscle for lifting the forearm ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Synergistic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fixator", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Antagonist", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Primary mover", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Primary mover", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Term</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">Forearm</span> Flexion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a3d83b16a16927771925091c30287\">Mover</span> (Agonist)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main muscle responsible for movement.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biceps brachii</strong> flexes the elbow.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antagonist</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle that opposes the primary mover.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Triceps brachii</strong> extends the elbow, opposing the biceps.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synergist</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assists the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a3d83b16a16927771925091c30287\">mover</span> by adding force or stability.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brachialis</strong> helps the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> in flexion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fixator</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stabilizes the origin of the primary mover.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"074fda92471692777185c9d613a2ea\">cuff</span> muscles</strong> stabilize the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0cdc42a0c1692777198f54a380826\">shoulder joint</span> during flexion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Injury of the lower brachial plexus leads to Klumpkeβs paralysis. What is the characteristic clinical finding seen in this lesion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Policeman tip hand", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wrist drop", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Claw hand", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hornerβs syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Claw hand", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/L1AkQr7m5kYtcHjXoHNc1745314452.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower trunk of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Undue arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> (e.g., clutching after a fall)</p>\n<p>Birth injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Roots Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily T1, partially C8</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the nerve supply of the structure marked in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Median nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/WZrR7vV0lA6v0fezgg581746698252.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/fJWOBCjUivCczZ3IVy6N1745316026.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7qOIyn3qacOMax2jTrBQ1745316003.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From Roots</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>From Trunks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Lateral root of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial root of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Ulnar nerve (C7, C8, T1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Axillary nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Thoraco-dorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)</li>\n<li>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which nerve is affected in a 50-year-old male who has a positive Trendelenburg test on the right side?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right inferior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Right superior gluteal nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Left superior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Left inferior gluteal nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Right superior gluteal nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/OFAxVic2Eg2DOTvVO82s1745240277.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with leprosy presented with the deformity as shown below. Which nerve injury causes the given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ulnar nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qzNyjuPPaIcOdEkzNSA31745923942.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar Nerve Palsy (Claw Hand)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lumbricals (3rd &amp; 4th), Interossei, Hypothenar muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficit Seen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MCP hyperextension, IP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (mainly in 4th &amp; 5th fingers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leprosy, trauma at the elbow (cubital tunnel) or wrist (Guyon's canal)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tests for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fromentβs sign (weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> pollicis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Physiotherapy, nerve grafting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2193cdaa816927771843863690961\">claw</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92a52a7756169277718538d58fe1a9\">correction</span> surgery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supinator", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pronator quadratus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pronator teres", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Brachioradialis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pronator teres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following take part in the formation of the wrist joint, except:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Triquetrum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distal end of radius", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Distal end of ulna", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Distal end of ulna", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nVx7WFuINlouyB20cHUq1715863382.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "One of the nerves supplying the upper limb, the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, supplying the skin overlying the posterior border of the deltoid muscle as well as covering the long head of the triceps, is a branch of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Axillary nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branch of Axillary Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior Branch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior Branch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> minor muscle and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cutaneous Branches</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the skin over the lower part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle and the superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> aspect of the arm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An injury to the shown area can lead to fracture of which bone", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lunate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trapezium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Scaphoid", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OAih61o34gKIQvxTqIGk1692343382.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RKIwuOtttA0M3PUwU2Ru1716442559.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct OptionΒ B:Β \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with hypothenar muscle wasting and loss of sensation of medial one and a half digits. Which nerve is involved", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Musculocutaneous", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ulnar", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AIRqRLW7jaWrt2oGlBZ11716442734.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YXYVbtbOOS4vEbL4MCKr1716442751.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct optionΒ C.\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The arrow in the image denotes which of the following muscles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extensor carpi radialis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brachioradialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supinator", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor carpi radialis brevis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Extensor carpi radialis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aFDYnHyOuFFdv0c5rFKG1691504696.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ihWEMhzVf09g2hTt9itP1715859165.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor carpi radialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the second and third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bones</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends and abducts the wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor carpi ulnaris</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> border of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> bone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends and adducts the wrist</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor digitorum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor expansions of the fingers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends the fingers at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71a5caf62116927771863da6f46ba3\">digiti</span> minimi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal aspect of the fifth digit</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8226badd751692777203022e3dc57b\">fifth finger</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor indicis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of ulna</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor expansion of the index finger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ee643d13c1692777190386314a416\">index finger</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensor pollicis longus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior surface of ulna, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9451cd23d1692777195fe471f486e\">phalanx</span> of the thumb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extends the thumb at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the nerve supply of the structure marked in the image below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Median nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jkXib3Ko3TWJJ6hmD1uZ1694676451.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distribution in Hand</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 2 lumbricals, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> muscles (except <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> pollicis), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 and a half digits (including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e399ea3b4616927772004e16d5999d\">tips</span> of the index, middle, and half of the ring finger), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> aspects of the fingertips of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 and a half digits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 1 and a half lumbricals, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> pollicis, deep head of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> pollicis brevis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> aspects of the little finger, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> half of the ring finger, and the corresponding aspects of the fingertips</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> muscles of the forearm, but no direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> muscles of the hand (excluding the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> interosseous)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> skin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 2 and a half digits (excluding the fingertips)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> skin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 1 and a half digits (including the fingertips)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nerve supply of the area marked by arrow in the image is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Radial nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YnIvcKVSV2tXgKw18a591694676508.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distribution in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">Dorsal</span> Hand</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> surface of the hand, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the fingers, thumb, and back of the hand.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> skin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 2 and a half digits (excluding the fingertips).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal branches of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> skin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 1 and a half digits (including the fingertips).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the statements below accurately describes De Quervain's tenosynovitis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fingers are held in mild extension", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It affects APL and EPB", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Most common involvement is index finger", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Treatment is surgery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It affects APL and EPB", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the function of the muscle marked as A in the image below, at the metacarpophalangeal joint?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adduction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abduction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Flexion", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mTMwfIwFn9tJcg3DzWJL1715862725.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IqVZULYWUH7gk8XHYgcX1715862918.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A:Β F\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which finger possesses two dorsal interossei muscles among the following options?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Index finger", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Little finger", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle finger", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ring finger", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Middle finger", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the effects of a Supracondylar fracture ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of sensation of the nail of index finger", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypothenar muscles wasting", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of sensation at the tip of radial tubercle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of sensation of the 4 th interdigital cleft", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Loss of sensation of the nail of index finger", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GeGxFBpxrF7LWr9koexD1716446218.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve Involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause of injury</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical features</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supracondylar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">fracture</span> (humerus); Wrist slash injury; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">Carpal</span> tunnel syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ape thumb deformity; Benediction hand; Weakness in wrist flexion; hand deviates to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> side on flexion; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of index and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5897c96aa21692777192593dc37a0c\">middle finger</span> is lost; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> abduction, opposition and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of thumb is compromised; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3 &amp; Β½ fingers; difficulty in making an 'O' with thumb and index finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Loss of flexion at the interphalangeal joint of thumb after supracondylar fracture is due to the involvement of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deep branch of ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior interosseous nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D.\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which single muscle is involved in the actions of arm's flexion, adduction and medial rotation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serratus Anterior", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pectoralis major", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pectoralis minor", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subclavius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pectoralis major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZQed9EA3UnhoPDlX14vM1715864644.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The rotator cuff includes the following muscles all except;", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supraspinatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Infraspinatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Teres major", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Teres minor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Teres major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 22-year-old male patient after an injury presented with a deformity as shown in the image. Which nerve will be damaged in the given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial Nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median Nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous Nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Radial Nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/80tM6poMWzbSeXYxucu41692704364.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\"&gt;Radial&lt;/span&gt; Nerv\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause of injury</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical features</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crutch palsy; Saturday night palsy; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3727bc4841692777203d62242b6e6\">Fracture</span> midshaft humerus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of extension at multiple joints; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"686792a7fd16927772025815b2dd97\">Wrist drop</span> (loss of wrist extension); weakness of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3daf86e63169277719936e262ff26\">supination</span> and finger extension; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss on arm, forearm, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The marked muscle is supplied by which nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Musculocutaneous nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KgJVajV7VQsiS2Kho59w1712570286.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Biceps brachii</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Musculocutaneus nerve (C5, C6)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes and supinates the forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brachialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Musculocutaneus nerve (C5, C6)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> in all positions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coracobrachialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Musculocutaneus nerve (C5, C6,C7)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexes and adducts the arms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the subsequent structures of the brachial plexus does not provide any branches?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Roots", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cords", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trunks", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Divisions", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Divisions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/daduEizJLDTkynmgl3MI1716457263.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about the lesion of the structure indicated by the arrow?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ape thumb deformity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Claw hand", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Claudication", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wrist drop", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Wrist drop", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IVf9feFSghHgqXLwd4Ds1694682317.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:575px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hand Deformity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ape Thumb Deformity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thumb positioned more in line with the fingers, resembling the thumb of an ape.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Claw Hand</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperextension of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joints and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints, resulting in a claw-like appearance of the hand.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wrist Drop</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial Nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to maintain an extended position of the wrist, causing the wrist to hang in a flexed position.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Benediction Hand</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> Nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73eb6a06aa1692777202a9f27fafa2\">flex</span> the fingers at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e158e089169277719265674b2879\">metacarpophalangeal</span> joints, resulting in a hand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> resembling making a blessing gesture.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pope's Blessing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> Nerves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73eb6a06aa1692777202a9f27fafa2\">flex</span> the thumb, index, and middle fingers at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> joints, resulting in a hand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> resembling making a blessing gesture.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dupuytren's Contracture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmar Fascia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Progressive thickening and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c13e3c8e91692777185822d4393f9\">contracture</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> fascia, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c13e3c8e91692777185822d4393f9\">contracture</span> of the fingers, commonly affecting the ring and little fingers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the structure marked in the image given below:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ulnar artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ulnar artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8eTIBm5LCHnSqgvdGVdi1712573254.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Runs along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> side (medial side) of the forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Origin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arises from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> in the upper arm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Course</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels down the forearm, giving off various branches</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branches</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> artery</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> arteries</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">Muscular</span> branches</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">Palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> branches</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">Superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> (terminates as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> branch)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supply</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies blood to the muscles and tissues of the forearm, hand, and digits</p>\n<p>- Supplies deep muscles of the forearm</p>\n<p>- Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">collateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"337d16dac5169277718474b97f6e4a\">circulation</span> to the hand</p>\n<p>- Forms the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">superficial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> in the hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which bone is most likely to be fractured in an injury to the anatomical snuff box?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scaphoid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lunar", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cuboid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trapezius", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Scaphoid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4992469b3c169277719874a6808793\"&gt;Scaphoid&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The given finding is associated with ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trisomy 13", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trisomy 21", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Klinefelterβs", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Trisomy 18", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Trisomy 21", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fttK7MwLmqrBlcsNfTjE1693233954.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e54fdc4d3169277720003f231621d\"&gt;Trisomy&lt;/span&gt; 2\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the function of the muscle indicated in the provided image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retraction of scapula", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Protraction of scapula", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abduction of shoulder joint", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adduction of shoulder joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Abduction of shoulder joint", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YTF19xHJqlks5OiAwmtB1691387901.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4K31BIO5HxQ29IbizRF91715340373.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following aids in supination and pronation of the forearm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pivot joint", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Saddle joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ellipsoid joint", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ball and socket joint", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pivot joint", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5RdFBJJzmY9o6chapJXX1715764626.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MKoZReMQLQWuZt2WAaQ31684997031.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20e5c798981692777195a599eb19c8\"&gt;Pivot&lt;/span&gt; j\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the anatomical structure marked in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Extensor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Abductor pollicis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extensor pollicis longus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Extensor pollicis longus", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b0JMsEV24ASmH5GDCN9s1712569334.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PWyHFC3gZaXx5qPofSmf1712569356.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3UwKWr6kRyz0PSnFGf9Q1712569392.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\"&gt;Extensor&lt;/span&gt; pollicis longu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of joint shown in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Symphysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Syndesmosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synchondrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Synostosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Syndesmosis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/N1DANUC8q9kcvsIX1kEh1684998000.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 69 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
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Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 13</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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Upon examination, the physician notes that the sensation is decreased in a specific area corresponding to a dermatome. Which of the following dermatomes is likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C6", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C7", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C8", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. C6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YO0VXwxgP3Mm0duHfzJ61740366662.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hDNXXTJBlOMA7tjaEygB1740366695.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn is delivered with a shoulder dystocia complication. On examination, the infant has paralysis of the arm with the shoulder adducted, the elbow extended, and the forearm pronated. This injury most likely involves which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower trunk of the brachial plexus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper trunk of the brachial plexus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Upper trunk of the brachial plexus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JxzkCVWFvsPWoMWpWjyu1740366863.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upper trunk divides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injuries to this area can cause <strong>Erb's palsy</strong> with specific motor/sensory deficits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Erb's Palsy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Results from damage to the <strong>upper trunk</strong>, leading to weakness in the upper limb, <strong>waiter-tip posture</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with weakness in the right arm after a difficult vaginal delivery. The arm is limp and hangs by the side, with the forearm pronated and the hand facing inward in a \"waiter's tip\" position. The infant has difficulty with shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Which of the following nerve roots are most likely involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5 and C6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "C7 and C8", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C8 and T1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C3 and C4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. C5 and C6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ICKg28lZKCnhHCpWmSD31740366957.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zt1pa4JgnQEAZnxhgsXL1740366987.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brachial Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a4804f0641692777197a34ddfa236\">rami</span> of C5-T1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper Trunk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Union of C5 and C6 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">ventral</span> rami</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Erbβs Point</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d398f22bb71692777201622867bda7\">triangle</span> of the neck, where the upper trunk divides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Horner's Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involvement of T1 nerve root, indicating a more extensive injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal Abnormalities</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone deformities (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7649bd0f191692777188dcdf91af69\">glenoid</span> dysplasia, clavicular shortening) due to muscle imbalance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with weakness in the hand following a difficult delivery. Examination reveals a claw hand deformity characterized by hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints. Sensory loss is noted along the ulnar aspect of the forearm and hand. Which of the following is the most likely nerve root involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C7", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C8", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. T1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JrRDqgCAI1JD1eU1GSjd1740367085.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:501px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower trunk of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause of Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Undue arm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> (e.g., clutching after a fall)</p>\n<p>Birth injury</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve Roots Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily T1, partially C8</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following gives rise to the bones and connective tissues of the limb?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Intermediate mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The parietal (somatic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Paraxial mesoderm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neural crest cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The parietal (somatic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:558px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Period of Gestation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4th Week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Appearance of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0bc1ae5070169277720193a2852d9c\">upper limb</span> bud</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6th Week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d66a684ddd1692777188096df45160\">hand plate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> of chondrification.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7th Week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> and further <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> development.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>12th Week</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3be8c9fc131692777194e15d6aeef3\">ossification</span> centers in long bones.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old man presents with numbness and tingling along the lateral aspect of his forearm and thumb following a fall on his outstretched arm. Which dermatome is most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C6", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C7", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C8", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. C6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wBBQkVIoTOpDBgQss60w1740366491.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:572px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Spinal Nerve Root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dermatome (Sensory Area)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5 (Option A ruled out)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral upper arm, over the deltoid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6 (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> and thumb(1st digit)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C7 (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Index finger (2nd digit) to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3095f536db1692777197c4502be897\">Ring finger</span> (4th digit)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C8 (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial forearm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05bd79dc1d1692777191acf30a7886\">little finger</span> (5th digit)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial arm and elbow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old male presents with difficulty extending his elbow after a recent injury. On examination, you notice weakness in elbow extension and diminished triceps reflex. Sensory examination is normal. Which myotome is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C7", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "C8", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. C7", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MRHv6Hy98iplxsvb01F11740366586.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:531px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Spinal Nerve Root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Myotome (Motor Function)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5 (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shoulder <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> (deltoid), elbow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (biceps)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C6 (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elbow flexion, wrist extension (biceps, wrist extensors)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C7 (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elbow extension (triceps),</strong> wrist <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (wrist flexors)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C8 (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Finger flexion, thumb extension (finger flexors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> hand muscles)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Finger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69ae073b9f169277718021ae773099\">abduction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> (intrinsic hand muscles, interossei)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male presents with weakness in the upper limb following a fall on his shoulder. Physical examination reveals impaired movement in the extensor muscles of the arm. Injury to which part of the brachial plexus is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Upper trunk, anterior division", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Middle trunk, anterior division", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Middle trunk, posterior division", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lower trunk, anterior division", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Middle trunk, posterior division", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JrjNOXamNJNtv2tmim6D1740366771.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:475px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Trunk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Divisions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper Trunk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Union of C5 and C6 rami</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> muscles <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Middle Trunk</strong></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tΒ </td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuation of C7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> muscles <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> muscles <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower Trunk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Union of C8 and T1 rami</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> muscles <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passing over first rib</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after a high-speed motorcycle accident. He complains of severe pain and weakness in his right arm. On examination, there is loss of sensation in the right shoulder and upper arm with weakness in shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Which of the following is the most likely type of brachial plexus lesion in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Intradural rupture", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Compression injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closed traction injury", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iatrogenic injury", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Closed traction injury", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Closed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66d1f5d3461692777200af5741a710\">Traction</span> Lesions </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Result from forces that stretch or tear nerves, often in high-impact incidents like accidents.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intradural Ruptures/Avulsions </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve roots torn from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord; harder to treat than other injuries.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compression Injuries </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caused by pressure on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus, including:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS):</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">Compression</span> between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cb340bacd169277718404028c7d00\">clavicle</span> and first rib.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hematoma:</strong> Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> compressing the plexus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anomalous Muscles/Structures</strong>: Extra <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"116f86834a1692777181a914379270\">anatomical</span> features causing compression.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iatrogenic Injury</strong>: Damage during medical procedures. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Symptom</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Changes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numbness, tingling, pain, or burning in the shoulder, arm, or hand.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Weakness</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficulty moving the shoulder, arm, or hand, with specific weakness patterns aiding localization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autonomic Dysfunction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Changes in sweating, skin temperature, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> in the affected limb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with weakness in elbow flexion and loss of sensation over the lateral aspect of his forearm. Which of the following nerves is most likely involved in this patientβs condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Musculocutaneous nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:507px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> divisions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior division of lower trunk (sometimes middle trunk)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Motor Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sensory Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Musculocutaneous</strong> (C5, C6, C7) <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral Root of Median</strong> (C5, C6, C7)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (primarily hand muscles)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> of the hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Axillary </strong>(C5, C6) <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deltoid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> minor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral shoulder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial</strong> (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1) <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triceps, brachioradialis, wrist and finger extensors, supinator</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior arm, forearm, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c94b3faab16927771861e13308510\">dorsolateral</span> hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper Subscapular</strong> (C5, C6)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subscapularis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracodorsal</strong> (C6, C7, C8)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Latissimus dorsi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">Subscapular</span> </strong>(C5, C6)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subscapularis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> major</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar</strong> (C8, T1) <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexor carpi ulnaris, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69427990841692777196166d7a5ec9\">profundus</span> (medial half), most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> hand muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial hand, little finger, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> half of ring finger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Median</strong> (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronators, wrist/finger flexors (except those supplied by ulnar), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Palmar hand (thumb, index, middle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> half of ring finger)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial Pectoral</strong> (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pectoralis major, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa97794e21692777195a324ffec49\">pectoralis</span> minor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Nerve of Arm</strong> (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial arm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">Cutaneous</span> Nerve of Forearm</strong> (C8, T1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial forearm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the variations in the prefixed and postfixed brachial plexus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prefixed brachial plexus is characterized by contributions from C5 to T2.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T2 spinal nerve replaces the usual T1 contribution in postfixed brachial plexus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prefixed brachial plexus has an increased contribution from C4 and decreased from T1.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Postfixed brachial plexus is associated with an increased contribution from C3 and C4.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Prefixed brachial plexus has an increased contribution from C4 and decreased from T1.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b8jA36VN9KfwLiJLv76T1740367172.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qEWCjSnIcyyy9vU5t57s1740367202.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:712px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Prefixed </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Postfixed </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve root</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C4-C8</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C6-T2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Shift</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upward shift</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Downward shift</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C4 contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nil or minimal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C5 contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T1 contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reduced or nil</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal along with added T2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No risk of compression</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High risk of compression</p>\n<p>(Thoracic outlet syndrome)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/b8jA36VN9KfwLiJLv76T1740367172.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/qEWCjSnIcyyy9vU5t57s1740367202.png\" width=\"500\"/></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the brachial plexus does not give off any branches?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Roots", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trunks", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Divisions", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cords", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Divisions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GxZrSY8LJ6mhx5jVH1mL1740367283.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a9085a5761692777195417d7c03ae\">plexus</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Branches </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Roots</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dorsal scapular nerve - <strong>C5</strong></li>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve - <strong>C5</strong> to <strong>C7</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Trunks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Suprascapular nerve - <strong>C5</strong>, <strong>C6</strong></li>\n<li>Nerve to subclavius - <strong>C5</strong>, <strong>C6</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Division</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>None</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cords</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (Lateral cord: <strong>C5</strong>-<strong>C7</strong>)</li>\n<li>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (Posterior cord: <strong>C5,</strong> <strong>C6</strong>)</li>\n<li>Thoracodorsal nerve (Posterior cord: <strong>C6</strong>-<strong>C8</strong>)</li>\n<li>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (Posterior cord: <strong>C5</strong>, <strong>C6</strong>)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (Medial cord: <strong>C8</strong>, <strong>T1</strong>)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm (Medial cord: <strong>C8</strong>, <strong>T1</strong>)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> (Medial cord: <strong>C8</strong>, <strong>T1</strong>)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Terminal branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Musculocutaneous nerve (Lateral cord, C5-C7)</li>\n<li>Axillary nerve (Posterior cord, C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Radial nerve (Posterior cord, C5-T1)</li>\n<li>Median nerve (Lateral and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> cords, C5-T1)</li>\n<li>Ulnar nerve (Medial cord, C8, T1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the anterior and posterior axial lines is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Axial lines form as a result of limb rotational and elongation processes during embryogenesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axial lines divide dermatomes that are adjacent in the spinal nerve sequence", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Overlapping of nerve supply can overlap across axial lines", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Overlapping of Ventral and dorsal axial lines can occur", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Axial lines form as a result of limb rotational and elongation processes during embryogenesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HOo1rymR8a7WJKTcUfZ01740367364.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Axial lines</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Axial lines </strong>are the dividing lines between dermatomes that are not adjacent in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> nerve sequence.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">Axial</span> Line (on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> surface of the limb).</li>\n<li>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">Axial</span> Line (on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> surface of the limb).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>During embryological development, the limbs undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> (upper limb) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> (lower limb).</li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8342f520cf1692777197dee4e4e5c3\">rotation</span> creates a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b34a9891d16927771998a84595013\">spiral</span> arrangement of dermatomes and shifts certain dermatomes distally.</li>\n<li>Axial lines <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> as a result of these<strong> rotational and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e53f6980f1692777187044dd3f9e7\">elongation</span> processes.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Axial lines are important for understanding nerve injuries and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efa5d21d3d16927771918a62baf918\">mapping</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> deficits.</li>\n<li>Across these lines, there is no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea564f2f5e1692777194df1391fd69\">overlap</span> between dermatomes, so <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss in these areas can help pinpoint the exact nerve or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> segment involved.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 23 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Upper Limb-Upper Limb Arterial Supply Venous Drainage Lymphatic Drainage Hand Spaces - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 15</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents after a motor vehicle accident with a clavicle fracture. During surgery, the surgeon carefully avoids damaging nearby blood vessels, including those from the thyrocervical trunk. Which artery is not a branch of the thyrocervical trunk and is less likely to be encountered during this procedure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior Thyroid Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Suprascapular Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial Cervical Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsal Scapular Artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Dorsal Scapular Artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/EmjfvPm1ZYqQ9EVric4c1740385564.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NfxIhs1VMpH9Nyn6eUhr1740385618.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old man undergoes surgery for a tumour in the axilla. During the procedure, the surgeon identifies the second part of the axillary artery and its branches. Which of the following arteries arises from this segment of the axillary artery and must be carefully preserved during the dissection?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superior thoracic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thoraco-acromial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subscapular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior circumflex humeral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thoraco-acromial artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RIaBoIdoHuEXP04XLceo1740385675.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/etDSV78gQEXzrEEuYj4D1740385704.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The following image illustrates the blood supply to the mammary gland. Identify the artery labelled \"A.\"", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lateral Thoracic Artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Internal Thoracic Artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior Intercostal Arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Subscapular Artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Internal Thoracic Artery", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3DXB42v4FPdN0iQnWP9z1740385765.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/u4iL0QIGEmsHMogxIsoL1740385797.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:469px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blood supply of the Mammary gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Source of Blood Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arteries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">Thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial Mammary Branches</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9562c879be1692777199afcb12fa54\">subclavian</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> and supplies the <strong>anteromedial part of the breast.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Axillary Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">Thoracic</span> ArteryΒ (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It gives off <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> mammary branches to supply the <strong>lateral aspect of the breast.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subscapular ArteryΒ (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to the blood supply to<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> </strong>and<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> aspects of the breast</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">Intercostal</span> ArteriesΒ (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2nd to 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">Intercostal</span> Arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarges during lactation; Supplies <strong>superior regions of the breast</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient presents with a shoulder injury following a fall. During a physical examination, the physician palpates the brachial artery to assess the blood supply to the arm. At which anatomical landmark does this artery begin as a continuation of the axillary artery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower border of the teres minor", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Upper border of the teres major", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lower border of the teres major", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Upper border of the teres minor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lower border of the teres major", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4uhJfjP8qcm3DWFEQZ181740385852.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tmr6ry3IjYzS1PynLYvQ1740385880.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Brachial Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuation of the axillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> at the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> border of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ad930500b1692777200545684a556\">teres</span> major muscle.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Course</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Courses distally, spiralling from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> to anterior, lying midway between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> epicondyles of the humerus.</li>\n<li>Terminates about <strong>1 cm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> to the elbow</strong> into<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> </strong>and<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> arteries.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Major Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Profunda Brachii Artery</strong>: Supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Nutrient Artery:</strong> Supplies the humerus.</li>\n<li><strong>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">Collateral</span> Artery:</strong> Anastomoses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> artery.</li>\n<li><strong>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">Ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4de12d1ef31692777184db1d11c6bd\">Collateral</span> Artery:</strong> Anastomoses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> artery.</li>\n<li><strong>Deltoid Artery:</strong> Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d60276a81692777185b5f6f71fa9\">deltoid</span> muscle.</li>\n<li><strong>Muscular Arteries: </strong>Supply various arm muscles.</li>\n<li><strong>Radial Artery: </strong>Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> and contributes to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> arch.</li>\n<li><strong>Ulnar Artery:</strong> Supplies the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> and contributes to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> arch.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents with intermittent pain and numbness in his right hand, especially after gripping. The physician suspects vascular insufficiency. Which test is the physician likely to perform to assess the blood supply to the hand?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Allen's test", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phalen's test", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tinel's sign", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Capillary refill test", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Allen's test", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uH5tovb2PjWiGHhW8WLM1740386006.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ixhjnrGLMFDn7nChxzi21740386073.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 72-year-old male with a history of atherosclerosis and hypertension presents with sudden severe pain, numbness, and weakness in his left arm. Examination shows difficulty gripping and sensory loss in the hand. Which anastomosis is most critical for collateral blood flow to the left upper limb in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Suprascapular artery and dorsal scapular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Subscapular artery and circumflex scapular artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superior thoracic artery and acromiothoracic artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Suprascapular artery and circumflex scapular artery", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Suprascapular artery and circumflex scapular artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UsRKyD2jd9z9MRY6PtMu1740451822.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Ox93WTP3lMBGkvimHsR1740451872.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Around the body of the scapula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce5726fb0169277718072972038ca\">acromion</span> process</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Suprascapular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong>(branch of the thyrocervical trunk)</li>\n<li><strong>Circumflex scapular artery</strong> (branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> from the 3rd part of the axillary artery)</li>\n<li><strong>Deep branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> </strong>(branch of the thyrocervical trunk).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acromial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"803d897bc41692777200f2f9c04234\">thoracoacromial</span> artery</strong> (2nd part of axillary).</li>\n<li><strong>Acromial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ef3f12e5e416927771990ec8a049e2\">suprascapular</span> artery</strong> (1st part of subclavian).</li>\n<li><strong>Acromial branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">circumflex</span> humeral artery</strong> (3rd part of axillary).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with stage 5 chronic kidney disease is preparing for hemodialysis. During the examination, tenderness is noted in the right arm, and a prominent vein is visible. The doctor asks the intern to identify the vein, hinting that it pierces the clavipectoral fascia. What vein is being referenced?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Basilic vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brachial vein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cephalic vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median cubital vein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cephalic vein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eom1cWJK6JB1bB37hvEm1740451988.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TCsJydwcAoSZTXqhUCV81740452021.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5FGo0CJQ28MbCveTp90r1740452058.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female presents to the clinic following her mammogram results, revealing a palpable mass in her left breast and mild discomfort. Examination shows enlarged lymph nodes in the left axilla. Which of the following is the terminal group of axillary lymph nodes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Central", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pectoral", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Apical", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Supraclavicular", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Apical", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ndday1SHDwQnm5wGZDWq1740452127.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Kwj3HMoeEDSJdnyT3bns1740452186.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VO23sR935jrMxI4HQngM1740452217.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4kJtMOv2qZs8EJ5v5sSf1740452250.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/64FUBwh836WW67BXp70v1740452287.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:684px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lymph Nodes/Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of breast</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior axillary or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral quadrants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Internal mammary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial quadrants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> nodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> quadrant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subdiaphragmatic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11df1d6d191692777199abaec6d4b2\">subperitoneal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> plexuses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> quadrant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apical group of axillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep surface</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old male presents to the emergency department with swelling and pain in his right hand, particularly around the base of the thumb, after puncturing it with a nail. Examination shows tenderness, swelling, and limited thumb movement. An infection is diagnosed. Which statement about this space is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It has a triangular shape", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Infection can spread through the radial bursa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Associated short muscles of thumb anteriorly", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior wall is formed by the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbricals", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior wall is formed by the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbricals", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/g56WFiyQpyNcjU4DetXs1740452360.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zxVV7Jm9UmrjPo0ToF7u1740452393.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:787px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Midpalmar Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thenar Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Shape</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triangular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Triangular (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Site </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Under the inner half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f9a320e1a169277718983ee3d1860\">hollow</span> of the palm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Under the outer half of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f9a320e1a169277718983ee3d1860\">hollow</span> of the palm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Extent </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distal margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">retinaculum</span> (proximal)</li>\n<li>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52ba261a371692777185fc3cc4d7af\">crease</span> (distal)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distal margin of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">retinaculum</span> (proximal)</li>\n<li>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6260fa86416927772008d36bd7e5f\">transverse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52ba261a371692777185fc3cc4d7af\">crease</span> (distal)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Communications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forearm space of Parona (proximal)</li>\n<li>Fascial sheaths of the 3rd and 4th lumbricals (distal)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forearm space of Parona (proximal)</li>\n<li>The fascial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> of the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e06b348b91692777191544ba23785\">lumbrical</span> (distal)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Palmar aponeurosis</li>\n<li>Flexor tendons of 3rd, 4th and 5th digits</li>\n<li>Medial three (<strong>2nd, 3rd, and 4th</strong>) <strong>lumbricals</strong>Β <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Short muscles of the thumb</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Flexor tendons of the index finger</li>\n<li>1st lumbrical</li>\n<li>Palmar aponeurosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fascia covering interossei and metacarpals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse head of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bebdf1cab81692777180c37e36596c\">adductor</span> pollicis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lateral wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tendon of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> pollicis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> bursa</li>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> septum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Medial wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> septum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Infection inlet</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar bursa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"305c26a07b1692777183e163c48e3c\">bursa</span> (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Synovial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> of the index finger</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Incision for drainage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd or 4th web space</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1st web (posteriorly)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A teenager presents with severe pain and swelling in the tip of her right index finger after slamming it into a door. Examination reveals significant swelling, erythema, tenderness, increased sensitivity, and difficulty moving the finger. An infection of the structure marked βXβ is diagnosed. What is most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Herpetic Whitlow", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Felon", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Paronychia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tendon Sheath Infection", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Felon", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CnU4AQM0YnCgZDRwiwRH1740452458.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3lt99poKnkgQ0zb3TKu71740452495.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient is undergoing surgery on the forearm. During the procedure, the surgeon ligates the brachial artery near the elbow. Which anastomotic site helps maintain blood flow to the forearm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In front of the lateral epicondyle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Behind the lateral epicondyle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "In front of the medial epicondyle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Behind the medial epicondyle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. In front of the medial epicondyle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/duyF0VqCsWZj6uChpx4a1740452586.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient sustains a deep laceration to the palm, resulting in significant bleeding. The surgeon identifies damage to an arterial structure located superficial to the flexor tendons and supplying the medial 3Β½ digits. Which arterial structure is most likely injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Superficial palmar arch", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deep palmar arch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Superficial palmar arch", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b4MtZOtWZ5TGVBVtH2q01740452651.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Β </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">Palmar</span> Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">Palmar</span> Arch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anastomosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> arteries.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> arteries.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deep to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7c79c3d01692777194c9e71d569b\">palmaris</span> brevis and aponeurosis.</li>\n<li>Crosses palm over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendons and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> tendons, on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> metacarpals and interossei.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formed by</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ulnar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (superficial branch) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (superficial branch).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Radial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (terminal part) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> (deep branch).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branches</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Three common digital arteries (medial 3Β½ digits).</li>\n<li>One proper digital branch.</li>\n<li>Lateral digital branches join <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> arteries from deep arch.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> arteries (supply <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> metacarpals).</li>\n<li>Three perforating digital arteries (anastomose with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> arteries).</li>\n<li>Recurrent branch (supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> bones and joints, ends in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> arch).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old patient presents with weakness in thumb flexion and loss of forearm pronation after a deep laceration to the anterior forearm. Imaging reveals disruption of an artery accompanying the anterior interosseous nerve. Which artery is most likely damaged?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Common interosseous artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior interosseous artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior interosseous artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anterior interosseous artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the median cubital vein is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It connects the cephalic vein to the basilic vein.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It runs obliquely downward and laterally across the forearm.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis, which separates it from the brachial artery.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is the primary choice for venipuncture and catheterization due to its stability.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It runs obliquely downward and laterally across the forearm.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iSZxvb66qJ3TBqjT7OHQ1740452719.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman with breast cancer presents with enlarged lymph nodes in her axilla. Biopsy reveals metastatic spread. Which group of axillary lymph nodes is most likely the initial site of cancer drainage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior (Pectoral) nodes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior (Scapular) nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral nodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apical (Infraclavicular) nodes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anterior (Pectoral) nodes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uxm7kC6sI3QkhTwSkscC1740452784.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question π§ </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto p-4 md:p-6 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Upper Limb-Upper Limb Nerve Supply And Their Lesions - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 17</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn" id="results-nav-toggle">Results Navigation</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-blue-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> <button class="bg-gray-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition" id="review-test">Review Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A patient with a humeral fracture presents with difficulty extending the elbow and wrist. Which of the following nerves is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Radial nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerves Related to Humerus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location Relative to Humerus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Axillary Nerve </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Around the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> neck of the humerus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Musculocutaneous Nerve </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It originates from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> cord of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus, pierces coracobrachialis, travels between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b395fd7b21692777183cf78e12920\">biceps</span> and coracobrachialis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Radial NerveΒ (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b34a9891d16927771998a84595013\">spiral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> of the humerus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> artery, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to the long head of triceps.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Median Nerve (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to the humerus, but does not innervate upper arm muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ulnar NerveΒ Β (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Travels down the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> side of the brachium, behind the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cdc5a92a216927771870d4b257a80\">epicondyle</span> of the humerus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old office worker presents with numbness and tingling in her thumb, index, and middle fingers. The physician taps over the ventral aspect of the wrist, reproducing her symptoms. Which test is the physician likely performing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tinel's sign", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phalen's test", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Finkelstein's test", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Froment's test", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tinel's sign", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OxWYcXcKNmHuEN0GQSOJ1740455037.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kPXmRjpDLhykUfoTI42F1740455066.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p6tR21mcDBcJfFYCxCbQ1740455203.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ijsy6RAoKmVXAhLR01h31740455264.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S4s2d14883IQ3KCiDEUq1740455342.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6OFcIU8M8ttKeZWOUmP81740455378.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/l9hDthLgPMc8Mc5KqzMm1740455431.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old man presents with a laceration to his right wrist after a slash injury. On examination, there is weakness of thumb opposition and numbness over the thenar eminence. Which structure is most likely to be injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor carpi radialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Median nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BuzWJ0khSWZ7O2zf0bks1740456360.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wrist Slash Injuries</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerves affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Median nerve</li>\n<li><strong>Ulnar nerve</strong> (less common)<strong>:</strong>Β Innervates the <strong>intrinsic muscles</strong> of the hand (like the <strong>hypothenar muscles</strong> and <strong>lumbricals</strong> for the <strong>ring and little fingers</strong>), and it also provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45b8853be116927771901a9ff3eeb2\">innervation</span> to the <strong>little finger</strong> and <strong>half of the ring finger. </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Arteries affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Radial artery</li>\n<li>Ulnar artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/BuzWJ0khSWZ7O2zf0bks1740456360.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old man sustains an elbow dislocation with a medial epicondyle fracture. He now presents with difficulty flexing the fourth and fifth fingers and an inability to adduct the thumb. Which nerve is most likely injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ulnar nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/X4fKLoTJiHwMHi3N6nRH1740453763.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ulnar nerve (C7, C8 &amp; T1- Root Values)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Anterior Forearm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexor carpi ulnaris</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Medial half of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum profundus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9efe7f9e921692777180ed75f4948a\">adduction</span> of hand at wrist</li>\n<li>Flexion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> phalanges.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hand</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothenar muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abducts little finger</li>\n<li>Flexes little finger</li>\n<li>Pulls fifth <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3582e886271692777192ab233546a6\">metacarpal</span> forward as in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d57ccd00f1692777185c371df0426\">cupping</span> the palm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>8 Interossei muscles</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Palmar Interossei</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Dorsal Interossei</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ad</strong>ducts digits 2-5 <strong>(Mnemonic PAD)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Ab</strong>duct digits 2-5 <strong>(Mnemonic DAB)</strong></li>\n<li>Assists Lumbricals in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c208204e741692777192d05da0b9cd\">MCP</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> and IP extension of digits 2-5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lumbricals of Digits 4 &amp; 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flexion of MCP</li>\n<li>Extension of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc2c34fe2216927771957ca73ba3d9\">PIP</span> &amp; DIP joints of digits 4 and 5</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adductor pollicis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adduction the thumb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ulnar Nerve Supply:</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/X4fKLoTJiHwMHi3N6nRH1740453763.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a history of recurrent shoulder dislocations presents with a deformity as shown below. On physical examination, the patient is unable to fully protract the scapula when pushing against a wall. Which nerve is most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Long thoracic nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dorsal scapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Suprascapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Accessory nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Long thoracic nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1tW71dBj3KLPKD2Hv37G1740456257.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">Thoracic</span> Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C5 - C7</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insertion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serratus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> muscle</strong>, which is responsible for <strong>scapular protraction</strong> and <strong>upward rotation</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve actions</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(Motor function)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protracts the scapula</strong> (pulls it forward around the thorax).</li>\n<li><strong>Assists in arm anteversion</strong> (moving the arm forward).</li>\n<li><strong>Lifts the ribs</strong>, aiding in respiration.</li>\n<li>Responsible for the <strong>anterolateral motion of the scapula</strong>, which is necessary for <strong>arm elevation</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the root value of the nerve that provides sensory innervation in the area marked (X)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "T1, T2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C5, C6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. T2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gEeqztVI2mv038vwgomk1740456163.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Akp54QpBO1itkQjCyARc1740456200.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sensory Supply of Arm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Derivative of</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Root values</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Intercostobrachial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2nd intercostal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">T2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Medial cord of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e4db8b6ad1692777183683f42d44b\">brachial</span> plexus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">T1, T2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Axillary nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">C5, C6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> part</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">C5, C6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Radial nerve</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">C5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"482\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Akp54QpBO1itkQjCyARc1740456200.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male sustains a traumatic shoulder dislocation after a motor vehicle accident. On examination, the patient is unable to abduct his arm beyond 15 degrees and experiences numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which of the following nerve injury is the most likely cause of his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Suprascapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axillary nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Subscapular nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Long Thoracic nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Axillary nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/raxLZxVZ3nYKfRETycEE1740455927.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/40sxCP0eowfL7DLjkghV1740455959.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old man presents with inability to extend his wrist and fingers. O/E, he exhibits a wrist drop and demonstrates weakness in elbow extension &amp;amp; loss of sensation over the posterior arm and the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the hand. Based on these findings, at which level is the radial nerve likely injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the axilla", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the spiral groove", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral epicondyle of the humerus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve at the forearm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. At the spiral groove", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hsaehkakml74PVY3j2z31740455817.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:655px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Causes </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Axilla (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crutch palsy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Loss:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Triceps paralysis</strong> (loss of elbow extension)</li>\n<li><strong>Wrist drop </strong>d/t ECRL involvement</li>\n<li><strong>Finger drop</strong> d/t involvement of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> digitorum</li>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02e6b5c95316927771867eba7818b1\">digit</span> extension</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Sensory Loss:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior arm</li>\n<li>Lateral part of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the hand</li>\n<li>Narrow strip on the back of the forearm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Spiral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">Groove</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Midshaft humeral fractures</li>\n<li>Incorrect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a99f9c37f16927771902daa814697\">intramuscular</span> injections</li>\n<li>Direct pressure (Saturday night palsy).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Loss:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of wrist and finger extension (<strong>wrist drop &amp; Finger drop</strong>).</li>\n<li><strong>Impaired supination</strong> (when the arm is extended).</li>\n<li><strong>Weakness in elbow extension-Β </strong>partial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fcc203d6c16927772007de57cf5b4\">triceps</span> involvement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Sensory Loss:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Limited to a small area between the first and second metacarpals over <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of hand.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Elbow (Option C)</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">(ECRL Preserved)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supra condylar fracture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Finger drop</strong> at MCP Joint d/t involvement of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> digitorum.</li>\n<li><strong>Loss of extensio</strong>n in the wrist and fingers, but no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"686792a7fd16927772025815b2dd97\">wrist drop</span> d/t ECRL Preservation.</li>\n<li>Weakness of supination.</li>\n<li>Sensory loss at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> 3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2Β </sub>fingers of the hand</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Posterior Interosseous Nerve EntrapmentΒ (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Radial Tunnel Syndrome</strong>: Entrapment of the deep branch of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve at the elbow.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>No Wrist Drop</strong>: The ECRL remains unaffected.</li>\n<li><strong>No Sensory Loss</strong>: Sensation is intact despite motor deficits.</li>\n<li><strong>Finger drop</strong> at MCP Joint</li>\n<li>Pain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fb8df140b1692777191702bbc9358\">localized</span> over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> aspect of the forearm.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is asked to hold a piece of paper between their thumb and index finger. When the examiner attempts to pull the paper away, the patient tries to hold the paper as shown in the image. Based on this observation, which muscle is likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abductor pollicis brevis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adductor pollicis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Opponens pollicis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Adductor pollicis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8MOEDkPnvFj1h7p1yMGl1740455648.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/m2Kjth4m24moi7193odN1740455755.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old musician presents with a noticeable deformity affecting his ring and little fingers as shown in the image. Which muscle is primarily responsible for this deformity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lumbricals", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsal interossei", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lumbricals", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/24LpT7O76QcAameKLMym1740455517.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/utWooGLJdV0EeO5XIShW1740455573.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>At the Elbow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>At the Wrist</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong>: Fracture/dislocation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb3a31346916927771854371f7d15d\">cubital</span> tunnel syndrome, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> carpi ulnaris.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong>: Vulnerable to cuts, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> in Guyonβs canal.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Atrophy of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</li>\n<li>Claw-hand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce2b48d83d1692777185427cee6c98\">deformity</span> (ring and little fingers)</li>\n<li>Loss of finger abduction/adduction</li>\n<li>Sensory loss in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> hand</li>\n<li>Positive Froment's sign</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ulnar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2193cdaa816927771843863690961\">claw</span> hand</li>\n<li>Atrophy of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33357d54b11692777189e2babd4674\">hypothenar</span> eminence</li>\n<li>Loss of finger abduction/adduction</li>\n<li>Positive Froment's sign</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old carpenter reports tingling and weakness in his ring and little fingers. Examination reveals hypothenar atrophy and a positive Froment's sign. Which structure is likely compressed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cubital tunnel", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Guyonβs canal", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carpal tunnel", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palmar aponeurosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Guyonβs canal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/U5lbKtGcFEr90ZCRERi61740454917.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Rpv547BgTSDr4GbAHlS51740454952.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structures Passing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebb480187d1692777199e233e9e356\">Superficial</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">Retinaculum</span> (medial to lateral)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structures Passing Deep to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">Flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d423e4dd68169277719771f7cce08f\">Retinaculum</span> (through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a21e01261692777183ccc5569251\">carpal</span> tunnel)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ulnar Nerve &amp; Artery</li>\n<li>Palmar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Tendon of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7c79c3d01692777194c9e71d569b\">palmaris</span> longus</li>\n<li>Palmar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve</li>\n<li>Superficial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> artery</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tendons of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3c34e683916927771998a3426c3a6\">superficialis</span> (FDS)</li>\n<li>Tendons of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69427990841692777196166d7a5ec9\">profundus</span> (FDP)</li>\n<li>Tendon of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> pollicis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ff574b4f61692777191fa536b5e6c\">longus</span> (FPL)</li>\n<li>Median nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient struggles to make a fist. When attempting to flex, the index and middle fingers remain straight, while the ring and little fingers flex normally. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar nerve injury", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Median nerve injury at the wrist", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Median nerve injury at the elbow", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Radial nerve injury", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Median nerve injury at the elbow", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/24I7FSiFVoprac6xddHd1740454679.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cfhbci83Zj8FoMpFuo7L1740454714.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YaFnjCaABSLuFzdsFzYK1740454776.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/m3FU6WODui5vTPT26a6A1740454843.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:665px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>At the Elbow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lower Injury (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"043a86fa0016927771998a67e65e6a\">Supracondylar</span> fractures, tight tourniquets/entrapment by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51d02ec7e5169277719693f472fa48\">pronator</span> teres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">Compression</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aeef3f494d169277720076b32fa341\">tenosynovitis</span> and fractures.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189ee8a22a1692777196b04278555f\">pronation</span> &amp; weak wrist flexion.</li>\n<li><strong>Benediction deformity</strong> (index and middle fingers remain straight when attempting to make a fist) <strong>(Pointing index finger) </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>D/t involvement of FDS &amp; FDP</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Ape-thumb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce2b48d83d1692777185427cee6c98\">deformity</span> </strong>(flattened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> eminence, thumb adducted).</li>\n<li>Sensory loss in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> palm and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> 3Β½ digits.</li>\n<li>Weak <strong>\"OK sign\"</strong> d/t involvement of FDP &amp; FPL</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Burning pain/tingling</strong> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> 3Β½ Digits, especially at night.</li>\n<li>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> loss over the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> eminence</li>\n<li><strong>Ape thumb deformity</strong></li>\n<li>Thenar muscle wasting</li>\n<li><strong>Can make a fist </strong>(Pointing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ee643d13c1692777190386314a416\">index finger</span> not present)Β </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Arthur Charles Fox-Davies\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"Open access\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coa_Illustration_Elements_Bodypart_Hand_of_Benediction.svg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"946\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cfhbci83Zj8FoMpFuo7L1740454714.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Emily Barrett\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apehand_1.JPG\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"916\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YaFnjCaABSLuFzdsFzYK1740454776.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the X correctly from the below image of cubital fossa.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cephalic vein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Musculocutaneous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Branchial cutaneous nerve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cephalic vein", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PAK1i5A8SIEjvrALE02b1740454470.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0jwyk7IWSfszSxg4fzvB1740454535.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hDguaLile25NXQRNkTnG1740454605.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure Present in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb3a31346916927771854371f7d15d\">Cubital</span> Fossa</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contents from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">Medial</span> to Lateral: (Mnemonic: MBBS)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M</strong>edian nerve</li>\n<li><strong>B</strong>rachial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> division to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7fd512e881692777201909450fd8c\">ulnar</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> artery</li>\n<li><strong>B</strong>iceps brachii tendon</li>\n<li><strong>S</strong>uperficial branch of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fff084ff9169277719765c9d85a8e\">radial</span> nerve</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/hDguaLile25NXQRNkTnG1740454605.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly pairs a cutaneous nerve with its corresponding area of supply?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "X-Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Z-Radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Y-Median nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-Ulnar nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. X-Ulnar nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pzO2MrL5RQpqq5v6birs1740454324.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UKWd1dLPjHuoB57eW1Mi1740454356.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nerve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cutaneous Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ulnar Nerve </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"236c57792f1692777194be265ad6db\">palmar</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> aspects of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> 1Β½ digits and adjacent palm.</li>\n<li>Medial side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the hand.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Median Nerve </strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral 3 Β½ digits on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> side and 3 Β½ nail beds on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> side, along with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c587f4c51692777200fe869f1699\">thenar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7cd7c82631692777187abb016ed2e\">eminence</span> and the skin over the palm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Radial Nerve </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f61866c72d169277718680f9c96ff2\">dorsum</span> of the hand, 3 1β2 fingers, excluding the nail beds on the back of the hand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/UKWd1dLPjHuoB57eW1Mi1740454356.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has a forearm laceration that results in an inability to flex the distal phalanges of the index and middle fingers. The affected muscle has dual nerve supply. Identify the muscle injured.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flexor digitorum superficialis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexor pollicis longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Palmaris longus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flexor digitorum profundus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Flexor digitorum profundus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uI6sS6WFe553fZNgNLSQ1740454083.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/imzxfkk1neKxkCS7FojE1740454134.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kyuSswixlRnehHqWeIYE1740454171.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JA7WrIwNa2MtMN0d40w71740454222.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 46-year-old woman presents with difficulty in thumb abduction and weak opposition. She gives a history of repetitive wrist movements. Which anterior rami nerve roots are likely involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "C5 - C7", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C5, C6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C8, T1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C5 - T1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. C5 - T1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rES7Fmi5Lau95ZyumcaV1740453938.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KCBFU0Y27O1XUycGuIXA1740453976.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:459px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>From Roots</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>From Trunks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lateral Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Lateral root of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n<li>Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Medial Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> nerve (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of arm (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> nerve of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"258a5bb5841692777203cfb8e31f55\">forearm</span> (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Medial root of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> nerve (C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Ulnar nerve (C7, C8, T1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Posterior Cord</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)</li>\n<li>Axillary nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Thoraco-dorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)</li>\n<li>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n<li>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4c08a578f169277719902a23f9983\">subscapular</span> nerve (C5, C6)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nerves innervates the muscle indicated below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ulnar nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterior interosseous nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superficial branch of radial nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior interosseous nerve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anterior interosseous nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zoJtC9KdXKbZ44YV5muz1740453829.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zIFn7AeB3cJOkuF4aYjy1740453869.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:577px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Median Nerve (C5 toββ T1- root value) supply of forearm</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Superficial muscles</strong></p>\n<p>(Supplied by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">Median</span> Nerve itself)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pronator teres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronation of the forearm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexor carpi radialis</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Palmaris longus</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the wrist.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Flexor digitorum superficialis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> (PIP) joints of the fingers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deep muscles </strong>(supplied by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72b8cffc701692777190c03a6968ab\">interosseous</span> nerve)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Flexor digitorum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69427990841692777196166d7a5ec9\">profundus</span> (lateral half)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65604d11831692777190c5ea442405\">interphalangeal</span> (DIP) joints of the index and middle fingers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Flexor pollicis longus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of the thumb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pronator quadratus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pronation of the forearm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/zIFn7AeB3cJOkuF4aYjy1740453869.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">